Jump to content

Fortaleza da São Tomé: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 10°11′49″N 76°12′43″E / 10.197°N 76.212°E / 10.197; 76.212
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→History: references
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(13 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown)
Line 19: Line 19:
|height =
|height =
|used =
|used =
|demolished = Partly
|demolished = Mostly
|condition = Structure
|condition = Structure
|ownership = [[Government of Kerala]]
|ownership = [[Government of Kerala]]
Line 36: Line 36:
[[File:Cranganor, Plan de la forteresse de Cranganor. 1709.jpg|thumb|Plan of the fort <ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellin|first=Jacques Nicolas|title=Plan de la ville et du port de Macao|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14711/spcol/b537641|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Rare & Special e-Zone}}</ref>]]
[[File:Cranganor, Plan de la forteresse de Cranganor. 1709.jpg|thumb|Plan of the fort <ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellin|first=Jacques Nicolas|title=Plan de la ville et du port de Macao|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14711/spcol/b537641|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Rare & Special e-Zone}}</ref>]]
[[File:Fortrelic.jpg|thumb|Battery]]
[[File:Fortrelic.jpg|thumb|Battery]]
'''Fortaleza da São Tomé''', otherwise known as [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]] Fort, or [[Kottapuram]] Fort, is situated in Kodungallur of [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0" /> The remnants of the original fort shows that it was of 18 feet in thickness and was made of [[laterite]].


The stone fort was built by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in 1523, and was named after Mar Thoma Sleeha ([[Thomas the Apostle]]).<ref>{{cite web
The '''Fortaleza da São Tomé''', also known as '''Cranganore Fort''' or '''Kottapuram Fort''', is situated in [[Kodungallur]] of [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0" /> It was of 18 feet in thickness and was made of [[laterite]]. The stone fort was built by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/193/kodungallur.php
|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/193/kodungallur.php
|title=Kodungallur
|title=Kodungallur
|publisher=Kerala Tourism
|publisher=Kerala Tourism
|access-date=2010-10-15}}</ref> The fort was enlarged in 1565, and passed into the hands of the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] in 1663 who destroyed the fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php|title=Kottappuram fort|work=muzirisheritage.org|publisher=Kerala Tourism Department|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Kodungalur|volume=15|page=885}}</ref>
|access-date=2010-10-15}}</ref> The fort was enlarged in 1565 and passed into the hands of the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] in 1663, who destroyed the fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php|title=Kottappuram fort|work=muzirisheritage.org|publisher=Kerala Tourism Department|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Kodungalur|volume=15|page=885}}</ref>


Kottapuram Fort was an important part of the [[Nedumkotta]] fort built by [[Travancore]] under the leadership of [[Eustachius De Lannoy|Eustachius Benedictus de Lenoy]] to defend Tipu Sultan.
Kottapuram Fort was an important part of the [[Nedumkotta]] fort built by [[Travancore]] under the leadership of [[Eustachius De Lannoy|Eustachius Benedictus de Lenoy]] to defend against Tipu Sultan.


==History==
==History==
[[File:Historicrelic.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Department of Archaeology of Travancore erected a memorial pillar inside the fort in 1909]]
[[File:Historicrelic.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Department of Archaeology of Travancore erected a memorial pillar inside the fort in 1909]]
[[File:Description at the site.jpg|thumb|Description at the site]]
⚫
Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the apostle]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Amit|first=Chilka|title=Sea Forts of India|publisher=Osmora Inc.|year=2014|isbn=9782765903611}}</ref> it was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on the entrance of the [[Periyar River]] before it joins the [[Arabian Sea]]. Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muziris boat ride: A trip back to Kerala's glorious past|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/21/muziris-boat-ride-trip-back-kerala-glorious-past.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=OnManorama}}</ref> and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion.


⚫
Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort, was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Amit|first=Chilka|title=Sea Forts of India|publisher=Osmora Inc.|year=2014|isbn=9782765903611}}</ref> It was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on the entrance of the [[Periyar River]] before it joins the [[Arabian Sea]]. Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muziris boat ride: A trip back to Kerala's glorious past|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/21/muziris-boat-ride-trip-back-kerala-glorious-past.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=OnManorama}}</ref> and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion.
⚫
In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the Fort after much struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kottappuram Fort - the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese {{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam|url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.muzirisheritage.org}}</ref>In 1662 The Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build a tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack.


