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{{C16 year in topic}}
{{C16 year in topic}}
[[File:Dapperheidgrotepier.jpg|thumb|250px|right|July 7: The [[Frisians|Frisian]] rebellion ends, fought by the [[Arumer Black Heap]]]]
[[File:Dapperheidgrotepier.jpg|thumb|250px|right|July 7: The [[Frisians|Frisian]] rebellion ends, fought by the [[Arumer Black Heap]]]]

Year '''1523''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDXXIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]].
Year '''1523''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDXXIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Julian calendar]].


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* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Christian II]] is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway after the nobles of the ''[[House of Nobility (Sweden)|herredag]]'' at [[Viborg, Denmark|Viborg]] have renounced their allegiance in favor of his uncle, [[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick, Duke of Holstein]]. Christian is exiled to the Netherlands in April. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockhart |first1=Paul Douglas |title=Denmark, 1513–1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy |date=1 July 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=18 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/3301/chapter/144309577 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Christian II]] is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway after the nobles of the ''[[House of Nobility (Sweden)|herredag]]'' at [[Viborg, Denmark|Viborg]] have renounced their allegiance in favor of his uncle, [[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick, Duke of Holstein]]. Christian is exiled to the Netherlands in April. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lockhart |first1=Paul Douglas |title=Denmark, 1513–1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy |date=1 July 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=18 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/3301/chapter/144309577 |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[February 15]] &ndash; Construction of [[Fort Kastela]] by Portuguese invaders, on what is now the island of [[Ternate]] in [[Indonesia]], is completed as Portugal claims the [[Spice Islands]] (now the Maluku Islands).<ref>Charles Corn, ''The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade'' (Kodansha America, 1999) p. 57</ref>
* [[February 15]] &ndash; Construction of [[Fort Kastela]] by Portuguese invaders, on what is now the island of [[Ternate]] in [[Indonesia]], is completed as Portugal claims the [[Spice Islands]] (now the Maluku Islands).<ref>Charles Corn, ''The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade'' (Kodansha America, 1999) p. 57</ref>
* [[February 25]] &ndash; On the [[Arabian Peninsula]], in what is now [[Yemen]], troops from Portugal fight the [[Battle of al-Shihr (1523)|Battle of al-Shihr]] against the [[Kathiri|Kathiri Sultanate]], ruled by the Emir Mutran bin Mansur. After a battle of one day, the Portuguese sack the capital, [[Al-Shihr]], and establish a port on the Indian Ocean.
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of al-Shihr (1523)|Battle of al-Shihr]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] (in what is now [[Yemen]]): Troops from Portugal fight against the [[Kathiri|Kathiri Sultanate]], ruled by the Emir Mutran bin Mansur. After a battle of one day, the Portuguese sack the capital, [[Al-Shihr]], and establish a port on the Indian Ocean.
* [[February 27]] &ndash; Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now [[Nicaragua]], after he arrives with [[Andrés Niño]] and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at [[El Realejo]].<ref>"Francisco Hernández de Córdoba y la conquista de Nicaragua", by José Calvo Poyato 1988, in ''Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos'' (September 1988) p.8</ref>
* [[February 27]] &ndash; Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now [[Nicaragua]], after he arrives with [[Andrés Niño]] and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at [[El Realejo]].<ref>"Francisco Hernández de Córdoba y la conquista de Nicaragua", by José Calvo Poyato 1988, in ''Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos'' (September 1988) p.8</ref>
* [[March 8]] &ndash; In Spain's [[Kingdom of Valencia]], a rebellion by the [[Brotherhoods of Mallorca]] is suppressed after two years, as the rebels surrender their capital, [[Palma de Mallorca]], to Spanish and German troops.<ref>Ferran Valls i Taberner and Ferran Soldevila, ''Història de Catalunya'' (Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2002) p.371-372</ref>
* [[March 8]] &ndash; In Spain's [[Kingdom of Valencia]], a rebellion by the [[Brotherhoods of Mallorca]] is suppressed after two years, as the rebels surrender their capital, [[Palma de Mallorca]], to Spanish and German troops.<ref>Ferran Valls i Taberner and Ferran Soldevila, ''Història de Catalunya'' (Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2002) p.371-372</ref>
