Horizontal bar: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 17:32, 30 July 2024

The horizontal bar, also known as the high bar, is an apparatus used by male gymnasts in artistic gymnastics. It traditionally consists of a cylindrical metal (typically steel) bar that is rigidly held above and parallel to the floor by a system of cables and stiff vertical supports. Gymnasts typically wear suede leather grips while performing on the bar. The current elite-level competition uses a stainless steel core rail. The gymnastics elements performed on the horizontal bar are regulated by a Code of Points. A bar routine, which is a sequence of several bar skills, usually includes giants with various grips (overgrip, undergrip, dorsal grip, mixed grip), in-bar work, turns, release and regrasp skills, and a dismount. The horizontal bar is often considered one of the most exciting gymnastics events due to the power exhibited by gymnasts during giant swings and spectacular aerial releases and dismounts that frequently include multiple flips or twists and, in some cases, airborne travel over the bar.

History

The horizontal bar was used by acrobats in ancient Greece and Rome and on through the Middle Ages.^[1] It was introduced into gymnastics by Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths in his 1793 book Gymnastik für die Jugend, which in turn inspired further use and development by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in 1811.^[1]^[2]

Dimensions

The mechanical dimensions of the horizontal bar apparatus are specified in FIG's Apparatus Norms brochure:^[3]

Height: 278 cm (109 in) (including about 30 cm (12 in) landing mats)
Length: 240 cm (94 in)
Diameter of the bar: 2.8 cm (1.1 in)

Grips

How a gymnast grasps the horizontal bar is called the grip (not to be confused with the suede leather grips worn on the hands). Each grip is commonly used for a particular set of skills. When gymnasts compete on the horizontal bar, they are often required by the Code of Points to use specific grips.

The overhand grip, or regular grip, is the standard grip used for the horizontal bar. On the overhand grip, the hands circle the bar with the backs of the hands facing the gymnast.^[4]
A dorsal grip (also known as the dorsal hang) is an overhand grip employed while the gymnast's legs pass through the arms into a "skin the cat" position.^[5] The overhand grip is used in giant swings, and the dorsal grip in German Giant Swings.^[6]
The reverse grip and underhand grip, is the opposite of the overhand grip. The palms of the hands face the gymnast. This grip is similar to the grip used in chin-ups. Forward giant swings are among the skills that use this grip.
The elgrip is also an underhand grip, In an elgrip or L-Grip or eagle grip a gymnasts hands are turned 180 degrees outward from an over grip. Thumbs are turned out, but in the opposite direction of an undergrip. This position requires flexible shoulders to swing comfortably.
The mixed grip combines the overhand and underhand grips with one hand in each position. This grip can be used to gain more height on release skills.^[7]

Mixed grip
Overhand grip

Routines

Under the FIG Code of Points for men's artistic gymnastics, horizontal bar routines are dynamic presentations demonstrating "the full potential of the apparatus."^[8]^: 130 They consist of the fluid connection of swinging, turning, and flight elements performed without pauses near to and far from the bar in a variety of hand grips.^[8]^: 130

International level routines

A horizontal bar routine should contain at least one element from all element groups:^[8]^: 137

I. Long hang swings with and without turns
II. Flight elements
III. In bar and Adler elements
IV. Dismounts

Scoring and rules

Gymnasts receive deductions for lack of form and errors. Specific errors on the horizontal bar include bent or separated legs, pauses, low amplitude in flight elements, bent arms, regrips, elements not continuing in their intended direction, and deviations from the plane of movement.^[8]^: 141

References

^ ^a ^b Butterworth, Horace (1902), The Horizontal Bar
^ Goodbody, John (1982). The Illustrated History of Gymnastics. London: Stanley Paul & Co. pp. 11–18. ISBN 0-09-143350-9.
^ "Apparatus Norms for gymnastics (2017)" (PDF). International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG). 2019-07-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
^ Bill Sands and Mike Conklin, Everybody's Gymnastics Book, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966), 42.
^ Sands and Conklin, 42.
^ Newton C. Loken and Robert J. Willoughby,The Complete Book of Gymnastics, 6th ed., (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977), 200.
^ Mitchell, Debby; Davis, Barbara; Lopez, Raim (2002). Teaching Fundamental Gymnastics Skills. Human Kinetics. pp. 237. ISBN 9780736001243. gymnastics horizontal bar mixed grip.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "MAG CoP 2022-2024" (PDF). FIG. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2021-08-26.