[[File:Remains of the Wall of fort.jpg|thumb|Remains of the wall of the fort]]
⚫
Later when [[Paliyattachan]] betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On January 15, 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack the fort with artillery and get in through it. After the dutch army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the [[Ambazhakkad]] seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 [[Nair]] soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kottappuram Fort {{!}} Forts protected by Department of Archaeology {{!}} Protected Monuments|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottappuram-fort/31|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Archaeology}}</ref>


⚫
In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the fort after much struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kottappuram Fort - the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese {{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam|url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.muzirisheritage.org}}</ref> In 1662 the Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build a tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack.
⚫
However, during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]], when he conquered [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify the fort. The King of Cochin was the feudatory lord of [[Mysore]]. On July 31, 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the [[pallipuram fort]] from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between [[Raja Kesava Das]], the Diwan of Travancore and [[John Gerard Van Angelbeck]], the Dutch Governor.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, pp.176- 177.</ref> At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin.


⚫
Later when [[Paliyattachan]] betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On 15 January 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack the fort with artillery and get in through it. After the Dutch army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the [[Ambazhakkad]] seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 [[Nair]] soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kottappuram Fort {{!}} Forts protected by Department of Archaeology {{!}} Protected Monuments|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottappuram-fort/31|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Archaeology}}</ref>
⚫
Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the Governor of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King.<ref>Mil. Cons. Vol.134A, 1790, p.684. Letter from George Powney to William Meadows, Paroor, 6th March, 1790.</ref> The Maharaja requested the Madras Governor (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of [[Nedumkotta]] in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like [[Semal Beg]] were killed on the Mysore side.<ref> {{cite book |last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. |first=കുറുപ്പ്= |authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് |coauthors= |title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം |year= 2007|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് |location= കോഴിക്കോട്|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }} </ref>


⚫
However, during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]], when he conquered [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify the fort. The king of Cochin was the feudatory lord of [[Mysore]]. On 31 July 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the [[pallipuram fort]] from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between [[Raja Kesava Das]], the Diwan of Travancore and [[John Gerard Van Angelbeck]], the Dutch governor.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, pp.176- 177.</ref> At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin. The construction of Nedunkotta or the Travancore Lines is considered to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians.
⚫
English historians consider the attack to be unwarranted and unnecessary. Mark Wilks records that the Sultan was directly involved in the attack, that he suffered a leg injury and was crippled for life, and that his valuable jewelry was confiscated. <ref>Wilks, Mark, Historical Sketches of South India, Vol.III, Trivandrum, 1899, p.114.</ref> However, based on the Mathilakam documents, A. P. Ibrahim Kunju evaluates that the Sultan was not directly involved. <ref>Ibrahim Kunju, A.P., Mysore-Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum, 1784, p.34.</ref> The Madras Governor, Mr. Holland, refused to help Travancore, because he thought that the Maharaja had acted unlawfully in purchasing the Dutch forts <ref>Mil.Con.Gra., Vol.39, 1790, Letter from Raja of Travancore to John Holland, 1 January 1790.</ref> <ref>7 Abraham, M.V., A Concise History of Travancore, Tiruvala, 1942, p.25.</ref> <ref>36 Correspondence of Marquis of Cornwallis, Vol.II, p.52. 96</ref>
<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|last2=Fernandes|first2=Praxy|date=August 1991|title=Men of Valour and Vision|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517708|journal=Social Scientist|volume=19|issue=8/9|pages=109|doi=10.2307/3517708|issn=0970-0293}}</ref>
⚫
Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the governor of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King.<ref>Mil. Cons. Vol.134A, 1790, p.684. Letter from George Powney to William Meadows, Paroor, 6th March, 1790.</ref> The Maharaja requested the Madras governor (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of [[Nedumkotta]] in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like [[Semal Beg]] were killed on the Mysore side.<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007">{{cite book |last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. |first=കുറുപ്പ്= |authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് |title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം |year= 2007|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് |location= കോഴിക്കോട്|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }}</ref>


