Jump to content

Rhipsalis: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Fix surname link
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,433,730 edits
Added bibcode. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | #UCB_webform 124/3430
 
(47 intermediate revisions by 18 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Genus of cacti}}
{{For|the [[alga]]e|Halimeda}}
:''"Mistletoe cactus" redirects here. This may also mean specifically ''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'', or, more generally, other [[Rhipsalideae]].''
{{hatnote|For the algae, see [[Halimeda]]. "Mistletoe cactus" redirects here. This may also mean specifically ''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'' or generally other [[Rhipsalideae]]; it is not to be confused with [[Cactus mistletoe]]. }}
:''"Cactus mistletoe" is ''[[Tristerix]] aphylla'', a [[Patagonia]]n [[Argentinean]] and [[Chile]]an species of [[mistletoe]], whose preferred hosts are two species of cactus.''
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Rhipsalis cereuscula1PAKAL.jpg
| image = Rhipsalis cereuscula1PAKAL.jpg
Line 7: Line 6:
| display_parents = 2
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Rhipsalis
| taxon = Rhipsalis
| authority = [[Gaertn.]]
| authority = [[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = Numerous, see text
| subdivision = Numerous, see text
Line 14: Line 13:
}}
}}


'''''Rhipsalis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plants]] in the [[cactus]] family, typically known as '''mistletoe cacti'''. They are found in parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern regions of South America. Additionally they inhabit isolated locations in Africa and Asia, and are the only cactus group naturally occurring in the [[Old World]]. This is the largest and most widely distributed genus of [[epiphytic]] cacti<ref name=Calvente2012 /> (those which live on other plants without damaging them).
'''''Rhipsalis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[epiphytic]] [[flowering plant]]s in the [[cactus]] family, typically known as '''mistletoe cacti'''. They are found in parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern regions of South America. They also inhabit isolated locations in Africa and Asia, and are the only cactus group naturally occurring in the [[Old World]]. This is the largest and most widely distributed genus of epiphytic cacti<ref name=Calvente2012 /> (those which live on other plants without damaging them).


The [[scientific name]] ''Rhipsalis'' derives from the [[Ancient Greek]] term for [[wickerwork]],<ref>{{harvp|Anderson|2001|p=612}}</ref><ref>{{Oxford Dictionaries|Rhipsalis|accessdate=2019-01-10}}</ref> referring to the plants' [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]].
The [[scientific name]] ''Rhipsalis'' derives from the [[Ancient Greek]] term for [[wickerwork]],<ref name="harvp|Anderson|2001|p=612">{{harvp|Anderson|2001|p=612}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Rhipsalis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306184250/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Rhipsalis |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-03-06 |title=Rhipsalis |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> referring to the plants' [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]].


==History==
==Description==
The morphology of ''Rhipsalis'' is very variable. The plants can grow mostly pendent, few grow more or less upright or sprawling. There are three main stem shapes: terete, angular and flattened. The stems are [[succulent]], but the degree of succulence varies between the species. Some have very thick stems (e.g. ''[[Rhipsalis neves-armondii]]''), whereas other have very thin, filiform stems (e.g. ''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'', ''[[Rhipsalis clavata]]''). In the majority of species, [[spine (botany)|spine]]s are missing or occur only in the juvenile stage (this is most prominent in ''[[Rhipsalis dissimilis]]''). ''[[Rhipsalis pilocarpa]]'' has stems and fruits densely covered by bristles, making this species easily distinguishable from all other ''Rhipsalis''.
The genus was described by Joseph Gaertner in 1788.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gaertner |first=Joseph |title=Rhipsalis |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37174121 |journal=Fruct. Sem. Pl. |year=1788 |volume=i |page=137 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.53838}}</ref> But when he described the plant, he had in fact not realised it was a cactus. Instead, he assumed he had found a new species of ''[[Cassytha]]''<ref group=Note>The original spelling in publication is ''cassutha'', but this is presumably a typographical error.</ref>, a parasitic [[Lauraceae|laurel]] from a completely different plant family.
The [[flowers]] are borne lateral or apical and are actinomorphic with a varying number of [[perianth]] segments, [[stamens]] and [[carpels]]. They are small, usually about 1&nbsp;cm in diameter, white or whitish in most species. Yellowish flowers occur in ''R. dissimilis'' and ''R. elliptica'' and ''R. hoelleri'' is the only ''Rhipsalis'' species with red flowers. The fruits are always berries, they are whitish or coloured pink, red or yellow. [[Vivipary]] has been observed in ''R. micrantha'' and ''R. baccifera''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Cota-Sánchez |first=J. Hugo |title=Vivipary in the Cactaceae: Its taxonomic occurrence and biological significance |journal=Flora |volume=199 |issue=6 |pages=481–490 |year=2004 |doi=10.1078/0367-2530-00175|bibcode=2004FMDFE.199..481C }}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
== Ecology and distribution==
{{See also|Rhipsalideae#Taxonomy}}
''Rhipsalis'' is found as pendulous [[epiphyte]] in [[tropical rainforests]], some species may also grow [[Lithophyte|epilithic]] or, rarely, terrestrial.<ref>{{harvp|Anderson|2001|pp=22–24}}</ref><ref name=Korotkova2011>{{Citation |last=Korotkova |first=Nadja |title=Phylogeny and evolution of the epiphytic Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) |year=2011 |type=PhD thesis |place=Bonn |url=http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2011/2703/2703.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Calvente2011>{{Citation |last1=Calvente |first1=A. |last2=Zappi |first2=D.C. |last3=Forest |first3=F. |last4=Lohmann |first4=L.G. |title=Molecular Phylogeny, Evolution, and Biogeography of South American Epiphytic Cacti |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=172 |issue=7 |year=2011 |pages=902–914 |doi=10.1086/660881}}</ref> The genus is found widely in [[Central America]], parts of the [[Caribbean]] and a great part of northern and central [[South America]].<ref>{{harvp|Anderson|2001|p=612}}</ref> The center of diversity of ''Rhipsalis'' lies in the rainforests of the [[Mata Atlantica]] in southeastern [[Brazil]].<ref name=Korotkova2011 /> It is found throughout the [[New World]], and additionally in tropical [[Africa]], [[Madagascar]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Barthlott |first=Wilhelm |title=Biogeography and Evolution in Neo- and Paleotropical Rhipsalinae (Cactaceae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wilhelm_Barthlott3/publication/262002083_Biogeography_and_evolution_in_neo-_and_palaeotropical_Rhipsalinae_Cactaceae/links/54070d670cf23d9765a8320b/Biogeography-and-evolution-in-neo-and-palaeotropical-Rhipsalinae-Cactaceae.pdf |journal=Sonderb. Naturwiss. Vereins Hamburg |year=1983 |volume=7 |pages=241—248}}</ref><ref name=Calvente2011 /> It is the only cactus with a natural occurrence outside the New World.<ref>{{harvp|Anderson|2001|p=18}}</ref>
The genus was described by Joseph Gaertner in 1788.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gaertner |first=Joseph |title=Rhipsalis |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37174121 |journal=Fruct. Sem. Pl. |year=1788 |volume=i |page=137 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.53838|doi-access=free }}</ref> But when he described the plant, he had in fact not realised it was a cactus. Instead, he assumed he had found a new species of ''[[Cassytha]]'',<ref group=Note>The original spelling in publication is ''cassutha'', but this is presumably a typographical error.</ref> a parasitic [[Lauraceae|laurel]] from a completely different plant family.
[[Image:Rhipsalis pilocarpa10.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rhipsalis pilocarpa]]'' fruit]]