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* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], brings the [[Spanish Inquisition]] to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the [[Seventeen Provinces]], which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.<ref>Herman J. Selderhuis and Peter Nissen, "The Sixteenth Century", in ''Handbook of Dutch Church History'' (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014) p.189</ref>
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], brings the [[Spanish Inquisition]] to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the [[Seventeen Provinces]], which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.<ref>Herman J. Selderhuis and Peter Nissen, "The Sixteenth Century", in ''Handbook of Dutch Church History'' (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014) p.189</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The [[Diet of Hungary]], parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under [[Louis II of Hungary|King Lajos II]], passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of [[Martin Luther]] within the Kingdom.<ref>"Hungary", by David P. Daniel, "Hungary", in ''The Early Reformation in Europe'', ed. by Andrew Pettegree (Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 49–69</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The [[Diet of Hungary]], parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under [[Louis II of Hungary|King Lajos II]], passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of [[Martin Luther]] within the Kingdom.<ref>"Hungary", by David P. Daniel, "Hungary", in ''The Early Reformation in Europe'', ed. by Andrew Pettegree (Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 49–69</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; In the [[Electoral Palatinate]] in Germany, the [[Knights' Revolt]], led by [[Franz von Sickingen]] since August 27, is finally put down at [[Landstuhl]] by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls.<ref>"Sickingen, Franz von", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th ed.)(Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 36</ref> Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
* [[May 6]] &ndash; In the [[Rhineland]] in Germany, the [[Knights' War]], led by [[Franz von Sickingen]] since August 27, is finally put down at [[Landstuhl]] by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls.<ref>"Sickingen, Franz von", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th ed.)(Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 36</ref> Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
* [[May 5]] &ndash; An assassination attempt is made against [[Sigismund I the Old|King Sigismund of Poland]], who is shot at while walking outside his residence at [[Wawel Castle]] overlooking [[Kraków]].<ref>" Zamachy w Krakowie" ("Assassinations in Krakow"), by Marek Żukow-Karczewski in "Magazyn Sobota" supplement to ''Gazeta Krakowska'' (October 1994)</ref>
* [[May 5]] &ndash; An assassination attempt is made against [[Sigismund I the Old|King Sigismund of Poland]], who is shot at while walking outside his residence at [[Wawel Castle]] overlooking [[Kraków]].<ref>" Zamachy w Krakowie" ("Assassinations in Krakow"), by Marek Żukow-Karczewski in "Magazyn Sobota" supplement to ''Gazeta Krakowska'' (October 1994)</ref>
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Andrea Gritti]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Venice]], 13 days after the death of [[Antonio Grimani]].<ref>"Gritti, Andrea", by Gino Benzoni, in ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' (Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2002)</ref>
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Andrea Gritti]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Venice]], 13 days after the death of [[Antonio Grimani]].<ref>"Gritti, Andrea", by Gino Benzoni, in ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' (Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2002)</ref>
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Swedish War of Liberation]]: [[Conquest of Kalmar|The city of Kalmar in Sweden]], occupied by troops of [[Denmark]], falls to a Swedish Army force led by [[:sv:Arvid Gustafsson Västgöte|Arvid Västgöte]] after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open.<ref name=Sundberg>Ulf Sundberg, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110916191718/http://www.smb.nu/index.php/krig-1521-1611/befrielsekriget-1521-1523 "Befrielsekriget 1521-1523"] ("The War of Liberation 1521-1523"), Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek, on Archive.org</ref> Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of [[Kalmar]], only [[Stockholm]] remains as a site of the Danish occupation.
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Swedish War of Liberation]]: [[Conquest of Kalmar|The city of Kalmar in Sweden]], occupied by troops of [[Denmark]], falls to a Swedish Army force led by [[:sv:Arvid Gustafsson Västgöte|Arvid Västgöte]] after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open.<ref name=Sundberg>Ulf Sundberg, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110916191718/http://www.smb.nu/index.php/krig-1521-1611/befrielsekriget-1521-1523 "Befrielsekriget 1521-1523"] ("The War of Liberation 1521-1523"), Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek, on Archive.org</ref> Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of [[Kalmar]], only [[Stockholm]] remains as a site of the Danish occupation.