⚫
English historians consider the attack to be unwarranted and unnecessary. Mark Wilks records that the Sultan was directly involved in the attack, that he suffered a leg injury and was crippled for life, and that his valuable jewelry was confiscated.<ref>Wilks, Mark, Historical Sketches of South India, Vol.III, Trivandrum, 1899, p.114.</ref> However, based on the Mathilakam documents, A. P. Ibrahim Kunju evaluates that the Sultan was not directly involved.<ref>Ibrahim Kunju, A.P., Mysore-Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum, 1784, p.34.</ref> The Madras governor, Mr. Holland, refused to help Travancore, because he thought that the Maharaja had acted unlawfully in purchasing the Dutch forts <ref>Mil.Con.Gra., Vol.39, 1790, Letter from Raja of Travancore to John Holland, 1 January 1790.</ref><ref>7 Abraham, M.V., A Concise History of Travancore, Tiruvala, 1942, p.25.</ref><ref>36 Correspondence of Marquis of Cornwallis, Vol.II, p.52. 96</ref>
⚫
Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king. <ref> {{cite book |last=ഏ. |first=ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ |authorlink= ഏ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ|coauthors= |title= കേരളചരിത്രം |year= 1997|publisher=എസ്.വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിന്റേഴ്സ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ്. പ്രൈവറ്റ് ലിമിറ്റഡ് |location= ചെട്പേട്ട് ചെന്നൈ|isbn= }} </ref>

⚫
The Kodungallur fort was captured and destroyed by the Mysore army on May 7, 1790. Mysore troops captured [[Aikotta]], [[North Paravur|Paravur]] and [[Kuryappilly]] one by one and advanced towards [[Aluva]]. <ref> {{cite book |last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. |first=കുറുപ്പ്= |authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് |coauthors= |title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം |year= 2007|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് |location= കോഴിക്കോട്|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }} </ref> At the same time, however, the Sovereign Government of Bengal considered declaring war on the Sultan's Company through this war and considered another alliance with the [[Nizam]] and the [[Marathas]] in Mysore. The Company declared war on the Sultan in May 1790. This was the beginning of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. Upon learning of this, the Mysore Army withdrew from Kerala and went back to [[Srirangapatnam]].
⚫
Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king.<ref>{{cite book |last=ഏ. |first=ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ |authorlink= ഏ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ|title= കേരളചരിത്രം |year= 1997|publisher=എസ്.വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിന്റേഴ്സ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ്. പ്രൈവറ്റ് ലിമിറ്റഡ് |location= ചെട്പേട്ട് ചെന്നൈ|isbn= }}</ref>
⚫
The Kodungallur fort was captured and destroyed by the Mysore army on 7 May 1790. Mysore troops captured [[Aikotta]], [[North Paravur|Paravur]] and [[Kuryappilly]] one by one and advanced towards [[Aluva]].<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007"/> At the same time, however, the Sovereign Government of Bengal considered declaring war on the Sultan's Company through this war and considered another alliance with the [[Nizam]] and the [[Marathas]] in Mysore. The Company declared war on the Sultan in May 1790. This was the beginning of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. Upon learning of this, the Mysore Army withdrew from Kerala and went back to [[Srirangapatnam]].


==See also==
==See also==
Line 72: Line 75:


{{Coord|10.197|76.212|display=title}}
{{Coord|10.197|76.212|display=title}}
{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
Line 85: Line 89:
[[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
[[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
[[Category:Portuguese in Kerala]]
[[Category:Portuguese in Kerala]]
[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 1523]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1523]]
[[Category:1523 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1523 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1520s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1520s establishments in Portuguese India]]

Latest revision as of 19:27, 19 August 2024

Fortaleza da São Tomé
Kodungallur, Thrissur District, Kerala
TypeCultural
Site information
OwnerGovernment of Kerala
Controlled by Portugal
 Netherlands
 United Kingdom
 India
Open to
the public		Yes
ConditionStructure
Site history
Built1523
MaterialsStone
DemolishedMostly
Plan of the fort [1]
Battery

The Fortaleza da São Tomé, also known as Cranganore Fort or Kottapuram Fort, is situated in Kodungallur of Thrissur District in Kerala, India.[2] It was of 18 feet in thickness and was made of laterite. The stone fort was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after Thomas the Apostle.[3] The fort was enlarged in 1565 and passed into the hands of the Dutch in 1663, who destroyed the fort.[4][5]

Kottapuram Fort was an important part of the Nedumkotta fort built by Travancore under the leadership of Eustachius Benedictus de Lenoy to defend against Tipu Sultan.

