Black-winged stilt: Difference between revisions

Black-winged stilt
	Black-winged stilt in Marievale Nature Reserve
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Recurvirostridae
Genus:	Himantopus
Species:	H. himantopus
Binomial name
	Himantopus himantopus; (Linnaeus, 1758)
	Range of H. himantopus (sensu lato, see text) Breeding Resident Passage Non-breeding
Synonyms
	Charadrius himantopus Linnaeus, 1758;

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The black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) is a widely distributed, very long-legged wader in the avocet and stilt family Recurvirostridae. Its scientific name, Himantopus himantopus, is sometimes used to generalize a single, almost cosmopolitan species. Alternatively, it is restricted to the form that is widespread in Europe, Asia and Africa, which equals the nominate group of H. himantopus sensu lato. Meanwhile, the black-necked (H. mexicanus) and white-backed stilts (H. melanurus) both inhabit the Americas; the pied stilt (H. leucocephalus) ranges from Australasia and New Zealand. Today, most sources accept between one and four actual species.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Taxonomy

The black-winged stilt was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the plovers in the genus Charadrius and coined the binomial name Charadrius himantopus. He specified the type locality as southern Europe.^[5]^[6] The taxonomic name Himantopus comes from Greek, meaning "strap-foot" or "thong-foot".^[7] The black-winged stilt is now one of five species placed in the genus Himantopus that was introduced by the French naturalist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.^[8]

The taxonomy of this bird is still somewhat contentious; it is one of four distinct species, which sometimes are considered subspecies of H. himantopus. H. himantopus sensu lato is made up of a single species, with 5–7 subspecies, and is sometimes referred to as the common stilt. The name "black-winged stilt" refers to H. himantopus sensu stricto, with two subspecies (H.h. himantopus from the Palearctic to South Asia, and H.h. meridionalis from the Afrotropical region).^[9]

Description

Adults are 33–36 cm (13–14 in) long, with long, pink legs, and a long, rather thin black bill. The birds are generally black above and white below, with a white head and neck (with a varying amount of black, species-dependent). Males have a black back, often with a greenish gloss or sheen. Females' backs have a brownish hue, contrasting with the black remiges. In populations where the top of the head is normally white (at least in winter), females tend to have less black on the head and neck the entire year-round, while males often have much more black, particularly in summer. This difference is not clear-cut, however, and males usually grow all-white head feathers in winter.^{[citation needed]}

Immature birds are grey, instead of black, and have a markedly sandy hue on their wings, with light feather fringes appearing as a whitish line in flight.

Flight Call of H. h. himantopus

Recorded in India

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Egg
MHNT
Nestling
immature
Kazinga Channel, Uganda
Rajasthan, India

Ecology and status

The breeding habitat of all these stilts is marshes, shallow lakes and ponds. Some populations are migratory and move to the ocean coasts in winter; those in warmer regions are generally resident or short-range vagrants. In Europe, the black-winged stilt is a regular spring overshoot vagrant north of its normal range, occasionally remaining to breed in northern European countries. Pairs successfully bred in Britain in 1987,^[10] and after a 27-year hiatus there were two instances of successful breeding in Southern England in 2014.^[11] 13 young were fledged in southern England in 2017.^[12] Four chicks were successfully fledged in northern England in 2022; this is believed to be the most northerly breeding success for the black-winged stilt.^[13]^[14]

These birds pick up their food from sand or water. They eat mainly insects and crustaceans.

The nest site is a bare spot on the ground near water. These birds often nest in small groups, sometimes with avocets.

The black-winged stilt is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds applies.

Pair exhibiting courtship behaviour, Kinburn Peninsula, Ukraine
adults fighting
Kazinga Channel, Uganda
in flight
Tunisia

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2019) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Himantopus himantopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22727969A155440465. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22727969A155440465.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ "Species factsheet: Black-necked Stilt". BirdLife International (BLI). 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2008.^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Species factsheet: Black-winged Stilt". BirdLife International (BLI). 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "Species factsheet: White-headed Stilt". BirdLife International (BLI). 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2008.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 151.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 289.
^ Jobling, James (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Helm. p. 191.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
^ "Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Avibase. Denis Lepage. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
^ Boyd, Bill (1987). "The Black-winged Stilts at Holme Norfolk Naturalists' Trust reserve". Twitching. 1 (6): 148–150.
^ RSPB. "27-year first as rare black-winged stilt chicks hatch at RSPB reserves in southern England". RSPB Website. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
^ "UK's rare black-winged stilt numbers soar". Countryfile Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "Potteric Carr: Black-winged stilt chicks in northern first". BBC News. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
^ "Review of the Week: 13-19 June 2022". www.birdguides.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.

