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{{Short description|American spelling competition}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Spelling bee
{{Spelling bee
| name = 1908 NEA Spelling Bee
| name = 1908 NEA Spelling Bee
| image = File:Marie Bolden.jpg
| image = Marie Bolden.jpg
| caption = Individual champion Marie Bolden.
| caption = Individual champion Marie Bolden
| date = June 29, 1908
| date = June 29, 1908
| location = [[Hippodrome Theater (Cleveland, Ohio)|Hippodrome Theater]], [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]]
| location = [[Hippodrome Theater (Cleveland, Ohio)|Hippodrome Theater]], [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]]
| contestants = 60
| contestants = 60
| winner = Cleveland (team), Marie C. Bolden (individual)
| winner = Cleveland (team)<br>Marie C. Bolden (individual)
| sponsor = [[National Education Association]]
| sponsor = [[National Education Association]]
| pronouncer = Solomon Henry Clark
| pronouncer = Solomon Henry Clark
}}
}}
The '''1908 National Education Association Spelling Bee''' was a team-based, inter-city [[spelling bee]] held on June 29, 1908, at the [[Hippodrome Theater (Cleveland, Ohio)|Hippodrome Theater]] in [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]]. Predating the [[1st Scripps National Spelling Bee]] in 1925 by seventeen years, this 1908 competition was the first national spelling bee in the United States. Cleveland won the team competition, and [[Marie C. Bolden]] was the individual champion.<ref name="eaton">{{cite news |last1=Eaton |first1=Sabrina |title=Cleveland girl's spelling victory created racial controversy, national headlines in 1908 |url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2017/05/cleveland_was_center_of_spelli.html |accessdate=18 July 2019 |work=cleveland.com |date=30 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="plaindealer">{{cite news |title=Cleveland Spellers Win the Big Match |work=The Cleveland Plain Dealer |page=2 |date=30 June 1908}}</ref>
The '''1908 National Education Association Spelling Bee''' was a team-based, inter-city [[spelling bee]] held on June 29, 1908, at the [[Hippodrome Theater (Cleveland, Ohio)|Hippodrome Theater]] in [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]]. Predating the [[1st Scripps National Spelling Bee]] in 1925 by seventeen years, this 1908 competition was the first national spelling bee in the United States. Cleveland won the team competition, and Marie C. Bolden was the individual champion.<ref name="eaton">{{cite news |last1=Eaton |first1=Sabrina |title=Cleveland girl's spelling victory created racial controversy, national headlines in 1908 |url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2017/05/cleveland_was_center_of_spelli.html |accessdate=July 18, 2019 |work=cleveland.com |date=May 30, 2017 |archive-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718210153/https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2017/05/cleveland_was_center_of_spelli.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="plaindealer">{{cite news |title=Cleveland Spellers Win the Big Match |work=The Cleveland Plain Dealer |page=2 |date=June 30, 1908}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Albeck-Ripka |first=Livia |date=June 1, 2023 |title=A Black Girl Won the 1908 Spelling Bee. Her Family Is Searching for Her Medal. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/01/us/spelling-bee-marie-bolden-medal-search.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531201245/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/01/us/spelling-bee-marie-bolden-medal-search.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Competition ==
== Competition ==


The spelling bee was part of the forty-sixth annual convention of the [[National Education Association]] (NEA), which was held in Cleveland. The NEA invited teams to compete from across the United States and promoted the competition as the first national spelling bee. Six thousand people, including convention speaker [[Booker T. Washington]], attended the event at the Hippodrome.<ref name="plaindealer"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stiehm |first1=Jamie |title=A Cleveland Bee Heard Round the World |url=https://www.creators.com/read/jamie-stiehm/05/18/a-cleveland-bee-heard-round-the-world |accessdate=23 July 2019 |work=www.creators.com |date=30 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maguire |first1=James |title=American Bee: the National Spelling Bee and the culture of word nerds |date=2006 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=1594862141 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanbeenatio00magu/page/65 65-66] |url=https://archive.org/details/americanbeenatio00magu/page/65 }}</ref><ref name="ackermann">{{cite book |last1=Ackermann |first1=Marsha E. |last2=Black |first2=Thomas K. (III) |title=How Do You Spell Ruzevelt? A History of Spelling in America Today and Yesterday |date=2014 |publisher=Archway Publishing |isbn=9781480810921 |pages=73–75}}</ref>
The spelling bee was part of the forty-sixth annual convention of the [[National Education Association]] (NEA), which was held in Cleveland. The NEA invited teams to compete from across the United States and promoted the competition as the first national spelling bee. Six thousand people, including convention speaker [[Booker T. Washington]], attended the event at the Hippodrome.<ref name="plaindealer"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stiehm |first1=Jamie |title=A Cleveland Bee Heard Round the World |url=https://www.creators.com/read/jamie-stiehm/05/18/a-cleveland-bee-heard-round-the-world |accessdate=July 23, 2019 |work=www.creators.com |date=May 30, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723224150/https://www.creators.com/read/jamie-stiehm/05/18/a-cleveland-bee-heard-round-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maguire |first1=James |title=American Bee: the National Spelling Bee and the culture of word nerds |date=2006 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=1594862141 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanbeenatio00magu/page/65 65-66] |url=https://archive.org/details/americanbeenatio00magu/page/65 }}</ref><ref name="ackermann">{{cite book |last1=Ackermann |first1=Marsha E. |last2=Black |first2=Thomas K. (III) |title=How Do You Spell Ruzevelt? A History of Spelling in America Today and Yesterday |date=2014 |publisher=Archway Publishing |isbn=9781480810921 |pages=73–75}}</ref>


