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Digambara Jain temple, Khandagiri: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 20°15′43″N 85°47′10″E / 20.26194°N 85.78611°E / 20.26194; 85.78611
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{{short description|Jain Temple in Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{cleanup|reason=it appears to have been poorly translated from an official government document|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox religious building
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Digambar Jain Temple, Khandagiri
| name = Digambar Jain Temple, Khandagiri
Line 13: Line 14:
| map_caption = Location within Odisha
| map_caption = Location within Odisha
| coordinates = {{coord|20|15|43|N|85|47|10|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|20|15|43|N|85|47|10|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = Odisha, [[India]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| elevation_m = 87bbhbhbhh
| elevation_m = 87
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| established = 12-13th century CE
| established = 12-13th century CE
| governing_body = Bengal, Bihar and Odisha Digambar Jain Tirthkshetra Committee
| governing_body = Bengal, Bihar and Odisha Digambar Jain Tirthkshetra Committee
| website =
| website =
| architecture_style = [[Kalinga architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 3
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]]
}}
}}
⚫
'''Digambara Jaina Temple''' is a [[Jain temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], in the state of Odisha, India. The temple is on the top of [[Khandagiri]] hill. This hill is honeycombed with a series of rock-cut Jaina caves, commissioned by King [[Kharavela]] in the 1st century BCE. The rock-cut caves are protected by [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The enshrining deities are a series of Jaina tirthankara images.
{{Jainism}}
⚫
'''Digambara Jaina Temple''' is a [[Jain temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], in the state of Odisha, India. The temple is on the top of [[Khandagiri]] hill. This hill is honeycombed with a series of rock-cut Jaina caves, commissioned by King Kharavela in 1st century BCE. The rock-cut caves are protected by [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The enshrining deities are a series of Jaina tirthankara images.


==Ownership==
== History ==
The architecture of the temple suggest that it was built out of materials from an earlier temple. According to local legends the temple was constructed by ''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]]'' ruler [[Kharavela]] in the 1st century BCE. This legend is not supported by the architectural features.{{Sfn|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri|p=2}} According to Alexander Cunningham, The temple structure is estimated to have been built during the rule of [[Maratha Empire]] based on architecture design.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1877|p=27}} The current structure was built in first quarter of the 19th century.{{Sfn|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri|p=2}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Jain temple on the summit of Khandgiri Hill |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/m/019pho000001003u00391000.html |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
⚫
The temple is maintained by the Bengal, Bihar and Odisha Digambara Jaina Tirthankara Committee. Bimala Devi Jain is the local caretaker.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}


==Age==
== Architecture ==
This temple is built in [[Deula#Pidha Deula|Pidha]] style with [[Vimana]] and [[Jaga mohan]] following the [[Kalinga architecture]].
The architecture of the temple suggest that it was built out of materials from an earlier temple. The new temple was built in the 19th century CE.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}
The temple is built using sandstone in [[Ashlar]] fashion with triratha plan and tri-anga bada elevation. The vimana and jagamohana features [[Baluster|balustrade]] windows with vimana follows a square plan and Jaga mohan follows a rectangular plan. The architectural motifs such as ''khakharamundis'' and ''pidhamundis'' in the lower and upper {{transl|sa|janghas}} respectively.{{Sfn|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri|p=3}}


The temple complex consist of three temple, first temple houses a colossal black stone idol of [[Parshvanatha]] in a white marble hall. The main shrine houses a white marble idol of [[Mahavira]] along with a large number of Jain idols. The third shrines houses 5 images of Jain [[tirthankara]].{{Sfn|Javid|Javeed|2008|p=40}}
==Significance==
Local legends ascribe the temple to ''Mahameghabahana'' Kharavela of 1st century BCE. This legend is not supported by the architectural features.


== Conservation ==
==Physical description==
⚫
The temple is maintained by the Bengal, Bihar and Odisha Digambara Jaina Tirthankara Committee. Bimala Devi Jain is the local caretaker.{{Sfn|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri|p=2}}
[[File:Udaygiri_%26_Khandagiri_Caves,_Bhubaneswar_(28)_-_Oct_2010.jpg|thumb|Jain Tirthankar statue in the temple]]
The temple, which faces east, is next to the Rushavanath temple in the south at a distance of 3.50 metres, a northern compound wall at a distance of 2.50 metres and western compound wall at a distance of 11.50 metres.