[Butterworth1902-1] Butterworth, Horace (1902), The Horizontal Bar

[Goodbody-2] Goodbody, John (1982). The Illustrated History of Gymnastics. London: Stanley Paul & Co. pp. 11–18. ISBN 0-09-143350-9.

[3] "Apparatus Norms for gymnastics (2017)" (PDF). International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG). 2019-07-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2019-07-20.

[4] Bill Sands and Mike Conklin, Everybody's Gymnastics Book, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966), 42.

[Sands-5] Sands and Conklin, 42.

[6] Newton C. Loken and Robert J. Willoughby,The Complete Book of Gymnastics, 6th ed., (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977), 200.

[7] Mitchell, Debby; Davis, Barbara; Lopez, Raim (2002). Teaching Fundamental Gymnastics Skills. Human Kinetics. pp. 237. ISBN 9780736001243. gymnastics horizontal bar mixed grip.

[groups-8] "MAG CoP 2022-2024" (PDF). FIG. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2021-08-26.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Apparatus used in men's artistic gymnastics}}
+{{Hatnote|This article is about the gymnastic apparatus. For the typographic symbols, see [[Dash#Horizontal bar|Dash]], [[Fraction bar]], and [[Inference line]].<br />"High bar" redirects here. For the Canadian government, see [[High Bar First Nation]].}}
 [[File:FabianHambuechen-WM07.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fabian Hambüchen]] at the horizontal bar]]
 [[File:Bar grip front.jpg|right|thumb|A bar grip (front view)]]
-{{Hatnote|This article is about the gymnastic apparatus. For the typographic symbols, see [[dash#Horizontal bar|Dash]] and [[Fraction bar]].<br>'High bar' redirects here. For the Canadian government, see [[High Bar First Nation]].}}
-The '''horizontal bar''', also known as the '''high bar''', is an equipment used by [[male]] [[gymnast]]s in [[Artistic Gymnastics]]. It traditionally consists of a cylindrical [[metal]] (typically [[steel]]) bar that is rigidly held above and parallel to the floor by a system of cables and stiff vertical supports. Gymnasts typically wear suede leather [[grip (gymnastics)|grip]]s while performing on the bar.  Current elite-level competition uses a more elastic [[fiberglass]] core rail similar in material to the rails used in the women's [[uneven bars]] and men's [[parallel bars]] apparatus.
+The '''horizontal bar''', also known as the '''high bar''', is an apparatus used by [[male]] [[gymnast]]s in [[artistic gymnastics]]. It traditionally consists of a cylindrical [[metal]] (typically [[steel]]) bar that is rigidly held above and parallel to the floor by a system of cables and stiff vertical supports. Gymnasts typically wear suede leather [[grip (gymnastics)|grip]]s while performing on the bar. The current elite-level competition uses a stainless steel core rail.
-The gymnastics elements performed on the horizontal bar are regulated by a [[Code of Points (artistic gymnastics)|Code of Points]]. A bar routine, which is a sequence of several bar skills, usually includes [[giant (gymnastics)|giant]]s with some
-various grips (overgrip, undergrip, dorsal grip, mixed grip), in-bar work, turns, release and regrasp skills, and a dismount. The horizontal bar is often considered one of the most exciting gymnastics events due to the power exhibited by gymnasts during giant swings and spectacular aerial releases and dismounts that often include multiple [[flip (acrobatic)|flips]] or twists and, in some cases, airborne travel over the bar.
+The gymnastics elements performed on the horizontal bar are regulated by a [[Code of Points (artistic gymnastics)|Code of Points]]. A bar routine, which is a sequence of several bar skills, usually includes [[giant (gymnastics)|giant]]s with various grips (overgrip, undergrip, dorsal grip, mixed grip), in-bar work, turns, release and regrasp skills, and a dismount. The horizontal bar is often considered one of the most exciting gymnastics events due to the power exhibited by gymnasts during giant swings and spectacular aerial releases and dismounts that frequently include multiple [[flip (acrobatic)|flips]] or twists and, in some cases, airborne travel over the bar.
 == History ==