Unlike the later [[Scripps National Spelling Bee]] competitions, the 1908 NEA Spelling Bee was an inter-city contest, with teams of fifteen eighth-graders each participating from Cleveland, [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], [[Pittsburgh]], and [[New Orleans]]. For the competition, each student took a written spelling test of one hundred words, and then spelled four words aloud on stage. The total number of spelling mistakes in both the written and verbal competitions determined the winning team.<ref name="eaton"/><ref name="plaindealer"/><ref name="journal">{{cite journal |title=The N. E. A. Spelling Match |journal=American Journal of Education (via Google Books) |date=1908 |volume=XLII |issue=September |pages=29–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kf4oZlQpEOYC&pg=RA1-PA29}}</ref>
Unlike the later [[Scripps National Spelling Bee]] competitions, the 1908 NEA Spelling Bee was an inter-city contest, with teams of fifteen eighth-graders each participating from Cleveland, [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], [[Pittsburgh]], and [[New Orleans]]. For the competition, each student took a written spelling test of one hundred words, and then spelled four words aloud on stage. The total number of spelling mistakes in both the written and verbal competitions determined the winning team.<ref name="eaton"/><ref name="plaindealer"/><ref name="journal">{{cite journal |title=The N. E. A. Spelling Match |journal=American Journal of Education (Via Google Books) |date=1908 |volume=XLII |issue=September |pages=29–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kf4oZlQpEOYC&pg=RA1-PA29 |access-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725184440/https://books.google.com/books?id=kf4oZlQpEOYC&pg=RA1-PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>


The Cleveland team won the competition with the fewest errors, followed by Pittsburgh in second place, New Orleans in third place, and Erie, Pennsylvania in fourth. Marie C. Bolden, a thirteen-year-old [[Black people|black]] girl, was the only Cleveland speller with no errors, so she was named the individual champion and received a gold medal.<ref name="karst">{{cite news |last1=Karst |first1=James |title=P-R-E-J-U-D-I-C-E and S-C-A-N-D-A-L at the 1908 national spelling bee |url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/vintage/article_b888349d-43b9-556d-8568-f51aa774bbb3.html |accessdate=18 July 2019 |work=NOLA.com |date=23 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ackermann"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Colored Girl Wins Big Spelling Bee |work=The New York Times |issue=Vol. LVII, No. 18420 |page=7 |date=30 June 1908}}</ref>
The Cleveland team won the competition with the fewest errors, followed by Pittsburgh in second place, New Orleans in third place, and Erie, Pennsylvania in fourth. Marie C. Bolden, a thirteen-year-old [[Black people|black]] girl whose father was a mail carrier, was the only Cleveland speller with no errors, so she was named the individual champion and received a gold medal.<ref name="karst">{{cite news |last1=Karst |first1=James |title=P-R-E-J-U-D-I-C-E and S-C-A-N-D-A-L at the 1908 national spelling bee |url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/vintage/article_b888349d-43b9-556d-8568-f51aa774bbb3.html |accessdate=July 18, 2019 |work=NOLA.com |date=April 23, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725184444/https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/vintage/article_b888349d-43b9-556d-8568-f51aa774bbb3.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ackermann"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Colored Girl Wins Big Spelling Bee |work=The New York Times |volume=LVII |issue=18420 |page=7 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/06/30/archives/colored-girl-wins-big-spelling-bee-perfect-score-in-500word-test-at.html |date=June 30, 1908 |access-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603235311/https://www.nytimes.com/1908/06/30/archives/colored-girl-wins-big-spelling-bee-perfect-score-in-500word-test-at.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cincinnati Enquirer-1908">{{Cite news |date=30 June 1908 |title=Correctors: Of Kids' Destinies Begin A Monster Meeting at the Forest City. Cleveland Girl Wins the Big Spelling Bee. Southern Children Balk at Entering Contest With Little Colored Miss, But Finally Lay Aside Prejudice--She Beats Them Easily. |pages=3 |work=Cincinnati Enquirer |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/897350397 |access-date=October 10, 2023 |id={{ProQuest|897350397}} |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725191002/https://www.proquest.com/docview/897350397 |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Controversy ==
== Controversy ==