==Morphology==
===Species===
In the taxonomic treatment in ''The New Cactus Lexicon'', 35 species were accepted, divided into five subgenera (''Phyllarthrorhipsalis'', ''Rhipsalis'', ''Epallagogonium'', ''Calamorhipsalis'', ''Erythrorhipsalis'').<ref>{{harvp|Hunt|2006|pp=253–257}}</ref> A molecular study in 2011 showed the [[paraphyly]] of three subgenera as previously circumscribed (''Rhipsalis'', ''Calamorhipsalis'' and ''Epallagogonium'').<ref name=Calvente2011 /> So a new subgeneric classification of ''Rhipsalis'' with only [[monophyly|monophyletic]] subgenera ''Rhipsalis'', ''Calamorhipsalis'' and ''Erythrorhipsalis'' was proposed.<ref name=Calvente2012>{{Citation |last=Calvente |first=A. |title=A New Subgeneric Classification of ''Rhipsalis'' (Cactoideae, Cactaceae) |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=983–988 |year=2012 |doi=10.1600/036364412X656455|s2cid=84206266 }}</ref> Species accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]] {{as of|2023|January|lc=yes}} are listed below,<ref name=POWO_331903-2>{{cite web |title=''Rhipsalis'' Gaertn. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331903-2 |access-date=2023-01-25 }}</ref> with subgeneric placements, where given, based on Calvente (2012).<ref name=Calvente2012/>
The morphology of ''Rhipsalis'' is very variable. The plants can grow mostly pendent, few grow more or less upright or sprawling. There are three main stem shapes: terete, angular and flattened. The stems are [[succulent]], but the degree of succulence varies between the species. Some have very thick stems (e.g. ''[[Rhipsalis neves-armondii]]''), whereas other have very thin, filiform stems (e.g. ''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'', ''[[Rhipsalis clavata]]''). In the majority of species, [[spine (botany)|spine]]s are missing or occur only in the juvenile stage (this is most prominent in ''[[Rhipsalis dissimilis]]''). ''[[Rhipsalis pilocarpa]]'' has stems and fruits densely covered by bristes, making this species easily distinguishable from all other ''Rhipsalis''.
The [[flowers]] are borne lateral or apical and are actinomorphic with a varying number of [[perianth]] segments, [[stamens]] and [[carpels]]. They are small, usually about 1&nbsp;cm in diameter, white or whitish in most species. Yellowish flowers occur in ''R. dissimilis'' and ''R. elliptica'' and ''R. hoelleri'' is the only ''Rhipsalis'' species with red flowers. The fruits are always berries, they are whitish or coloured pink, red or yellow. [[Vivipary]] has been observed in ''R. micrantha'' and ''R. baccifera''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Cota-Sánchez |first=J. Hugo |title=Vivipary in the Cactaceae: Its taxonomic occurrence and biological significance |journal=Flora |volume=199 |issue=6 |pages=481–490 |year=2004 |doi=10.1078/0367-2530-00175}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable collapsible"
==Species==
|-
Based on taxonomic treatment in the ''The New Cactus Lexicon''<ref>{{harvp|Hunt|2006|pp=253–257}}</ref>, 35 species divided into five subgenera (''Phyllarthrorhipsalis'', ''Rhipsalis'', ''Epallagogonium'', ''Calamorhipsalis'', ''Erythrorhipsalis'') are recognised.
! Subgenus
{{div col}}
! Image
* ''[[Rhipsalis agudoensis]]'' <small>[[N.P. Taylor]]</small>
! Scientific name
* ''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'' <small>[[(J.S.Muell.) Stearn]]</small>
! Distribution
* ''[[Rhipsalis burchellii]]'' <small>[[Britton & Rose]]</small>
|-
* ''[[Rhipsalis campos-portoana]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>
!rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| ''Calamorhipsalis''
* ''[[Rhipsalis cereoides]]'' <small>[[Backeb. & Voll]]</small>
|[[File:RhipsalisDissimilis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis dissimilis forma dissimilis|left|thumb|120x120px|R. dissimilis f. dissimilis]]
* ''[[Rhipsalis cereuscula]]'' <small> [[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]]</small>
* ''[[Rhipsalis clavata]]'' <small>[[F.A.C.Weber]]</small>
| ''[[Rhipsalis dissimilis]]'' <small>(G.Lindb.) K.Schum.</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo)
* ''[[Rhipsalis crispata]]'' <small> [[Pfeiff.]]</small>
|-
* ''[[Rhipsalis cuneata]]'' <small> [[Britton & Rose]]</small>
|[[File:RhipsalisFloccosaTucumanensis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis floccosa subspecies tucumanensis|none|thumb|120x120px|R. floccosa ssp. tucumanensis]][[File:Rhipsalis floccosa.jpg|120px]]
* ''[[Rhipsalis dissimilis]]'' [[K.Schum.]]</small>
* ''[[Rhipsalis elliptica]]'' <small>[[G.Lindb]]. ex [[K.Schum.]]</small>
|''[[Rhipsalis floccosa]]'' <small>[[Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck|Salm-Dyck]] ex [[Pfeiff.]]</small>
| Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela
* ''[[Rhipsalis ewaldiana]]'' <small> [[Barthlott]] & [[N.P. Taylor]]</small>
|-
* ''[[Rhipsalis floccosa]]'' <small>[[Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck|Salm-Dyck]] ex [[Pfeiff.]]</small>
|[[File:RhipsalisHoelleri.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis hoelleri|none|thumb|120x120px|R. hoelleri]]
* ''[[Rhipsalis grandiflora]]'' <small> [[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]] </small>
* ''[[Rhipsalis hoelleri]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
| ''[[Rhipsalis hoelleri]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
| Brazil (Espírito Santo)
* ''[[Rhipsalis juengeri]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
|-
* ''[[Rhipsalis lindbergiana]]'' <small> [[K.Schum.]]</small>
|[[File:RhipsalisNevesArmondii.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma neves-armondii (yellow stamen)|none|thumb|120x120px|R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (yellow stamen)]][[File:RhipsalisNevesArmondii2.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma neves-armondii (orange stamen)|none|thumb|120x120px|R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (orange stamen)]][[File:RhiopsalisNevesArmondiiMegalantha.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma megalantha|none|thumb|120x120px|R. neves-armondii f. megalantha]][[File:Rhipsalis neves-armondii - Botanischer Garten - Heidelberg, Germany - DSC01363.jpg|120px]]
* ''[[Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides]]'' <small> [[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]]</small>
* ''[[Rhipsalis micrantha]]'' <small> [[Kunth]]</small>
|''[[Rhipsalis neves-armondii]]'' <small>[[K.Schum.]]</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
* ''[[Rhipsalis neves-armondii]]'' <small> [[K.Schum.]]</small>
|-
* ''[[Rhipsalis oblonga]]'' <small> [[Loefgr.]]</small>