== See also ==
'''Architectural features (Plan and Elevation):''' The temple stands on a platform that measures 16.00 metres in length by 9.50 metres in width with a height of 1.62 metres. On plan, the temple has a [[vimana]] and a [[jagamohana]]. The vimana measures 8.25 square metres and jagamohana measures 6.40 metres in length and 9.40 metres in breadth. This temple is [[Ratha (architecture)|triratha]] on plan. It is distinguished by central raha and kanika pagas on either sides. On elevation, the vimana is pidha deula that measures 5.80 metres in height from pabhaga to mastaka. The temple has panchanga bada. From bottom to top the temple has a pabhaga, talajangha, bandhana, upara jangha, baranda, gandi and mastaka. The pabhaga measures 0.47 metres, talajangha 0.42 metres, bandhana 0.16 metres, upara jangha 0.40 metres and baranda 0.45 metres. The gandi measures 1.80 meters with seven receding tiers arranged in two sets (potala); lower potala has four tiers and upper potala with three tiers and mastaka measures 2.10 metres.
{{commons category|Jain temple in Khandagiri}}

* [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]]
'''Raha niche & parsva devatas:''' There are no parsvadevata niches and the walls are plain and without sculptural embellishments. The northern side wall has a balustraded window and this window is decorated with a series of ''pidha mundi''.
* [[Somavamshi dynasty]]

'''Decorative features:'''
Doorjambs: There are two doorways in north and east. The eastern doorjambs measure 2.88 metres x 1.56 metres, which is carved with khakhara mundi niches at the base. The northern doorjambs measure 2.20 metres x 1.04 metres.

'''Building material:''' Sandstone <br />
'''Construction techniques:''' Dry masonry <br />
'''Style:''' ''Kalingan''


== References ==
== References ==
=== Citations ===
⚫
<ref>Pradhan, Sadasiba (2009). Lesser Known Monuments Of Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar: Lark Books. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|81-7375-164-1}}.</ref>
⚫
<ref>{{cite web|author=Cultural Informatics Laboratory |url=http://www.ignca.nic.in/ |title=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |publisher=Ignca.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Citation|last1=Javid|first1=Ali|last2=Javeed | first2=Tabassum |url={{Google books|fg-lGID3WpQC|page=40|plainurl=yes}}|title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India | volume=2 |date=2008|publisher=Algora Publishing | isbn=9780875864839 }}
* {{Citation|last=Cunningham|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Cunningham |url={{Google books|xcMUAAAAYAAJ|page=27|plainurl=yes}}|title=Inscriptions of Asoka |date=1877 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing }}
⚫
* Pradhan, Sadasiba (2009). Lesser Known Monuments Of Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar: Lark Books. pp.&nbsp;1–2. {{ISBN|81-7375-164-1}}.
⚫
* {{cite web|author=Cultural Informatics Laboratory |url=http://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/orkhurda057.pdf |title=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |publisher=Ignca.nic.in |access-date=2014-08-06 | ref={{SfnRef|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri}} }}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Jainism topics}}

Latest revision as of 08:58, 1 August 2024

Digambar Jain Temple, Khandagiri
Digambar Jain Temple, Khandagiri
Religion
AffiliationJainism
DeityParshvanatha
FestivalsMahavir Jayanti
Governing bodyBengal, Bihar and Odisha Digambar Jain Tirthkshetra Committee
Location
LocationBhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Digambara Jain temple, Khandagiri is located in Odisha
Digambara Jain temple, Khandagiri
Location within Odisha
Geographic coordinates20°15′43″N 85°47′10″E / 20.26194°N 85.78611°E / 20.26194; 85.78611
Architecture
StyleKalinga architecture
Date established12-13th century CE
Specifications
Temple(s)3
Elevation87 m (285 ft)

Digambara Jaina Temple is a Jain temple in Bhubaneswar, in the state of Odisha, India. The temple is on the top of Khandagiri hill. This hill is honeycombed with a series of rock-cut Jaina caves, commissioned by King Kharavela in the 1st century BCE. The rock-cut caves are protected by Archaeological Survey of India. The enshrining deities are a series of Jaina tirthankara images.

History

[edit]

The architecture of the temple suggest that it was built out of materials from an earlier temple. According to local legends the temple was constructed by Mahameghavahana ruler Kharavela in the 1st century BCE. This legend is not supported by the architectural features.[1] According to Alexander Cunningham, The temple structure is estimated to have been built during the rule of Maratha Empire based on architecture design.[2] The current structure was built in first quarter of the 19th century.[1][3]

Architecture

[edit]

This temple is built in Pidha style with Vimana and Jaga mohan following the Kalinga architecture. The temple is built using sandstone in Ashlar fashion with triratha plan and tri-anga bada elevation. The vimana and jagamohana features balustrade windows with vimana follows a square plan and Jaga mohan follows a rectangular plan. The architectural motifs such as khakharamundis and pidhamundis in the lower and upper janghas respectively.[4]

The temple complex consist of three temple, first temple houses a colossal black stone idol of Parshvanatha in a white marble hall. The main shrine houses a white marble idol of Mahavira along with a large number of Jain idols. The third shrines houses 5 images of Jain tirthankara.[5]

Conservation

[edit]

The temple is maintained by the Bengal, Bihar and Odisha Digambara Jaina Tirthankara Committee. Bimala Devi Jain is the local caretaker.[1]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jain temple in Khandagiri.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c IGNCA & Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri, p. 2.
  2. ^ Cunningham 1877, p. 27.
  3. ^ "Modern Jain temple on the summit of Khandgiri Hill". British Library. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  4. ^ IGNCA & Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri, p. 3.
  5. ^ Javid & Javeed 2008, p. 40.

Sources

[edit]
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