* [[May 31]] &ndash; Following the [[Battle of Sincouwaan]] at sea between the ships of the [[Ming dynasty|Chinese Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]], the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from [[Guangzhou]] to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied [[Malacca Sultanate]], demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.<ref name=Chang>Tien Tse Chang, (1978), ''Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources'' (E. J. Brill, 1969) pp.59-60</ref>
* [[May 31]] &ndash; Following the [[Battle of Sincouwaan]] at sea between the ships of the [[Ming dynasty|Chinese Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]], the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from [[Guangzhou]] to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied [[Malacca Sultanate]], demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.<ref name=Chang>Tien Tse Chang, (1978), ''Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources'' (E. J. Brill, 1969) pp.59-60</ref>
* [[May]] &ndash; The [[Ningbo Incident]]: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of [[Ningbo]], resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodrich |first1=L. Carrington |last2=Fang |first2=Chaoying |title=Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 |date=1976 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-03801-0 |pages=1231–1232 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofming0002asso/page/1232/mode/2up?q=may |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[May]] &ndash; The [[Ningbo incident]]: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of [[Ningbo]], resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodrich |first1=L. Carrington |last2=Fang |first2=Chaoying |title=Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 |date=1976 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-03801-0 |pages=1231–1232 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofming0002asso/page/1232/mode/2up?q=may |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Santhome Church]] is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]] at [[Madras]] (now Chennai) in [[India]].
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Santhome Church]] is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]] at [[Madras]] (now Chennai) in [[India]].
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] is elected [[king of Sweden]], finally establishing the full independence of [[Sweden]] from [[Denmark]], which marks the end of the [[Kalmar Union]]. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World Factbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d11RAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA463|year=1997|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|pages=463}}</ref>
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] is elected [[king of Sweden]], finally establishing the full independence of [[Sweden]] from [[Denmark]], which marks the end of the [[Kalmar Union]]. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World Factbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d11RAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA463|year=1997|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|pages=463}}</ref>
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* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Swedish War of Liberation]]: The surrender of [[Conquest of Stockholm|Stockholm]] by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa.<ref name=Sundberg/> In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Swedish War of Liberation]]: The surrender of [[Conquest of Stockholm|Stockholm]] by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa.<ref name=Sundberg/> In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
* [[June 23]] &ndash; The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in [[Panama]] in [[canoe]]s, having been forced to abandon their ships.<ref name=Melendez/>
* [[June 23]] &ndash; The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in [[Panama]] in [[canoe]]s, having been forced to abandon their ships.<ref name=Melendez/>
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Pargali Ibrahim Pasha]] is appointed as the [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire]] by the Ottoman Sultan, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>Ebru Turan, "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire" ''Turcica'' (2009) pp. 6–9</ref> Ibrahim Pasha will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Pargali Ibrahim Pasha]] is appointed as [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] by [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>Ebru Turan, "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire" ''Turcica'' (2009) pp. 6–9</ref> He will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.