|[[File:RhipsalisPachecoLeonis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis subspecies pacheco-leonis|left|thumb|120x120px|R. pacheco-leonis ssp. pacheco-leonis]][[File:RhipsalisPachecoLeonisCatenulata.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis subspecies catenulata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. pacheco-leonis ssp. catenulata]]
* ''[[Rhipsalis occidentalis]]'' <small> [[Barthlott]] & [[Rauh]]</small>
* ''[[Rhipsalis olivifera]]'' <small> [[N.P.Taylor]] & [[Daniela Cristina Zappi|Zappi]]</small>
|''[[Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
* ''[[Rhipsalis ormindoi]]'' <small> [[N.P.Taylor]] & [[Daniela Cristina Zappi|Zappi]]</small>
|-
* ''[[Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis]]'' <small> [[Loefgr.]]</small>
|[[File:RhipsalisParadoxaSeptentrionalis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis paradoxa subspecies septentrionalis|left|thumb|120x120px|R. paradoxa ssp. septentrionalis]][[File:RhipsalisParadoxa.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis paradoxa subspecies paradoxa|left|thumb|160x160px|R. paradoxa ssp. paradoxa]][[File:Rhipsalis paradoxa.jpg|120px]]
* ''[[Rhipsalis pachyptera]]'' <small> [[Pfeiff.]]</small>
* ''[[Rhipsalis paradoxa]]'' <small> [[Salm-Dyck]]</small>
|''[[Rhipsalis paradoxa]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff.) Salm-Dyck</small>
| Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
* ''[[Rhipsalis pentaptera]]'' <small> [[Pfeiff.]]</small>
|-
* ''[[Rhipsalis pilocarpa]]'' <small> [[Loefgr.]]</small>
|[[File:RhipsalisPuniceodiscus.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis puniceodiscus|left|thumb|120x120px|R. puniceodiscus]]
* ''[[Rhipsalis pulchra]]'' <small> [[Loefgr.]]</small>
* ''[[Rhipsalis puniceodiscus]]'' <small> [[G.Lindb.]]</small>
|''[[Rhipsalis puniceodiscus]]'' <small>[[G.Lindb.]]</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
* ''[[Rhipsalis russellii]]'' <small> [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]</small>
|-
* ''[[Rhipsalis sulcata]]'' <small> [[F.A.C. Weber]]</small>
|[[File:RhipsalisTrigona.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis trigona|left|thumb|120x120px|Rhipsalis trigona]]
* ''[[Rhipsalis teres]]'' <small> [[Steud.]]</small>
* ''[[Rhipsalis trigona]]'' <small>[[Pfeiff.]]</small>
|''[[Rhipsalis trigona]]'' <small>[[Pfeiff.]]</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
{{div col end}}
|-
!rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;"| ''Erythrorhipsalis''
|[[File:RhipsalisAurea.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis aurea|left|thumb|120x120px|R. aurea]]
|''[[Rhipsalis aurea]]'' <small>M.F.Freitas & J.M.A.Braga</small>
| Brazil (Rio de ]aneiro)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisBurchellii.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis burchellii|left|thumb|120x120px|R. burchellii]][[File:Rhipsalis_burchellii_01_ies.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis burchelii|left|thumb|120x120px|R. burchellii]]
|''[[Rhipsalis burchellii]]'' <small>[[Britton & Rose]]</small>
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis_campos-portoana（13）.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis campos-portoana|left|thumb|181x181px|R. campos-portoana]]
| ''[[Rhipsalis campos-portoana]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisClavataDelicatula.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis clavata forma delicatula|left|thumb|120x120px|R. clavata f. delicatula]][[File:RhipsalisClavata.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis clavata forma clavata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. clavata f. clavata]]
|''[[Rhipsalis clavata]]'' <small>[[F.A.C.Weber]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisCereuscula.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis cereuscula|left|thumb|120x120px|R. cereuscula]]
|''[[Rhipsalis cereuscula]]'' <small>[[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]]</small>
| Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisJuengeri.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis juengeri|left|thumb|120x120px|R. juengeri]]
|''[[Rhipsalis juengeri]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
| Brazil (São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisOrmindoi.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis ormindoi|left|thumb|120x120px|R. ormindoi]]
|''[[Rhipsalis ormindoi]]'' <small>[[N.P.Taylor]] & [[Daniela Cristina Zappi|Zappi]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|[[File:RhiopsalisPilocarpa.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis pilocarpa|left|thumb|120x120px|R. pilocarpa]][[File:Rhipsalis_pilocarpa_pm_1.JPG|alt=Rhipsalis pilocarpa|left|thumb|180x180px|R. pilocarpa]]
|''[[Rhipsalis pilocarpa]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>
| Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis pulchra]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>
| Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
!rowspan="27" style="text-align:center;"| ''Rhipsalis''
|
| ''[[Rhipsalis agudoensis]]'' <small>[[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis baccifera subsp. baccifera.JPG|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis baccifera]]'' <small>[[(J.S.Muell.) Stearn]]</small>
| Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Reunion, Sri Lanka
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisBarthlottii.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis barthlottii|left|thumb|120x120px|R. barthlottii]]
|''[[Rhipsalis barthlottii]]'' <small>Ralf Bauer & N.Korotkova</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro; Serra dos Orgãos)<ref name="Taylor Olsthoorn Zappi Khew pp. 2–12">{{cite journal | last1=Taylor | first1=Nigel | last2=Olsthoorn | first2=Gerardus | last3=Zappi | first3=Daniela | last4=Khew | first4=Gillian | last5=Quandt | first5=Dietmar | title=A remarkable new Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from eastern Brazil | journal=Bradleya | publisher=British Cactus and Succulent Society | volume=32 | issue=32 | date=2014-11-20 | issn=0265-086X | doi=10.25223/brad.n32.2014.a12 | pages=2–12| s2cid=90932884 }}</ref>
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis cereoides]]'' <small>(Backeb. & Voll) Backeb.</small>
| Brazil
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisCrispata.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis crispata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. crispata]][[File:Rhipsalis_crispata_2019-04-16_0889.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis crisptata|left|thumb|160x160px|R. crispata]]
|''[[Rhipsalis crispata]]'' <small>(Haw.) Pfeiff.</small>
|Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis cuneata]]'' <small>[[Britton & Rose]]</small>