History

[edit]
Department of Archaeology of Travancore erected a memorial pillar inside the fort in 1909
Description at the site

Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort, was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after Thomas the Apostle.[6] It was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on the entrance of the Periyar River before it joins the Arabian Sea. Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral[7] and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion.

Remains of the wall of the fort

In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the fort after much struggle.[8] In 1662 the Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build a tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack.

Later when Paliyattachan betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On 15 January 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack the fort with artillery and get in through it. After the Dutch army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the Ambazhakkad seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 Nair soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships.[2]

However, during the reign of Tipu Sultan, when he conquered Malabar and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify the fort. The king of Cochin was the feudatory lord of Mysore. On 31 July 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the pallipuram fort from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between Raja Kesava Das, the Diwan of Travancore and John Gerard Van Angelbeck, the Dutch governor.[9] At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin. The construction of Nedunkotta or the Travancore Lines is considered to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians. [10] Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the governor of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King.[11] The Maharaja requested the Madras governor (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of Nedumkotta in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like Semal Beg were killed on the Mysore side.[12]

English historians consider the attack to be unwarranted and unnecessary. Mark Wilks records that the Sultan was directly involved in the attack, that he suffered a leg injury and was crippled for life, and that his valuable jewelry was confiscated.[13] However, based on the Mathilakam documents, A. P. Ibrahim Kunju evaluates that the Sultan was not directly involved.[14] The Madras governor, Mr. Holland, refused to help Travancore, because he thought that the Maharaja had acted unlawfully in purchasing the Dutch forts [15][16][17]

Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king.[18] The Kodungallur fort was captured and destroyed by the Mysore army on 7 May 1790. Mysore troops captured Aikotta, Paravur and Kuryappilly one by one and advanced towards Aluva.[12] At the same time, however, the Sovereign Government of Bengal considered declaring war on the Sultan's Company through this war and considered another alliance with the Nizam and the Marathas in Mysore. The Company declared war on the Sultan in May 1790. This was the beginning of the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Upon learning of this, the Mysore Army withdrew from Kerala and went back to Srirangapatnam.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bellin, Jacques Nicolas. "Plan de la ville et du port de Macao". Rare & Special e-Zone. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Kottappuram Fort | Forts protected by Department of Archaeology | Protected Monuments". Archaeology. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  3. ^ "Kodungallur". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
  4. ^ "Kottappuram fort". muzirisheritage.org. Kerala Tourism Department. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  5. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kodungalur" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 885.
  6. ^ Amit, Chilka (2014). Sea Forts of India. Osmora Inc. ISBN 9782765903611.
  7. ^ "Muziris boat ride: A trip back to Kerala's glorious past". OnManorama. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  8. ^ "Kottappuram Fort - the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese | Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam". www.muzirisheritage.org. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  9. ^ Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, pp.176- 177.
  10. ^ Panikkar, K. N.; Fernandes, Praxy (August 1991). "Men of Valour and Vision". Social Scientist. 19 (8/9): 109. doi:10.2307/3517708. ISSN 0970-0293.
  11. ^ Mil. Cons. Vol.134A, 1790, p.684. Letter from George Powney to William Meadows, Paroor, 6th March, 1790.
  12. ^ a b ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ., കുറുപ്പ്= (2007). നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം. കോഴിക്കോട്: മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ്. ISBN 81-8264-546-8.
  13. ^ Wilks, Mark, Historical Sketches of South India, Vol.III, Trivandrum, 1899, p.114.
  14. ^ Ibrahim Kunju, A.P., Mysore-Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum, 1784, p.34.
  15. ^ Mil.Con.Gra., Vol.39, 1790, Letter from Raja of Travancore to John Holland, 1 January 1790.
  16. ^ 7 Abraham, M.V., A Concise History of Travancore, Tiruvala, 1942, p.25.
  17. ^ 36 Correspondence of Marquis of Cornwallis, Vol.II, p.52. 96
  18. ^ ഏ., ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ (1997). കേരളചരിത്രം. ചെട്പേട്ട് ചെന്നൈ: എസ്.വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിന്റേഴ്സ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ്. പ്രൈവറ്റ് ലിമിറ്റഡ്.

10°11′49″N 76°12′43″E / 10.197°N 76.212°E / 10.197; 76.212

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortaleza_da_São_Tomé&oldid=1241178189"