External links

"Black-winged stilt media". Internet Bird Collection.
Black-winged Stilt species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
"Himantopus himantopus". Avibase.
Black-winged stilt photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Interactive range map of Himantopus himantopus at IUCN Red List maps
Audio recordings of Black-winged stilt on Xeno-canto.

[iucn-1] BirdLife International (2019) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Himantopus himantopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22727969A155440465. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22727969A155440465.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[BirdLifeD-2] "Species factsheet: Black-necked Stilt". BirdLife International (BLI). 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2008.^{[dead link‍]}

[BirdLifeE-3] "Species factsheet: Black-winged Stilt". BirdLife International (BLI). 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

[BirdLifeF-4] "Species factsheet: White-headed Stilt". BirdLife International (BLI). 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2008.^{[dead link‍]}

[5] Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 151.

[6] Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 289.

[Jobling2010-7] Jobling, James (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Helm. p. 191.

[ioc-8] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 February 2024.

[Avibase-9] "Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Avibase. Denis Lepage. Retrieved 19 August 2017.

[Boyd1997-10] Boyd, Bill (1987). "The Black-winged Stilts at Holme Norfolk Naturalists' Trust reserve". Twitching. 1 (6): 148–150.

[11] RSPB. "27-year first as rare black-winged stilt chicks hatch at RSPB reserves in southern England". RSPB Website. Retrieved 16 November 2015.

[Countryfile-12] "UK's rare black-winged stilt numbers soar". Countryfile Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 20 August 2017.

[13] "Potteric Carr: Black-winged stilt chicks in northern first". BBC News. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.