| Bolivia
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis elliptica.jpg|120px]]
| ''[[Rhipsalis elliptica]]'' <small>[[G.Lindb]]. ex [[K.Schum.]]</small>
| Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisEwaldiana.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis ewaldiana|left|thumb|120x120px|R. ewladiana]]
|''[[Rhipsalis ewaldiana]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[N.P.Taylor]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisFlagelliformis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis flagelliformis|left|thumb|120x120px|R. flagelliformis]]
|''[[Rhipsalis flagelliformis]]'' <small>N.P.Taylor & Zappi</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)<ref name="Taylor Olsthoorn Zappi Khew pp. 2–12">{{cite journal | last1=Taylor | first1=Nigel | last2=Olsthoorn | first2=Gerardus | last3=Zappi | first3=Daniela | last4=Khew | first4=Gillian | last5=Quandt | first5=Dietmar | title=A remarkable new Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from eastern Brazil | journal=Bradleya | publisher=British Cactus and Succulent Society | volume=32 | issue=32 | date=2014-11-20 | issn=0265-086X | doi=10.25223/brad.n32.2014.a12 | pages=2–12| s2cid=90932884 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis goebeliana.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis goebeliana]]'' <small>[[Backeb.]]</small>
| Bolivia
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisGrandiflora.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis grandiflora|left|thumb|120x120px|R. grandiflora]]
|''[[Rhipsalis grandiflora]]'' <small>[[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]] </small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis hileiabaiana]]'' <small>(N.P.Taylor & Barthlott) N.Korotkova & Barthlott</small>
| Brazil (Bahia)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis hylaea]]'' <small>F.Ritter</small>
| Peru
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisLindbergiana.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis lindbergiana|left|thumb|160x160px|R. lindbergiana]][[File:RhipsalisLindbergianaBloom.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis lindbergiana|left|thumb|120x120px|R. lindbergiana]]
|''[[Rhipsalis lindbergiana]]'' <small>[[K.Schum.]]</small>
| Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Sergipe)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis mesembryanthoides 1zz.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides]]'' <small>[[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haw.]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis_micrantha_01.JPG|alt=Rhipsalis micrantha forma rauhiorum|left|thumb|224x224px|R. micrantha f. rauhiorum]][[File:RhipsalisMicranthaKirbergii.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis micrantha forma kirbergii|left|thumb|180x180px|R. micrantha f. kirbergii]][[File:RhipsalisMicrantha.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis micrantha forma micrantha|left|thumb|120x120px|R. micrantha f. micrantha]]
| ''[[Rhipsalis micrantha]]'' <small>(Kunth) DC.</small>
| Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis oblonga (11153268233).jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis oblonga]]'' <small>[[Loefgr.]]</small>, syn. ''Rhipsalis crispimarginata''
| Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis olivifera]]'' <small>[[N.P.Taylor]] & [[Daniela Cristina Zappi|Zappi]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis occidentalis]]'' <small>[[Barthlott]] & [[Rauh]]</small>
| Ecuador, Peru, Suriname
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisPachyptera.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis pachyptera|left|thumb|120x120px|R. pachyptera]][[File:Rhipsalis pachyptera kz1.JPG|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis pachyptera]]'' <small>[[Pfeiff.]]</small>
| Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis_pentaptera_flw.JPG|alt=Rhipsalis pentaptera|left|thumb|149x149px|R. pentaptera]]
|''[[Rhipsalis pentaptera]]'' <small>Pfeiff. ex A.Dietr.</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisRhombea.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis rhombea|left|thumb|120x120px|R. rhombea]][[File:RhipsalisRhombea2.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis rhombea|left|thumb|120x120px|R. rhombea]]
|''[[Rhipsalis rhombea]]'' <small>(Salm-Dyck) Pfeiff.</small>
| Southeast Brazil<ref name="Bauer Korotkova p. ">{{cite journal | last1=Bauer | first1=Ralf | last2=Korotkova | first2=Nadja | title=Neotypification of Rhipsalis rhombea (Rhipsalideae, Cactaceae) and Its Taxonomic History | journal=Haseltonia | publisher=Cactus and Succulent Society of America | volume=27 | issue=1 | date=2021-03-01 | issn=1070-0048 | doi=10.2985/026.027.0111 | page=| s2cid=232081075 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis russellii Br. & R. Bahia Brasil.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Rhipsalis russellii]]'' <small>[[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]</small>
| Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais)
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisShaferi.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis shaferi|left|thumb|120x120px|R. shaferi]]
|''[[Rhipsalis shaferi]]'' <small>Britton & Rose 2011</small>
|Paraguay, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina
|-
|[[File:RhipsalisSulcata.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis sulcata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. sulcata]][[File:RhipsalisSulcata2.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis sulcata|left|thumb|120x120px|R. sulcata]]
|''[[Rhipsalis sulcata]]'' <small>[[F.A.C.Weber]]</small>
| Brazil (Espírito Santo)
|-
|[[File:Rhipsalis_teres_01_ies.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres|left|thumb|120x120px|R. teres]][[File:RhipsalisTeres.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres forma teres|left|thumb|120x120px|R. teres forma teres]][[File:RhipsalisTeresCapilliformis.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres forma capilliformis|left|thumb|180x180px|R. teres f. capilliformis]][[File:RhipsalisTeresHeteroclada.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres forma heteroclada|left|thumb|120x120px|R. teres f. heteroclada]][[File:RhipsalisTeresPrismatica.jpg|alt=Rhipsalis teres forma prismatica|left|thumb|120x120px|R. teres f. prismatica]]
|''[[Rhipsalis teres]]'' <small>(Vell.) Steud.</small>
| Brazil
|-
|
|''[[Rhipsalis triangularis]]'' <small>[[Werderm.]]</small>
| Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
|-
!style="text-align:center;"| Unplaced
|
|''[[Rhipsalis trigonoides]]'' <small>(Doweld) N.Korotkova</small>
| Brazil (São Paulo)
|}


