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{{short description|American political scientist}}
{{about|the political scientist|the actor|Robert Axelrod (actor)}}
{{about|the political scientist|the actor|Robert Axelrod (actor)}}
{{Infobox academic
{{BLP sources|date=April 2011}}
| honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] -->
{{infobox person
|name = Robert Axelrod
| name = Robert Axelrod
| honorific_suffix =
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|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|5|27}}
| image = Professor RobertMAxelrod.png
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|birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
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| caption = Axelrod in 2019
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|alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Yale University]]|[[University of Chicago]]}}
| native_name =
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|employer = {{ubl|[[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]]|[[University of Michigan]]}}
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Robert Marshall Axelrod
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| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|5|27}}
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| birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
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| awards = [[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science|Johan Skytte Prize]] (2013)<br />[[National Medal of Science]] (2014)
| website =
| education =
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| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Yale University]]|[[University of Chicago]]}}
| thesis_title = Conflict of Interest: A Theory of Divergent Goals with Applications to Politics
| thesis_url = https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/9847950
| thesis_year = 1969
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Hayward Alker]]
| academic_advisors =
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| discipline = [[Political science]]
| sub_discipline = [[Policy studies]]
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| workplaces = {{ubl|[[University of California, Berkeley]]|[[University of Michigan]]}}
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'''Robert Marshall Axelrod''' (born May 27, 1943) is an American [[Political science|political scientist]]. He is Professor of Political Science and [[Public Policy]] at the [[University of Michigan]] where he has been since 1974. He is best known for his interdisciplinary work [[the evolution of cooperation]], which has been cited in numerous articles. His current research interests include [[Complex systems|complexity theory]] (especially agent-based modeling), international security, and cyber security. Axelrod is a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/membership/roster|title=Council on Foreign Relations|website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Axelrod is also a Senior Fellow at [[ARTIS International]].
'''Robert Marshall Axelrod''' (born May 27, 1943) is an American [[Political science|political scientist]]. He is Professor of Political Science and [[Public Policy]] at the [[University of Michigan]] where he has been since 1974. He is best known for his interdisciplinary work on [[the evolution of cooperation]]. His current research interests include [[Complex systems|complexity theory]] (especially agent-based modeling), international security, and cyber security. His research includes innovative approaches to explaining conflict of interest, the [[emergence]] of norms, how game theory is used to study cooperation, and cross-disciplinary studies on evolutionary processes.<ref>Glenn H. Utter, and Charles Lockhart, eds. ''American Political Scientists: A Dictionary'' (2nd ed. 2002) pp 11–14, [https://www.amazon.com/American-Political-Scientists-Dictionary-Second/dp/031331957X/ online]</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Axelrod received his B.A. in mathematics from the [[University of Chicago]] in 1964. In 1969, he received his Ph.D. in political science from [[Yale University]] for a thesis entitled ''Conflict of interest: a theory of divergent goals with applications to politics''. He taught at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], from 1968 until 1974.
Axelrod received his B.A. in mathematics from the [[University of Chicago]] in 1964. In 1969, he received his Ph.D. in political science from [[Yale University]] for a thesis entitled ''Conflict of interest: a theory of divergent goals with applications to politics''. He taught at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], from 1968 until 1974.


Among his honors and awards are membership in the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], a five-year [[MacArthur Prize Fellowship]], the [[Newcomb Cleveland Prize]] of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]s for an outstanding contribution to science. He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1985.<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=28 April 2011}}</ref> In 1990 Axelrod was awarded the inaugural [[NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War]] from the National Academy of Sciences.<ref name="NASNuclear">{{cite web|title=NAS Award for Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_behavioral_research|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=16 February 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040753/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_behavioral_research|archivedate=4 June 2011}}</ref>
Among his honors and awards are membership in the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], a five-year [[MacArthur Prize Fellowship]], the [[Newcomb Cleveland Prize]] of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]s for an outstanding contribution to science. He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1985.<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=28 April 2011}}</ref> In 1990 Axelrod was awarded the inaugural [[NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War]] from the National Academy of Sciences.<ref name="NASNuclear">{{cite web|title=NAS Award for Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_behavioral_research|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|access-date=16 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040753/http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_behavioral_research|archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> He is also a faculty affiliate of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy (STPP) Program at the University of Michigan [[Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy]].<ref>{{cite web| url= https://stpp.fordschool.umich.edu/tags/robert-axelrod| title= Robert Axelrod &#124; Science, Technology and Public Policy (STPP)}}</ref>


Recently Axelrod has consulted and lectured on promoting cooperation and harnessing complexity for the [[United Nations]], the [[World Bank]], the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]], and various organizations serving health care professionals, business leaders, and [[K–12]] educators.
Recently Axelrod has consulted and lectured on promoting cooperation and harnessing complexity for the United Nations, the World Bank, the U.S. Department of Defense, and various organizations serving health care professionals, business leaders, and K–12 educators.