[14] "Review of the Week: 13-19 June 2022". www.birdguides.com. Retrieved 11 August 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
 {{For|the Australasian species|Pied stilt}}
 {{Speciesbox
 | image = Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus).jpg
+| image2 = Black-winged Stilt, Common Stilt, or Pied Stilt, Himantopus himantopus at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa. (44754808815).jpg
-| image_caption = ''H. h. meridionalis'' ([[South Africa]])
+| image2_caption =Black-winged stilt in Marievale Nature Reserve
-| image2 = Front and back black-winged stilts.jpg
-| image2_caption = at Ameenpur lake, Telangana, India
 | status = LC
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | authors = [[BirdLife International]] | title = ''Himantopus himantopus'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2016 | page = e.T22727969A86541570 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 2016 | url = http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/22727969/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727969A86541570.en | accessdate = 10 May 2017}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |year=2019 |title=''Himantopus himantopus'' |amends= 2016 |page=e.T22727969A155440465 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22727969A155440465.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
 | taxon = Himantopus himantopus
 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
-| synonyms = *''Charadrius himantopus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>}}
+| synonyms = *''Charadrius himantopus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
+| range_map = HimantopusHimantopusIUCN2019-3.png
+| range_map_caption = Range of ''H. himantopus'' (''[[sensu lato]]'', see text)
+{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}
+}}
+The '''black-winged stilt''' ('''''Himantopus himantopus''''') is a widely distributed, very long-legged [[wader]] in the [[avocet]] and [[stilt]] [[family (biology)|family]] [[Recurvirostridae]]. Its [[scientific name]], ''Himantopus himantopus'', is sometimes used to generalize a single, almost [[Cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan species]]. Alternatively, it is restricted to the form that is widespread in Europe, Asia and Africa, which equals the [[nominate subspecies|nominate]] group of ''H. himantopus'' ''[[sensu lato]]''. Meanwhile, the [[Black-necked stilt|black-necked]] (''H. mexicanus'') and [[white-backed stilt]]s (''H. melanurus'') both inhabit the Americas; the [[pied stilt]] (''H. leucocephalus'') ranges from [[Australasia]] and [[New Zealand]]. Today, most sources accept between one and four actual [[species]].<ref name=iucn/><ref name=BirdLifeD/><ref name=BirdLifeE/><ref name=BirdLifeF/>
+==Taxonomy==
+The black-winged stilt was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the plovers in the [[genus]] ''[[Charadrius]]'' and coined the [[binomial name]] ''Charadrius himantopus''. He specified the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] as southern Europe.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=151 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727058 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1934 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=2 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=289 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483102 }}</ref> The taxonomic name ''Himantopus'' comes from [[Greek language|Greek]], meaning "strap-foot" or "thong-foot".<ref name=Jobling2010/> The black-winged stilt is now one of five species placed in the genus ''[[Himantopus]]'' that was introduced by the French naturalist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760. The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buttonquail/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=9 February 2024 }}</ref>
+The taxonomy of this bird is still somewhat contentious; it is one of four distinct species, which sometimes are considered [[subspecies]] of ''H. himantopus''.  ''H. himantopus'' ''sensu lato'' is made up of a single species, with 5–7 subspecies, and is sometimes referred to as the '''common stilt'''. The name "black-winged stilt" refers to ''H. himantopus'' ''[[sensu stricto]]'', with two subspecies (''H.h. himantopus'' from the [[Palearctic]] to [[South Asia]], and ''H.h. meridionalis'' from the [[Afrotropic]]al region).<ref name = Avibase>{{cite web | url = https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=AC6252CA7ACD600E | title = Black-winged Stilt ''Himantopus himantopus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) | access-date = 19 August 2017 | publisher = Denis Lepage | work =Avibase}}</ref>
-The '''black-winged stilt''' (''Himantopus himantopus'') is a widely distributed very long-legged [[wader]] in the [[avocet]] and [[stilt]] [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Recurvirostridae]]). The [[scientific name]] ''H. himantopus'' was formerly applied to a single, almost cosmopolitan [[species]]. It is now normally applied to the form that is widespread in Eurasia and Africa and which was formerly regarded as the nominate subspecies of ''Himantopus himantopus'' ''[[sensu lato]]''. The scientific name ''Himantopus'' comes from the Greek meaning "strap foot" or "thong foot".<ref name=Jobling2010/> Most sources today accept 2–4 species.<ref name=2008a/><ref name=2008b/><ref name=2008c/><ref name=BirdLifeD/><ref name=BirdLifeE/><ref name=BirdLifeF/> It is sometimes called pied stilt, but that name is now reserved for the Australian species, ''[[Himantopus leucocephalus]]''.
 ==Description==
+Adults are {{convert|33|–|36|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with long, pink legs, and a long, rather thin black bill. The birds are generally black above and white below, with a white head and neck (with a varying amount of black, species-dependent). Males have a black back, often with a greenish gloss or sheen. Females' backs have a brownish hue, contrasting with the black [[remiges]]. In populations where the top of the head is normally white (at least in winter), females tend to have less black on the head and neck the entire year-round, while males often have much more black, particularly in summer. This difference is not clear-cut, however, and males usually grow all-white head feathers in winter.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