== Distribution and habitat ==
Recent molecular studies<ref name=Calvente2011 /> showed [[paraphyly]] of three subgenera as previously circumscribed (''Rhipsalis'', ''Calamorhipsalis'' and ''Epallagogonium''). So a new subgeneric classification of ''Rhipsalis'' with only [[monophyly|monophyletic]] subgenera ''Rhipsalis'', ''Calamorhipsalis'' and ''Erythrorhipsalis'' is proposed.<ref name=Calvente2012>{{Citation |last=Calvente |first=A. |title=A New Subgeneric Classification of ''Rhipsalis'' (Cactoideae, Cactaceae) |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=983–988 |year=2012 |doi=10.1600/036364412X656455}}</ref>
''Rhipsalis'' is found as pendulous [[epiphyte]] in [[tropical rainforests]], some species may also grow [[Lithophyte|epilithic]] or, rarely, terrestrial.<ref>{{harvp|Anderson|2001|pp=22–24}}</ref><ref name=Korotkova2011>{{Citation |last=Korotkova |first=Nadja |title=Phylogeny and evolution of the epiphytic Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) |year=2011 |type=PhD thesis |place=Bonn |url=http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2011/2703/2703.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Calvente2011>{{Citation |last1=Calvente |first1=A. |last2=Zappi |first2=D.C. |last3=Forest |first3=F. |last4=Lohmann |first4=L.G. |title=Molecular Phylogeny, Evolution, and Biogeography of South American Epiphytic Cacti |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=172 |issue=7 |year=2011 |pages=902–914 |doi=10.1086/660881|s2cid=85110148 }}</ref> The genus is found widely in [[Central America]], parts of the [[Caribbean]] and a great part of northern and central [[South America]].<ref name="harvp|Anderson|2001|p=612"/> The center of diversity of ''Rhipsalis'' lies in the rainforests of the [[Mata Atlantica]] in southeastern [[Brazil]].<ref name=Korotkova2011 /> It is found throughout the [[New World]], and additionally in tropical [[Africa]], [[Madagascar]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Barthlott |first=Wilhelm |title=Biogeography and Evolution in Neo- and Paleotropical Rhipsalinae (Cactaceae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262002083 |journal=Sonderb. Naturwiss. Vereins Hamburg |year=1983 |volume=7 |pages=241–248}}</ref><ref name=Calvente2011 /> It is the only cactus with a natural occurrence outside the New World.<ref>{{harvp|Anderson|2001|p=18}}</ref>
[[Image:Rhipsalis pilocarpa10.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rhipsalis pilocarpa]]'' fruit]]