Axelrod was the President of the [[American Political Science Association]] (APSA) for the 2006–2007 term. He focused his term on the theme of interdisciplinarity.
Axelrod was the President of the [[American Political Science Association]] (APSA) for the 2006–2007 term. He focused his term on the theme of interdisciplinarity.


In May 2006, Axelrod was awarded an honorary degree by [[Georgetown University]]. In 2013, he was awarded the [[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science]]. In 2014, President [[Barack Obama]] presented Axelrod with a [[National Medal of Science]].<ref name="NMS">{{cite web|title=Remarks by the President at National Medals of Science and National Medals of Technology and Innovation Award Ceremony|url=http://m.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/20/remarks-president-national-medals-science-and-national-medals-technology|publisher=White House|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> On May 28, 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/05/ten-to-receive-honorary-degrees/|title=Ten to receive honorary degrees|date=May 28, 2015}}</ref>
In May 2006, Axelrod was awarded an honorary degree by [[Georgetown University]]. In 2013, he was awarded the [[Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science]]. In 2014, President [[Barack Obama]] presented Axelrod with a [[National Medal of Science]].<ref name="NMS">{{cite web|title=Remarks by the President at National Medals of Science and National Medals of Technology and Innovation Award Ceremony|url=http://m.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/20/remarks-president-national-medals-science-and-national-medals-technology|publisher=White House|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> On May 28, 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/05/ten-to-receive-honorary-degrees/|title=Ten to receive honorary degrees|date=May 28, 2015}}</ref>


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
=== Books ===
=== Books ===
*{{cite book|last=Axelrod|first=Robert|title=Conflict of interest: a theory of divergent goals with applications to politics|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictofintere00axel|url-access=registration|accessdate=28 April 2012|year=1970|publisher=Markham Pub. Co.}}
*{{cite book|last=Axelrod|first=Robert|title=Conflict of interest: a theory of divergent goals with applications to politics|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictofintere00axel|url-access=registration|access-date=28 April 2012|year=1970|publisher=Markham Pub. Co.|isbn=9780841030206 }}
* {{citation|year=1976|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|title=Structure of Decision: The Cognitive Map of Political Elites|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-10050-0}}
* {{citation|year=1976|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|title=Structure of Decision: The Cognitive Map of Political Elites|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-10050-0}}
* {{citation|year=1984|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|title=The Evolution of Cooperation|publisher=Basic Books|isbn= 978-0-465-02122-2|title-link=The Evolution of Cooperation}}
* {{citation|year=1984|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|title=The Evolution of Cooperation|publisher=Basic Books|isbn= 978-0-465-02122-2|title-link=The Evolution of Cooperation}}
* {{citation|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|year=1997|title=The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01567-5|title-link=The Complexity of Cooperation}}
* {{citation|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|year=1997|title=The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01567-5|title-link=The Complexity of Cooperation}}
* {{citation|year=2006|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|title=The Evolution of Cooperation|edition=Revised|publisher=Perseus Books Group|isbn=978-0-465-00564-2}}
* {{citation|year=2006|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|title=The Evolution of Cooperation|edition=Revised|publisher=Perseus Books Group|isbn=978-0-465-00564-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|last2=Cohen|first2=Michael D.|title=Harnessing Complexity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oB7heZWjwxkC|accessdate=28 April 2012|date=2001-08-02|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-00550-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|last2=Cohen|first2=Michael D.|title=Harnessing Complexity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oB7heZWjwxkC|access-date=28 April 2012|date=2001-08-02|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-00550-5}}
* {{citation|year=2023|last1=Axelrod|first1=Robert|title=Passion for Cooperation: Adventures of a Wide-Ranging Scientist|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472903948}}


=== Journal articles ===
=== Journal articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Axelrod | first1=Robert | last2=Hamilton | first2=William D. | title = The evolution of cooperation | journal = Science | volume = 211 | issue = 4489 | pages = 1390–1396| doi = 10.1126/science.7466396 | date = 27 March 1981 | pmid=7466396 | ref = harv }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Axelrod | first1=Robert | last2=Hamilton | first2=William D. | title = The evolution of cooperation | journal = Science | volume = 211 | issue = 4489 | pages = 1390–1396| doi = 10.1126/science.7466396 | date = 27 March 1981 | pmid=7466396 | bibcode=1981Sci...211.1390A }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Axelrod | first = Robert | title = The dissemination of culture: a model with local convergence and global polarization | journal = Journal of Conflict Resolution | volume = 41 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–226 | doi = 10.1177/0022002797041002001 | date = April 1997 | ref = harv }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Axelrod | first = Robert | title = The dissemination of culture: a model with local convergence and global polarization | journal = Journal of Conflict Resolution | volume = 41 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–226 | doi = 10.1177/0022002797041002001 | date = April 1997 | s2cid = 54639070 }}
* Axelrod, Robert; Atran, S, Davis, R (2007) Sacred Barriers to Conflict Resolution, Science (317)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atran|first=Scott|last2=Axelrod|first2=Robert|last3=Davis|first3=Richard|date=2007-08-24|title=Sacred Barriers to Conflict Resolution|journal=Science|language=en|volume=317|issue=5841|pages=1039–1040|doi=10.1126/science.1144241|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17717171|citeseerx=10.1.1.394.7878}}</ref>
* Axelrod, Robert; Atran, S, Davis, R (2007) Sacred Barriers to Conflict Resolution, Science (317)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Atran|first1=Scott|last2=Axelrod|first2=Robert|last3=Davis|first3=Richard|date=2007-08-24|title=Sacred Barriers to Conflict Resolution|journal=Science|language=en|volume=317|issue=5841|pages=1039–1040|doi=10.1126/science.1144241|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17717171|citeseerx=10.1.1.394.7878|s2cid=131373222}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikiquote}}
* ''[[The Evolution of Cooperation]]''
* [[Cognitive map]]
* [[Cognitive map]]
* [[Evolutionarily stable strategy]]
* [[Evolutionarily stable strategy]]
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[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Game theorists]]
[[Category:American game theorists]]
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[[Category:American international relations scholars]]
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[[Category:Living people]]
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[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]
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[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
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[[Category:Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy faculty]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of awards from the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Jefferson Science Fellows]]
[[Category:Jefferson Science Fellows]]