-{{unreferenced section|date = March 2013}}
-Adults are {{convert|33|–|36|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. They have long pink legs, a long thin black bill and are blackish above and white below, with a white head and neck with a varying amount of black. Males have a black back, often with greenish gloss. Females' backs have a brown hue, contrasting with the black [[remiges]]. In the populations that have the top of the head normally white at least in winter, females tend to have less black on head and neck all year round, while males often have much black, particularly in summer. This difference is not clear-cut, however, and males usually get all-white heads in winter.
-Immature birds are grey instead of black and have a markedly sandy hue on the wings, with light feather fringes appearing as a whitish line in flight.
+Immature birds are grey, instead of black, and have a markedly sandy hue on their wings, with light feather fringes appearing as a whitish line in flight.
-{{Listen|filename=Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus himantopus).ogg|title= Flight Call of ''H. h. himantopus''|description=Recorded in [[India]]|type=sound|pos=left}}
+{{Listen|filename=Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus himantopus).ogg|title= Flight Call of ''H. h. himantopus''|description=Recorded in [[India]]|type=sound|pos=}}
+<gallery mode = packed heights = 180px>
-==Taxonomy and systematics==
-The [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of this bird is still somewhat contentious. It is one of five distinct [[species]] which were previously considered [[subspecies]] of ''H. himantopus''.  ''H. himantopus'' ''sensu lato'', is made up of one species and 5–7 subspecies, and was sometimes referred to as '''common stilt'''. The name black-winged stilt refers to ''H. himantopus'' ''[[sensu stricto]]'', with two subspecies ''H.h. himantopus'' from the [[Palearctic]] and ''H.h. meridionalis'' from the [[Afrotropic]]al region.<ref name = Avibase>{{cite web | url = https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=AC6252CA7ACD600E | title = Black-winged Stilt ''Himantopus himantopus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) | accessdate = 19 August 2017 | publisher = Denis Lepage | work =Avibase}}</ref>
+Himantopus himantopus MHNT.jpg|Egg<br />[[MHNT]]
+Himantopus himantopus P5150181.jpg|Nestling
+Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) immature.jpg|immature<br />[[Kazinga Channel]], [[Uganda]]
+Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) India.jpg|[[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
+</gallery>
 ==Ecology and status==
-The breeding [[habitat]] of all these stilts is [[marsh]]es, shallow [[lake]]s and [[pond]]s. Some populations are [[bird migration|migratory]] and move to the ocean coasts in winter; those in warmer regions are generally resident or short-range [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]]s. In [[Europe]], the black-winged stilt is a regular spring overshoot vagrant north of its normal range, occasionally remaining to breed in northern European countries. Pairs have successfully bred in Britain in 1987,<ref name=Boyd1997/> and after a 27-year hiatus, two instances of successful breeding in Southern England in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=RSPB|title=27-year first as rare black-winged stilt chicks hatch at RSPB reserves in southern England|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/news/details.aspx?id=370877|website=RSPB Website|accessdate=16 November 2015}}</ref> 13 young were fledged in southern England in 2017.<ref name = Countryfile>{{cite web | url = http://www.countryfile.com/article/uk-experiences-record-number-rare-black-winged-stilts | title = UK's rare black-winged stilt numbers soar | accessdate = 20 August 2017 | publisher = BBC | work = Countryfile Magazine}}</ref>
+The breeding [[habitat]] of all these stilts is [[marsh]]es, shallow [[lake]]s and [[pond]]s. Some populations are [[bird migration|migratory]] and move to the ocean coasts in winter; those in warmer regions are generally resident or short-range [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]]s. In [[Europe]], the black-winged stilt is a regular spring overshoot vagrant north of its normal range, occasionally remaining to breed in northern European countries. Pairs successfully bred in Britain in 1987,<ref name=Boyd1997/> and after a 27-year hiatus there were two instances of successful breeding in Southern England in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=RSPB|title=27-year first as rare black-winged stilt chicks hatch at RSPB reserves in southern England|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/news/details.aspx?id=370877|website=RSPB Website|access-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> 13 young were fledged in southern England in 2017.<ref name = Countryfile>{{cite web | url = http://www.countryfile.com/article/uk-experiences-record-number-rare-black-winged-stilts | title = UK's rare black-winged stilt numbers soar | access-date = 20 August 2017 | publisher = BBC | work = Countryfile Magazine}}</ref> Four chicks were successfully fledged in northern England in 2022; this is believed to be the most northerly breeding success for the black-winged stilt.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-61826871 |title= Potteric Carr: Black-winged stilt chicks in northern first |work= BBC News |date= 17 June 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.birdguides.com/articles/review-of-the-week/review-of-the-week-13-19-june-2022/ |title= Review of the Week: 13-19 June 2022 |website=www.birdguides.com |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>
-These birds pick up their food from sand or water. They mainly eat insects and crustaceans.
+These birds pick up their food from sand or water. They eat mainly insects and crustaceans.
 The nest site is a bare spot on the ground near water. These birds often nest in small groups, sometimes with [[avocet]]s.