Even before the competition, some members of the all-white New Orleans team took offense at competing on the same stage with [[Racial integration|racially integrated]] teams such as Cleveland's. After Marie Bolden and the Cleveland team won the competition, New Orleans school superintendent Warren Easton apologized to the people of New Orleans, promised that New Orleans students would not participate in any other contests in [[Northern United States|Northern states]], and was censured by the New Orleans school board for allowing white students to compete against a black speller.<ref name="karst"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenlee |first1=Cynthia R. |title=The Word Is ‘Nemesis’: The Fight to Integrate the National Spelling Bee |url=https://longreads.com/2017/06/05/the-word-is-nemesis-the-fight-to-integrate-the-national-spelling-bee/ |website=Longreads |accessdate=30 September 2019 |language=en |date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
Even before the competition, some members of the all-white New Orleans team "...balked at the idea of spelling against a negro girl..."<ref name="Cincinnati Enquirer-1908" /> in a [[Racial integration|racially integrated]] team such as Cleveland's. After Marie Bolden and the Cleveland team won the competition, New Orleans school superintendent Warren Easton apologized to the people of New Orleans, promised that New Orleans students would not participate in any other contests in [[Northern United States|Northern states]], and was censured by the New Orleans school board for allowing white students to compete against a black speller.<ref name="karst"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenlee |first1=Cynthia R. |title=The Word Is 'Nemesis': The Fight to Integrate the National Spelling Bee |url=https://longreads.com/2017/06/05/the-word-is-nemesis-the-fight-to-integrate-the-national-spelling-bee/ |website=Longreads |accessdate=September 30, 2019 |language=en |date=5 June 2017 |archive-date=August 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802144021/https://longreads.com/2017/06/05/the-word-is-nemesis-the-fight-to-integrate-the-national-spelling-bee/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaton |first=Sabrina |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Cleveland girl's spelling victory created racial controversy, national headlines in 1908 |url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2017/05/cleveland_was_center_of_spelli.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=cleveland |language=en |archive-date=July 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718210153/https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2017/05/cleveland_was_center_of_spelli.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


Also in New Orleans, after Marie Bolden's victory, the local black [[YMCA]] organized a spelling bee to be held in her honor. However, under pressure from mayor [[Martin Behrman]] due to high tensions "over race questions", the event was canceled.<ref name="karst"/>
Also in New Orleans, after Marie Bolden's victory, the local black [[YMCA]] organized a spelling bee to be held in her honor. However, under pressure from mayor [[Martin Behrman]] due to high tensions "over race questions", the event was canceled.<ref name="karst"/>


In the written portion of the competition, pronouncer Solomon Henry Clark gave an incorrect example for the word "capitol", causing many spellers to write it as "capital". After the second-place Pittsburgh team and others raised concerns, the spelling bee organizers re-scored the written tests. After re-scoring, the teams kept their overall rankings, but Marie Bolden no longer had a perfect score, and two other girls on the Cleveland team did. Marie Bolden was still allowed to keep her gold medal and title as champion.<ref name="eaton"/><ref name="ackermann"/><ref name="journal"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Honors Remain Here: Spelling Bee Word Recount Shows Cleveland Won by Bigger Score |work=The Cleveland Plain Dealer |page=12 |date=4 July 1908}}</ref>
In the written portion of the competition, pronouncer Solomon Henry Clark gave an incorrect example for the word "capitol", causing many spellers to write it as "capital". After the second-place Pittsburgh team and others raised concerns, the spelling bee organizers re-scored the written tests. After re-scoring, the teams kept their overall rankings, but Marie Bolden no longer had a perfect score, and two other girls on the Cleveland team did. Marie Bolden was still allowed to keep her gold medal and title as champion.<ref name="eaton"/><ref name="ackermann"/><ref name="journal"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Honors Remain Here: Spelling Bee Word Recount Shows Cleveland Won by Bigger Score |work=The Cleveland Plain Dealer |page=12 |date=July 4, 1908}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |title=The untold tale of America's first spelling bee victor |website=BBC News |date=31 May 2023 |author=Nadine Yousif |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65755792}}