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 78: Line 231:


==Literature==
==Literature==
*{{Citation |last=Anderson |first=Edward F. |title=The Cactus Family |year=2001 |publication-place=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-498-9}}
*{{Citation |last=Anderson |first=Edward F. |title=The Cactus Family |year=2001 |location=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-498-9}}
*{{Citation |editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=D.R. |title=The New Cactus Lexicon ''Text'' |year=2006 |publication-place=Milborne Port |publisher=dh books |isbn=0-9538134-5-2}}
*{{Citation |editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=D.R. |title=The New Cactus Lexicon ''Text'' |year=2006 |location=Milborne Port |publisher=dh books |isbn=0-9538134-5-2}}
*{{Citation |last1=Barthlott |first1=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=N.P. |title=Notes towards a Monograph of Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) |journal=Bradleya |year=1995 |volume=13 |pages=43–79 |doi=10.25223/brad.n13.1995.a7}}
*{{Citation |last1=Barthlott |first1=W. |last2=Taylor |first2=N.P. |title=Notes towards a Monograph of Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) |journal=Bradleya |year=1995 |volume=13 |issue=13 |pages=43–79 |doi=10.25223/brad.n13.1995.a7|s2cid=89883634 }}


{{Commons category|position=left}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q132296}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132296}}


[[Category:Rhipsalis]]
[[Category:Rhipsalis| ]]
[[Category:Epiphytes]]
[[Category:Epiphytes]]
[[Category:Cacti of South America]]
[[Category:Cacti of South America]]

Latest revision as of 21:08, 30 July 2024

For the algae, see Halimeda. "Mistletoe cactus" redirects here. This may also mean specifically Rhipsalis baccifera or generally other Rhipsalideae; it is not to be confused with Cactus mistletoe.

Rhipsalis
Flowering Rhipsalis cereuscula
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Cactaceae
Subfamily: Cactoideae
Tribe: Rhipsalideae
Genus: Rhipsalis
Gaertn.
Species

Numerous, see text

Synonyms

Rhipsalis is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the cactus family, typically known as mistletoe cacti. They are found in parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern regions of South America. They also inhabit isolated locations in Africa and Asia, and are the only cactus group naturally occurring in the Old World. This is the largest and most widely distributed genus of epiphytic cacti[1] (those which live on other plants without damaging them).

The scientific name Rhipsalis derives from the Ancient Greek term for wickerwork,[2][3] referring to the plants' morphology.