Latest revision as of 18:49, 28 July 2024

This article is about the political scientist. For the actor, see Robert Axelrod (actor).
Robert Axelrod
Axelrod in 2019
Born
Robert Marshall Axelrod

(1943-05-27) May 27, 1943 (age 81)
Chicago, Illinois
AwardsJohan Skytte Prize (2013)
National Medal of Science (2014)
Academic background
Alma mater
ThesisConflict of Interest: A Theory of Divergent Goals with Applications to Politics (1969)
Doctoral advisorHayward Alker
Academic work
DisciplinePolitical science
Sub-disciplinePolicy studies
Institutions

Robert Marshall Axelrod (born May 27, 1943) is an American political scientist. He is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Michigan where he has been since 1974. He is best known for his interdisciplinary work on the evolution of cooperation. His current research interests include complexity theory (especially agent-based modeling), international security, and cyber security. His research includes innovative approaches to explaining conflict of interest, the emergence of norms, how game theory is used to study cooperation, and cross-disciplinary studies on evolutionary processes.[1]

Biography

[edit]

Axelrod received his B.A. in mathematics from the University of Chicago in 1964. In 1969, he received his Ph.D. in political science from Yale University for a thesis entitled Conflict of interest: a theory of divergent goals with applications to politics. He taught at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1968 until 1974.

Among his honors and awards are membership in the National Academy of Sciences, a five-year MacArthur Prize Fellowship, the Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences for an outstanding contribution to science. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1985.[2] In 1990 Axelrod was awarded the inaugural NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War from the National Academy of Sciences.[3] He is also a faculty affiliate of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy (STPP) Program at the University of Michigan Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy.[4]

Recently Axelrod has consulted and lectured on promoting cooperation and harnessing complexity for the United Nations, the World Bank, the U.S. Department of Defense, and various organizations serving health care professionals, business leaders, and K–12 educators.

Axelrod was the President of the American Political Science Association (APSA) for the 2006–2007 term. He focused his term on the theme of interdisciplinarity.

In May 2006, Axelrod was awarded an honorary degree by Georgetown University. In 2013, he was awarded the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science. In 2014, President Barack Obama presented Axelrod with a National Medal of Science.[5] On May 28, 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Harvard University.[6]

Bibliography

[edit]

Books

[edit]
  • Axelrod, Robert (1970). Conflict of interest: a theory of divergent goals with applications to politics. Markham Pub. Co. ISBN 9780841030206. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  • Axelrod, Robert (1976), Structure of Decision: The Cognitive Map of Political Elites, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-10050-0
  • Axelrod, Robert (1984), The Evolution of Cooperation, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-02122-2
  • Axelrod, Robert (1997), The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-01567-5
  • Axelrod, Robert (2006), The Evolution of Cooperation (Revised ed.), Perseus Books Group, ISBN 978-0-465-00564-2
  • Axelrod, Robert; Cohen, Michael D. (2001-08-02). Harnessing Complexity. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00550-5. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  • Axelrod, Robert (2023), Passion for Cooperation: Adventures of a Wide-Ranging Scientist, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 9780472903948

Journal articles

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Robert Axelrod (political scientist).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Glenn H. Utter, and Charles Lockhart, eds. American Political Scientists: A Dictionary (2nd ed. 2002) pp 11–14, online
  2. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  3. ^ "NAS Award for Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  4. ^ "Robert Axelrod | Science, Technology and Public Policy (STPP)".
  5. ^ "Remarks by the President at National Medals of Science and National Medals of Technology and Innovation Award Ceremony". White House. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  6. ^ "Ten to receive honorary degrees". May 28, 2015.
  7. ^ Atran, Scott; Axelrod, Robert; Davis, Richard (2007-08-24). "Sacred Barriers to Conflict Resolution". Science. 317 (5841): 1039–1040. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.394.7878. doi:10.1126/science.1144241. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17717171. S2CID 131373222.
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