-The horizontal bar was used by [[Acrobatics|acrobat]]s in [[ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], and on through the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=Butterworth1902>{{Citation |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=O95AAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= The Horizontal Bar |first= Horace |last= Butterworth |year= 1902 }}</ref> It was introduced into gymnastics by [[Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths]] in his 1793 book ''Gymnastik für die Jugend'', which in turn inspired further use and development by [[Friedrich Ludwig Jahn]] in 1811.<ref name=Butterworth1902/><ref name=Goodbody>{{cite book |last=Goodbody |first=John |title=The Illustrated History of Gymnastics |publisher=Stanley Paul & Co. |location=London |date=1982 |isbn=0-09-143350-9 |pages=11–18 }}</ref>
+The horizontal bar was used by [[Acrobatics|acrobat]]s in [[ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] and on through the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=Butterworth1902>{{Citation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O95AAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA5 |title= The Horizontal Bar |first= Horace |last= Butterworth |year= 1902 }}</ref> It was introduced into gymnastics by [[Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths]] in his 1793 book ''Gymnastik für die Jugend'', which in turn inspired further use and development by [[Friedrich Ludwig Jahn]] in 1811.<ref name=Butterworth1902/><ref name=Goodbody>{{cite book |last=Goodbody |first=John |title=The Illustrated History of Gymnastics |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000good |url-access=registration |publisher=Stanley Paul & Co. |location=London |date=1982 |isbn=0-09-143350-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000good/page/n95 11]–18 }}</ref>
 ==Dimensions==
-The mechanical dimensions of the horizontal bar apparatus are specified in [[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]]'s ''Apparatus Norms'' brochure:
+The mechanical dimensions of the horizontal bar apparatus are specified in [[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]]'s ''Apparatus Norms'' brochure:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/publicdir/rules/files/en_Apparatus%20Norms.pdf|title=Apparatus Norms for gymnastics (2017)|date=2019-07-20|website=International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720194311/http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/publicdir/rules/files/en_Apparatus%20Norms.pdf|archive-date=2019-07-20|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref>
 * Height: {{Convert|278|cm|abbr=on}} (including about {{Convert|30|cm|abbr=on}} landing mats)
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ==Grips==
 {{confusing|section|date=August 2012}}
-The manner in which the horizontal bar is grasped by a gymnast is called the ''grip'' (not to be confused with the suede leather grips that are worn on the hands). Each grip is commonly used for a particular set of skills. When gymnasts compete on the horizontal bar they are often required by the [[Code of Points (artistic gymnastics)|Code of Points]] to use specific grips.
+How a gymnast grasps the horizontal bar is called the ''grip'' (not to be confused with the suede leather grips worn on the hands). Each grip is commonly used for a particular set of skills. When gymnasts compete on the horizontal bar, they are often required by the [[Code of Points (artistic gymnastics)|Code of Points]] to use specific grips.
-* The '''overhand grip''', or ''regular grip'', is the standard grip used for the horizontal bar. On the overhand grip the hands circle the bar with the backs of the hands facing the gymnast.<ref>Bill Sands and Mike Conklin, ''Everybody's Gymnastics Book'', (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966), 42.</ref>
+* The '''overhand grip''', or ''regular grip'', is the standard grip used for the horizontal bar. On the overhand grip, the hands circle the bar with the backs of the hands facing the gymnast.<ref>Bill Sands and Mike Conklin, ''Everybody's Gymnastics Book'', (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1966), 42.</ref>