Description

[edit]

The morphology of Rhipsalis is very variable. The plants can grow mostly pendent, few grow more or less upright or sprawling. There are three main stem shapes: terete, angular and flattened. The stems are succulent, but the degree of succulence varies between the species. Some have very thick stems (e.g. Rhipsalis neves-armondii), whereas other have very thin, filiform stems (e.g. Rhipsalis baccifera, Rhipsalis clavata). In the majority of species, spines are missing or occur only in the juvenile stage (this is most prominent in Rhipsalis dissimilis). Rhipsalis pilocarpa has stems and fruits densely covered by bristles, making this species easily distinguishable from all other Rhipsalis. The flowers are borne lateral or apical and are actinomorphic with a varying number of perianth segments, stamens and carpels. They are small, usually about 1 cm in diameter, white or whitish in most species. Yellowish flowers occur in R. dissimilis and R. elliptica and R. hoelleri is the only Rhipsalis species with red flowers. The fruits are always berries, they are whitish or coloured pink, red or yellow. Vivipary has been observed in R. micrantha and R. baccifera.[4]

Taxonomy

[edit]
See also: Rhipsalideae § Taxonomy

The genus was described by Joseph Gaertner in 1788.[5] But when he described the plant, he had in fact not realised it was a cactus. Instead, he assumed he had found a new species of Cassytha,[Note 1] a parasitic laurel from a completely different plant family.

Species

[edit]

In the taxonomic treatment in The New Cactus Lexicon, 35 species were accepted, divided into five subgenera (Phyllarthrorhipsalis, Rhipsalis, Epallagogonium, Calamorhipsalis, Erythrorhipsalis).[6] A molecular study in 2011 showed the paraphyly of three subgenera as previously circumscribed (Rhipsalis, Calamorhipsalis and Epallagogonium).[7] So a new subgeneric classification of Rhipsalis with only monophyletic subgenera Rhipsalis, Calamorhipsalis and Erythrorhipsalis was proposed.[1] Species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of January 2023 are listed below,[8] with subgeneric placements, where given, based on Calvente (2012).[1]

Subgenus Image Scientific name Distribution
Calamorhipsalis
Rhipsalis dissimilis forma dissimilis
R. dissimilis f. dissimilis
 Rhipsalis dissimilis (G.Lindb.) K.Schum. Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis floccosa subspecies tucumanensis
R. floccosa ssp. tucumanensis
 Rhipsalis floccosa Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela
Rhipsalis hoelleri
R. hoelleri
 Rhipsalis hoelleri Barthlott & N.P.Taylor Brazil (Espírito Santo)
Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma neves-armondii (yellow stamen)
R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (yellow stamen)
Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma neves-armondii (orange stamen)
R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (orange stamen)
Rhipsalis neves-armondii forma megalantha
R. neves-armondii f. megalantha
 Rhipsalis neves-armondii K.Schum. Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis subspecies pacheco-leonis
R. pacheco-leonis ssp. pacheco-leonis
Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis subspecies catenulata
R. pacheco-leonis ssp. catenulata
 Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis Loefgr. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Rhipsalis paradoxa subspecies septentrionalis
R. paradoxa ssp. septentrionalis
Rhipsalis paradoxa subspecies paradoxa
R. paradoxa ssp. paradoxa
 Rhipsalis paradoxa (Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff.) Salm-Dyck Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis puniceodiscus
R. puniceodiscus
 Rhipsalis puniceodiscus G.Lindb. Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis trigona
Rhipsalis trigona
 Rhipsalis trigona Pfeiff. Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Erythrorhipsalis
Rhipsalis aurea
R. aurea
 Rhipsalis aurea M.F.Freitas & J.M.A.Braga Brazil (Rio de ]aneiro)
Rhipsalis burchellii
R. burchellii
Rhipsalis burchelii
R. burchellii
 Rhipsalis burchellii Britton & Rose Brazil
Rhipsalis campos-portoana
R. campos-portoana
 Rhipsalis campos-portoana Loefgr. Brazil
Rhipsalis clavata forma delicatula
R. clavata f. delicatula
Rhipsalis clavata forma clavata
R. clavata f. clavata
 Rhipsalis clavata F.A.C.Weber Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis cereuscula
R. cereuscula
 Rhipsalis cereuscula Haw. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
Rhipsalis juengeri
R. juengeri
 Rhipsalis juengeri Barthlott & N.P.Taylor Brazil (São Paulo)
Rhipsalis ormindoi
R. ormindoi
 Rhipsalis ormindoi N.P.Taylor & Zappi Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Rhipsalis pilocarpa
R. pilocarpa
Rhipsalis pilocarpa
R. pilocarpa
 Rhipsalis pilocarpa Loefgr. Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis pulchra Loefgr. Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis Rhipsalis agudoensis N.P.Taylor Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S.Muell.) Stearn Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Reunion, Sri Lanka
Rhipsalis barthlottii
R. barthlottii
 Rhipsalis barthlottii Ralf Bauer & N.Korotkova Brazil (Rio de Janeiro; Serra dos Orgãos)[9]
Rhipsalis cereoides (Backeb. & Voll) Backeb. Brazil
Rhipsalis crispata
R. crispata
Rhipsalis crisptata
R. crispata
 Rhipsalis crispata (Haw.) Pfeiff. Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis cuneata Britton & Rose Bolivia
Rhipsalis elliptica G.Lindb. ex K.Schum. Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis ewaldiana
R. ewladiana
 Rhipsalis ewaldiana Barthlott & N.P.Taylor Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Rhipsalis flagelliformis
R. flagelliformis
 Rhipsalis flagelliformis N.P.Taylor & Zappi Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)[9]
Rhipsalis goebeliana Backeb. Bolivia
Rhipsalis grandiflora
R. grandiflora
 Rhipsalis grandiflora Haw. Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis hileiabaiana (N.P.Taylor & Barthlott) N.Korotkova & Barthlott Brazil (Bahia)
Rhipsalis hylaea F.Ritter Peru
Rhipsalis lindbergiana
R. lindbergiana
Rhipsalis lindbergiana
R. lindbergiana
 Rhipsalis lindbergiana K.Schum. Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Sergipe)
Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides Haw. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Rhipsalis micrantha forma rauhiorum
R. micrantha f. rauhiorum
Rhipsalis micrantha forma kirbergii
R. micrantha f. kirbergii
Rhipsalis micrantha forma micrantha
R. micrantha f. micrantha
 Rhipsalis micrantha (Kunth) DC. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
Rhipsalis oblonga Loefgr., syn. Rhipsalis crispimarginata Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis olivifera N.P.Taylor & Zappi Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Rhipsalis occidentalis Barthlott & Rauh Ecuador, Peru, Suriname
Rhipsalis pachyptera
R. pachyptera
 Rhipsalis pachyptera Pfeiff. Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis pentaptera
R. pentaptera
 Rhipsalis pentaptera Pfeiff. ex A.Dietr. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Rhipsalis rhombea
R. rhombea
Rhipsalis rhombea
R. rhombea
 Rhipsalis rhombea (Salm-Dyck) Pfeiff. Southeast Brazil[10]
Rhipsalis russellii Britton & Rose Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais)
Rhipsalis shaferi
R. shaferi
 Rhipsalis shaferi Britton & Rose 2011 Paraguay, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina
Rhipsalis sulcata
R. sulcata
Rhipsalis sulcata
R. sulcata
 Rhipsalis sulcata F.A.C.Weber Brazil (Espírito Santo)
Rhipsalis teres
R. teres
Rhipsalis teres forma teres
R. teres forma teres
Rhipsalis teres forma capilliformis
R. teres f. capilliformis
Rhipsalis teres forma heteroclada
R. teres f. heteroclada
Rhipsalis teres forma prismatica
R. teres f. prismatica
 Rhipsalis teres (Vell.) Steud. Brazil
Rhipsalis triangularis Werderm. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Unplaced Rhipsalis trigonoides (Doweld) N.Korotkova Brazil (São Paulo)