-[[File:Himantopus himantopus MHNT.jpg|thumb|Egg of ''Himantopus himantopus'', [[MHNT]]]]
 The black-winged stilt is one of the species to which the ''[[Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds]]'' applies.
-<gallery>
+<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
+File:Black-winged stilt courtship behaviour.jpg|Pair exhibiting courtship behaviour, Kinburn Peninsula, [[Ukraine]]
-Himantopus himantopus fledgling-pjt-2.jpg|Fledgling ([[Venetian Lagoon|Laguna di Venezia]], Italy)
+File:Black-winged stilts (Himantopus himantopus) fighting.jpg|adults fighting<br />[[Kazinga Channel]], [[Uganda]]
-Black Winged Stilt Chick.jpg|Juvenile, [[Perth Zoo]]
-Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) immature.jpg|immature<br>[[Kazinga Channel]], [[Uganda]]
+File:Black-winged stilts (Himantopus himantopus) in flight Soliman.jpg|in flight<br />[[Tunisia]]
-Himantopus himantopus P5150181.jpg|Nestling of ''himantopus''. The other [[taxa]] look the same at this age.
-Himantopus himantopus-pjt.jpg|In flight ([[Venetian Lagoon|Laguna di Venezia]], Italy)
-Black-winged stilts in flight.jpg|Adults in flight (India)
-Blackwingstilt.jpg|Adult in Water (Western India)
-At Basai Dhankot, India on 20th Nov 16 with Canon 550D by Sumita Roy Dutta Bird image9.jpg|Black-winged stilts ''[[Himantopus himantopus]]'' in flight at [[Basai Wetland]], [[India]]
-Black-winged stilts (Himantopus himantopus) fighting.jpg|adults fighting<br>[[Kazinga Channel]], [[Uganda]]
-Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus) India.jpg|[[Rajastan]], [[India]]
-Black-winged stilt looking for a breakfast.jpg|
 </gallery>
@@ Line 53: / Line 56: @@
 <!-- PacificScience61:3 (knudseni). RevBrasOrnitol14:145 (melanurus). -->
 {{Reflist|refs=
-<ref name=2008a>{{IUCN2008 |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |year=2008a |id=144081 |title=Himantopus himantopus |downloaded=2 January 2009}}</ref>
+<ref name=BirdLifeD>{{cite web |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] (BLI) |year=2008 |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=32476&m=0 |title=Species factsheet: Black-necked Stilt |access-date=24 September 2008}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref>
-<ref name=2008b>{{IUCN2008|assessor=BirdLife International|assessor-link=BirdLife International|year=2008b |id=144082 |title=Himantopus leucocephalus |downloaded=2 January 2009}}</ref>
+<ref name=BirdLifeE>{{cite web |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] (BLI) |year=2023 |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-winged-stilt-himantopus-himantopus |title=Species factsheet: Black-winged Stilt |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>
-<ref name=2008c>{{IUCN2008 |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |year=2008c |id=151162 |title=Himantopus mexicanus |downloaded=2 January 2009}}</ref>
+<ref name=BirdLifeF>{{cite web |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] (BLI) |year=2008 |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3102&m=0 |title=Species factsheet: White-headed Stilt |access-date=24 September 2008}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref>
-<ref name=BirdLifeD>{{cite web |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] (BLI) |year=2008d |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=32476&m=0 |title=Species factsheet: Black-necked Stilt |accessdate=24 September 2008}}</ref>
-<ref name=BirdLifeE>{{cite web |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] (BLI) |year=2008e |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3101&m=0 |title=Species factsheet: Black-winged Stilt |accessdate=24 September 2008}}</ref>
-<ref name=BirdLifeF>{{cite web |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] (BLI) |year=2008f |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3102&m=0 |title=Species factsheet: White-headed Stilt |accessdate=24 September 2008}}</ref>
 <ref name=Boyd1997>{{cite journal |last=Boyd |first=Bill |year=1987 |title=The Black-winged Stilts at Holme Norfolk Naturalists' Trust reserve |journal=[[Twitching (magazine)|Twitching]] |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=148–150}}</ref>
-<ref name=Jobling2010>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James |title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |year=2010 |publisher=Helm |location=London |page=191}}</ref>
+<ref name=Jobling2010>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James |title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling |year=2010 |publisher=Helm |location=London |page=191}}</ref>
 <!--unused<ref name=VanderWerf2006>{{cite journal |last1=VanderWerf |first1=Eric A. |last2=Wiles |first2=Gary J. |last3=Marshall |first3=Ann P. |last4=Knecht |first4=Melia |year=2006 |title=Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit |journal=Micronesica |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242079259_Observations_of_migrants_and_other_birds_in_Palau_April-May_2005_including_the_first_Micronesian_record_of_a_Richard's_Pipit}}</ref>-->
@@ Line 76: / Line 75: @@
 ==External links==
-{{Commons|Himantopus himantopus}}
+{{Commons}}
 {{Wikispecies|Himantopus himantopus}}
 * {{InternetBirdCollection|black-winged-stilt-himantopus-himantopus}}
 * [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/295.pdf Black-winged Stilt species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds].
-* [http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/162_BlackwingedStiltHhiimantopus.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141202061959/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/162_BlackwingedStiltHhiimantopus.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
 * {{Avibase|name=Himantopus himantopus}}
 * {{VIREO|Black-winged+stilt}}
@@ Line 87: / Line 86: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q178821}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:stilt, black-winged}}
 [[Category:Himantopus|black-winged stilt]]
 [[Category:Cosmopolitan birds]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1758|black-winged stilt]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|black-winged stilt]]
+[[Category:Holarctic birds]]