=== July&ndash;September ===
=== July&ndash;September ===
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* [[July 18]] &ndash; Duke [[George II of Brieg]] (1547–1586) (d. [[1586]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boras |first1=Zygmunt |title=Książęta piastowscy Śląska |date=1982 |publisher=Śląsk |isbn=978-83-216-0248-6 |page=396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IddBAAAAYAAJ&q=%20%2218%20lipca%201523%22 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=pl}}</ref>
* [[July 18]] &ndash; Duke [[George II of Brieg]] (1547–1586) (d. [[1586]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boras |first1=Zygmunt |title=Książęta piastowscy Śląska |date=1982 |publisher=Śląsk |isbn=978-83-216-0248-6 |page=396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IddBAAAAYAAJ&q=%20%2218%20lipca%201523%22 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=pl}}</ref>
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Sancho d'Avila]], Spanish general (d. [[1583]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fagel |first1=Raymond |title=Protagonists of War: Spanish Army Commanders and the Revolt in the Low Countries |date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=978-94-6270-287-5 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyZAEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sancho+d%27Avila+%2221+september+1523%22&pg=PA117 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Sancho d'Avila]], Spanish general (d. [[1583]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fagel |first1=Raymond |title=Protagonists of War: Spanish Army Commanders and the Revolt in the Low Countries |date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=978-94-6270-287-5 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyZAEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sancho+d%27Avila+%2221+september+1523%22&pg=PA117 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon]], French church leader and pretender to the throne (d. [[1590]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barjavel |first1=Casimir François Henri |title=Dictionnaire historique, biographique et bibliographique du département de Vaucluse |date=1841 |publisher=Imprimerie de L. Devillario |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziQbAAAAYAAJ&dq=Charles+I+%2222+septembre+1523%22&pg=PA276 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)|Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon]], French church leader and pretender to the throne (d. [[1590]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barjavel |first1=Casimir François Henri |title=Dictionnaire historique, biographique et bibliographique du département de Vaucluse |date=1841 |publisher=Imprimerie de L. Devillario |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziQbAAAAYAAJ&dq=Charles+I+%2222+septembre+1523%22&pg=PA276 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Ludwig Rabus]], German martyrologist (d. [[1592]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaier |first1=Ulrich |last2=Küble |first2=Monika |last3=Schürle |first3=Wolfgang |title=Schwabenspiegel: Literatur vom Neckar bis zum Bodensee 1000-1800 |date=2003 |publisher=Oberschwäbische Elektrizitätswerke (OEW) |isbn=978-3-937184-00-5 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcELAQAAMAAJ&q=%20%E2%80%9E10.%20Oktober%201523%E2%80%9C |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Ludwig Rabus]], German martyrologist (d. [[1592]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaier |first1=Ulrich |last2=Küble |first2=Monika |last3=Schürle |first3=Wolfgang |title=Schwabenspiegel: Literatur vom Neckar bis zum Bodensee 1000-1800 |date=2003 |publisher=Oberschwäbische Elektrizitätswerke (OEW) |isbn=978-3-937184-00-5 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcELAQAAMAAJ&q=%20%E2%80%9E10.%20Oktober%201523%E2%80%9C |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Eleonore of Fürstenberg]], wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. [[1544]])
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Eleonore of Fürstenberg]], wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. [[1544]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Anna Jagiellon]], daughter of Sigismund I of Poland (d. [[1596]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bogucka |first1=Maria |title=Anna Jagiellonka |date=1964 |publisher=Ksiazka i Wiedza |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTohAQAAMAAJ&q=Anna+Jagiellonka+%2218+pa%C5%BAdziernika+1523%22+krakow |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=pl}}</ref>
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Anna Jagiellon]], daughter of Sigismund I of Poland (d. [[1596]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bogucka |first1=Maria |title=Anna Jagiellonka |date=1964 |publisher=Ksiazka i Wiedza |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTohAQAAMAAJ&q=Anna+Jagiellonka+%2218+pa%C5%BAdziernika+1523%22+krakow |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=pl}}</ref>
* ''date unknown''
* ''date unknown''
** [[Gabriele Falloppio]], Italian anatomist and physician (d. [[1562]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bayraktar |first1=Elif |last2=Nteli Chatzioglou |first2=Gkionoul |last3=Gayretli |first3=Özcan |title=The life of Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562) and his contributions to medical terminology |journal=Child's Nervous System |date=1 June 2023 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1445–1447 |doi=10.1007/s00381-022-05626-0 |pmid=35932323 |s2cid=251351601 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-022-05626-0 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en |issn=1433-0350|doi-access=free }}</ref>
** [[Gabriele Falloppio]], Italian anatomist and physician (d. [[1562]])<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bayraktar |first1=Elif |last2=Nteli Chatzioglou |first2=Gkionoul |last3=Gayretli |first3=Özcan |title=The life of Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562) and his contributions to medical terminology |journal=Child's Nervous System |date=1 June 2023 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1445–1447 |doi=10.1007/s00381-022-05626-0 |pmid=35932323 |s2cid=251351601 |language=en |issn=1433-0350|doi-access=free }}</ref>
** [[Gaspara Stampa]], Italian poet (d. [[1554]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falkeid |first1=Unn |last2=Feng |first2=Aileen |title=Rethinking Gaspara Stampa in the Canon of Renaissance Poetry |date=3 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-06421-3 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gGrCwAAQBAJ&q=1523 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Gaspara Stampa]], Italian poet (d. [[1554]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falkeid |first1=Unn |last2=Feng |first2=Aileen |title=Rethinking Gaspara Stampa in the Canon of Renaissance Poetry |date=3 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-06421-3 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gGrCwAAQBAJ&q=1523 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''probable''
* ''probable''
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** [[Antonio Grimani]], Italian admiral and [[Doge of Venice]] (b. [[1434]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Romanin |first1=Samuele |title=Storia documentata di Venezia |date=1856 |publisher=P. Naratovich |page=385 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qMBAAAAQAAJ&dq=Antonio+Grimani+%227+maggio+1523%22&pg=PA383 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
** [[Antonio Grimani]], Italian admiral and [[Doge of Venice]] (b. [[1434]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Romanin |first1=Samuele |title=Storia documentata di Venezia |date=1856 |publisher=P. Naratovich |page=385 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qMBAAAAQAAJ&dq=Antonio+Grimani+%227+maggio+1523%22&pg=PA383 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=it}}</ref>
** [[Franz von Sickingen]], German knight (b. [[1481]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=Euan |title=The European Reformation |date=1 March 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-267085-4 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNg9EAAAQBAJ&dq=Franz+von+Sickingen+%227+may+1523%22&pg=PA203 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Franz von Sickingen]], German knight (b. [[1481]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=Euan |title=The European Reformation |date=1 March 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-267085-4 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNg9EAAAQBAJ&dq=Franz+von+Sickingen+%227+may+1523%22&pg=PA203 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Ashikaga Yoshitane]], Japanese shōgun (b. [[1466]])<ref>{{cite book |title=船田合戦 |publisher=歴史研究会 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRcOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E8%B6%B3%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A9%E7%A8%99%E3%80%8E%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%B83%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5%E3%80%8F&pg=PA65 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=ja}}</ref>
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Ashikaga Yoshitane]], Japanese shōgun (b. [[1466]])<ref>{{cite book |title=船田合戦 |publisher=歴史研究会 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRcOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E8%B6%B3%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A9%E7%A8%99%E3%80%8E%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%B83%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5%E3%80%8F&pg=PA65 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=ja}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}}
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney]], English politician (b. [[1447]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Marney, Henry, first Baron Marney|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-70724|year=2004 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/70724}}</ref>
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney]], English politician (b. [[1447]])<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Marney, Henry, first Baron Marney|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-70724|year=2004 |access-date=29 July 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/70724}}</ref>
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos]], Flemish Lutheran martyrs<ref name="JAE">{{cite web |last1=Block |first1=Mathew |title=Jan van Essen Archives |url=https://ilc-online.org/tag/jan-van-essen/ |website=International Lutheran Council |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos]], Flemish Lutheran martyrs<ref name="JAE">{{cite web |last1=Block |first1=Mathew |title=Jan van Essen Archives |url=https://ilc-online.org/tag/jan-van-essen/ |website=International Lutheran Council |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 22:31, 12 August 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
June 24: King Gustav of Sweden enters Stockholm and secures Sweden's independence from Denmark (painting by Carl Larsson)
1523 by topic
Arts and science
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Works category
1523 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1523
MDXXIII
Ab urbe condita2276
Armenian calendar972
ԹՎ ՋՀԲ
Assyrian calendar6273
Balinese saka calendar1444–1445
Bengali calendar930
Berber calendar2473
English Regnal year14 Hen. 8 – 15 Hen. 8
Buddhist calendar2067
Burmese calendar885
Byzantine calendar7031–7032
Chinese calendar壬午年 (Water Horse)
4220 or 4013
    — to —
癸未年 (Water Goat)
4221 or 4014
Coptic calendar1239–1240
Discordian calendar2689
Ethiopian calendar1515–1516
Hebrew calendar5283–5284
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1579–1580
 - Shaka Samvat1444–1445
 - Kali Yuga4623–4624
Holocene calendar11523
Igbo calendar523–524
Iranian calendar901–902
Islamic calendar929–930
Japanese calendarDaiei 3
(大永３年)
Javanese calendar1440–1442
Julian calendar1523
MDXXIII
Korean calendar3856
Minguo calendar389 before ROC
民前389年
Nanakshahi calendar55
Thai solar calendar2065–2066
Tibetan calendar阳水马年
(male Water-Horse)
1649 or 1268 or 496
    — to —
阴水羊年
(female Water-Goat)
1650 or 1269 or 497
July 7: The Frisian rebellion ends, fought by the Arumer Black Heap