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Rhipsalis is found as pendulous epiphyte in tropical rainforests, some species may also grow epilithic or, rarely, terrestrial.[11][12][7] The genus is found widely in Central America, parts of the Caribbean and a great part of northern and central South America.[2] The center of diversity of Rhipsalis lies in the rainforests of the Mata Atlantica in southeastern Brazil.[12] It is found throughout the New World, and additionally in tropical Africa, Madagascar and Sri Lanka.[13][7] It is the only cactus with a natural occurrence outside the New World.[14]

Rhipsalis pilocarpa fruit

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The original spelling in publication is cassutha, but this is presumably a typographical error.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Calvente, A. (2012), "A New Subgeneric Classification of Rhipsalis (Cactoideae, Cactaceae)", Systematic Botany, 37 (4): 983–988, doi:10.1600/036364412X656455, S2CID 84206266
  2. ^ a b Anderson (2001), p. 612
  3. ^ "Rhipsalis". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2022-03-06.
  4. ^ Cota-Sánchez, J. Hugo (2004), "Vivipary in the Cactaceae: Its taxonomic occurrence and biological significance", Flora, 199 (6): 481–490, Bibcode:2004FMDFE.199..481C, doi:10.1078/0367-2530-00175
  5. ^ Gaertner, Joseph (1788), "Rhipsalis", Fruct. Sem. Pl., i: 137, doi:10.5962/bhl.title.53838
  6. ^ Hunt (2006), pp. 253–257
  7. ^ a b c Calvente, A.; Zappi, D.C.; Forest, F.; Lohmann, L.G. (2011), "Molecular Phylogeny, Evolution, and Biogeography of South American Epiphytic Cacti", International Journal of Plant Sciences, 172 (7): 902–914, doi:10.1086/660881, S2CID 85110148
  8. ^ "Rhipsalis Gaertn". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  9. ^ a b Taylor, Nigel; Olsthoorn, Gerardus; Zappi, Daniela; Khew, Gillian; Quandt, Dietmar (2014-11-20). "A remarkable new Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from eastern Brazil". Bradleya. 32 (32). British Cactus and Succulent Society: 2–12. doi:10.25223/brad.n32.2014.a12. ISSN 0265-086X. S2CID 90932884.
  10. ^ Bauer, Ralf; Korotkova, Nadja (2021-03-01). "Neotypification of Rhipsalis rhombea (Rhipsalideae, Cactaceae) and Its Taxonomic History". Haseltonia. 27 (1). Cactus and Succulent Society of America. doi:10.2985/026.027.0111. ISSN 1070-0048. S2CID 232081075.
  11. ^ Anderson (2001), pp. 22–24
  12. ^ a b Korotkova, Nadja (2011), Phylogeny and evolution of the epiphytic Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) (PDF) (PhD thesis), Bonn{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Barthlott, Wilhelm (1983), "Biogeography and Evolution in Neo- and Paleotropical Rhipsalinae (Cactaceae)", Sonderb. Naturwiss. Vereins Hamburg, 7: 241–248
  14. ^ Anderson (2001), p. 18

Literature

[edit]
  • Media related to Rhipsalis at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhipsalis&oldid=1237656161"