 *A ''dorsal grip'' (also known as the dorsal hang) is an overhand grip employed while the gymnast's legs pass through the arms into a "skin the cat" position.<ref name=Sands>Sands and Conklin, 42.</ref> The overhand grip is used in giant swings, and the dorsal grip in German Giant Swings.<ref>Newton C. Loken and Robert J. Willoughby,''The Complete Book of Gymnastics,'' 6th ed., (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977), 200.</ref>
-* The ''reverse grip'' and ''underhand grip'', is the opposite of the overhand grip. The palms of the hands face the gymnast. It is similar to the grip used in chin-ups. Forward giant swings are among the skills that use this grip.
+* The ''reverse grip'' and ''underhand grip'', is the opposite of the overhand grip. The palms of the hands face the gymnast. This grip is similar to the grip used in chin-ups. Forward giant swings are among the skills that use this grip.
 * The ''elgrip'' is also an ''underhand grip'', In an ''elgrip'' or ''L-Grip'' or eagle grip a gymnasts hands are turned 180 degrees outward from an over grip. Thumbs are turned out, but in the opposite direction of an undergrip. This position requires flexible shoulders to swing comfortably.
-* The '''mixed grip''' is a combination of the overhand and underhand grips with one hand in each position. This grip can be used to gain more height on release skills.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
+* The '''mixed grip''' combines the overhand and underhand grips with one hand in each position. This grip can be used to gain more height on release skills.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/teachingfundamen0000mitc|url-access=registration|quote=gymnastics horizontal bar  mixed grip.|title=Teaching Fundamental Gymnastics Skills|last1=Mitchell|first1=Debby|last2=Davis|first2=Barbara|last3=Lopez|first3=Raim|date=2002|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780736001243|pages=[https://archive.org/details/teachingfundamen0000mitc/page/237 237]|language=en}}</ref>
 <gallery>
 File:PB230185.JPG|Mixed grip
@@ Line 34: / Line 33: @@
 </gallery>
-==References==
+==Routines==
+Under the [[Code of Points (gymnastics)#The FIG Code of Points|FIG Code of Points]] for men's artistic gymnastics, horizontal bar routines are dynamic presentations demonstrating "the full potential of the apparatus."<ref name=groups>{{cite web|title=MAG CoP 2022-2024|url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_MAG%20CoP%202022-2024.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512094652/https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_MAG%20CoP%202022-2024.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-12 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |format=PDF |access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref>{{rp|130}} They consist of the fluid connection of swinging, turning, and flight elements performed without pauses near to and far from the bar in a variety of hand grips.<ref name=groups />{{rp|130}}
-{{Reflist}}
+===International level routines===
-==External links==
+A horizontal bar routine should contain at least one element from all element groups:<ref name=groups />{{rp|137}}
+* I. Long hang swings with and without turns
+* II. Flight elements
+* III. In bar and Adler elements
+* IV.   Dismounts
+===Scoring and rules===
+Gymnasts receive deductions for lack of form and errors. Specific errors on the horizontal bar include bent or separated legs, pauses, low [[Glossary of gymnastics terms#amplitude|amplitude]] in flight elements, bent arms, regrips, elements not continuing in their intended direction, and deviations from the plane of movement.<ref name=groups />{{rp|141}}
+==References==
 {{Commons category|Horizontal bar}}
+{{Reflist}}
-{{Portal|Gymnastics}}
 {{Artistic Gymnastics Apparatus and Equipment}}
 {{Footer Olympic Champions Horizontal Bar Men}}
+{{NavigationWorldChampionsArtisticGymnasticsMenHorizontalBar}}
-{{NavigationWorldChampionsArtisticGymnasticsMen’sHorizontalBar}}
+{{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Horizontal Bar}}

v t e Artistic gymnastics apparatus and equipment
Women's apparatus	Vault Uneven bars Balance beam Floor
Men's apparatus	Floor Pommel horse Still rings Vault Parallel bars Horizontal bar
Equipment and uniforms	Braces Grips Mats Uniforms

Authority control databases
International	FAST
National	Germany United States Japan Israel