Year 1523 (MDXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

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January–March

[edit]

April–June

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July–September

[edit]

October–December

[edit]

Date unknown

[edit]
  • The Ming dynasty Chinese navy captures two Western ships with Portuguese breech–loading culverins aboard, which the Chinese call a fo–lang–ji (Frankish culverin). According to the Ming Shi, these cannons are soon presented to the Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in 1529.[32]
  • In northern Italy, a French army under Guillaume Gouffier tries to recover Milan but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.[33]

Births

[edit]
Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry
Queen Anna

Deaths

[edit]
Pope Adrian VI
Pietro Perugino

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ "Francisco Hernández de Córdoba y la conquista de Nicaragua", by José Calvo Poyato 1988, in Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos (September 1988) p.8
  4. ^ Ferran Valls i Taberner and Ferran Soldevila, Història de Catalunya (Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2002) p.371-372
  5. ^ a b [https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-2-1481-1559/ Christian 2., 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523"], danmarkshistorien.dk
  6. ^ "Katharina von Bora Luther", by Dr. Jack Kilcrease, LutheranReformation.org
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  8. ^ a b c Carlos Meléndez, Hernández de Córdoba: Capitán de conquista en Nicaragua (Editorial San Jose, 1976) pp. 59–64
  9. ^ Roger Savory, Iran under the Safavids (Cambridge University Press, 2007)
  10. ^ Herman J. Selderhuis and Peter Nissen, "The Sixteenth Century", in Handbook of Dutch Church History (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014) p.189
  11. ^ "Hungary", by David P. Daniel, "Hungary", in The Early Reformation in Europe, ed. by Andrew Pettegree (Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 49–69
  12. ^ "Sickingen, Franz von", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.)(Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 36
  13. ^ " Zamachy w Krakowie" ("Assassinations in Krakow"), by Marek Żukow-Karczewski in "Magazyn Sobota" supplement to Gazeta Krakowska (October 1994)
  14. ^ "Gritti, Andrea", by Gino Benzoni, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2002)
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  16. ^ a b Tien Tse Chang, (1978), Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources (E. J. Brill, 1969) pp.59-60
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  20. ^ Brandi, Karl (1927). Deutsche Reformation und Gegenreformation (in German). Quelle & Meyer. p. 169. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
  21. ^ Ebru Turan, "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire" Turcica (2009) pp. 6–9
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  26. ^ Françoise de Bernardy, The Princes of Monaco (Arthur Barker Ltd., 1961)
  27. ^ Werner, Patrick S. (1996). Los reales de minas de la Nicaragua colonial y la cuidad perdida de Nueva Segovia (in Spanish). Instituto Nicaragüense de Cultura. p. 24. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
  28. ^ Frederic J. Baumgartner, Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) pp.98-101
  29. ^ Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650 (American University of Beirut, 1985) p.77
  30. ^ Desiderius Erasmus (January 1, 1974). The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1356 to 1534, 1523 to 1524: Letters 1356 to 1534, 1523 to 1524. University of Toronto Press. pp. 163–. ISBN 978-0-8020-5976-5.
  31. ^ Florine Asselbergs, Conquered Conquistadors: The Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, A Nahua Vision of the Conquest of Guatemala (University Press of Colorado, 2008) pp. 87–97
  32. ^ Keay, John (2008). China: A History. London: HarperPress. ISBN 9780007221776. 0007221770. The 'breech-loading culverins presented at the Ming court in 1522' were a gift from the Portuguese; and Portuguese arquebuses were acquired in the 1540s by the Japanese, who copied and greatly improved them.
  33. ^ Mallett, Michael Edward (2012). The Italian Wars, 1494-1559 : war, state and society in early modern Europe. Pearson. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-582-05758-6. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
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