[[Category:Spelling competitions]]
[[Category:Spelling competitions]]

Latest revision as of 19:10, 25 July 2024

1908 NEA Spelling Bee
{
Individual champion Marie Bolden
DateJune 29, 1908
LocationHippodrome Theater, Cleveland, Ohio
WinnerCleveland (team)
Marie C. Bolden (individual)
SponsorNational Education Association
No. of contestants60
PronouncerSolomon Henry Clark

The 1908 National Education Association Spelling Bee was a team-based, inter-city spelling bee held on June 29, 1908, at the Hippodrome Theater in Cleveland, Ohio. Predating the 1st Scripps National Spelling Bee in 1925 by seventeen years, this 1908 competition was the first national spelling bee in the United States. Cleveland won the team competition, and Marie C. Bolden was the individual champion.[1][2][3]

Competition

[edit]

The spelling bee was part of the forty-sixth annual convention of the National Education Association (NEA), which was held in Cleveland. The NEA invited teams to compete from across the United States and promoted the competition as the first national spelling bee. Six thousand people, including convention speaker Booker T. Washington, attended the event at the Hippodrome.[2][4][5][6]

Unlike the later Scripps National Spelling Bee competitions, the 1908 NEA Spelling Bee was an inter-city contest, with teams of fifteen eighth-graders each participating from Cleveland, Erie, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, and New Orleans. For the competition, each student took a written spelling test of one hundred words, and then spelled four words aloud on stage. The total number of spelling mistakes in both the written and verbal competitions determined the winning team.[1][2][7]

The Cleveland team won the competition with the fewest errors, followed by Pittsburgh in second place, New Orleans in third place, and Erie, Pennsylvania in fourth. Marie C. Bolden, a thirteen-year-old black girl whose father was a mail carrier, was the only Cleveland speller with no errors, so she was named the individual champion and received a gold medal.[8][6][9][10]

Controversy

[edit]

Even before the competition, some members of the all-white New Orleans team "...balked at the idea of spelling against a negro girl..."[10] in a racially integrated team such as Cleveland's. After Marie Bolden and the Cleveland team won the competition, New Orleans school superintendent Warren Easton apologized to the people of New Orleans, promised that New Orleans students would not participate in any other contests in Northern states, and was censured by the New Orleans school board for allowing white students to compete against a black speller.[8][11][12]

Also in New Orleans, after Marie Bolden's victory, the local black YMCA organized a spelling bee to be held in her honor. However, under pressure from mayor Martin Behrman due to high tensions "over race questions", the event was canceled.[8]

In the written portion of the competition, pronouncer Solomon Henry Clark gave an incorrect example for the word "capitol", causing many spellers to write it as "capital". After the second-place Pittsburgh team and others raised concerns, the spelling bee organizers re-scored the written tests. After re-scoring, the teams kept their overall rankings, but Marie Bolden no longer had a perfect score, and two other girls on the Cleveland team did. Marie Bolden was still allowed to keep her gold medal and title as champion.[1][6][7][13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Eaton, Sabrina (May 30, 2017). "Cleveland girl's spelling victory created racial controversy, national headlines in 1908". cleveland.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c "Cleveland Spellers Win the Big Match". The Cleveland Plain Dealer. June 30, 1908. p. 2.
  3. ^ Albeck-Ripka, Livia (June 1, 2023). "A Black Girl Won the 1908 Spelling Bee. Her Family Is Searching for Her Medal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  4. ^ Stiehm, Jamie (May 30, 2018). "A Cleveland Bee Heard Round the World". www.creators.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  5. ^ Maguire, James (2006). American Bee: the National Spelling Bee and the culture of word nerds. Rodale. pp. 65-66. ISBN 1594862141.
  6. ^ a b c Ackermann, Marsha E.; Black, Thomas K. (III) (2014). How Do You Spell Ruzevelt? A History of Spelling in America Today and Yesterday. Archway Publishing. pp. 73–75. ISBN 9781480810921.
  7. ^ a b "The N. E. A. Spelling Match". American Journal of Education (Via Google Books). XLII (September): 29–31. 1908. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Karst, James (April 23, 2017). "P-R-E-J-U-D-I-C-E and S-C-A-N-D-A-L at the 1908 national spelling bee". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  9. ^ "Colored Girl Wins Big Spelling Bee". The New York Times. Vol. LVII, no. 18420. June 30, 1908. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Correctors: Of Kids' Destinies Begin A Monster Meeting at the Forest City. Cleveland Girl Wins the Big Spelling Bee. Southern Children Balk at Entering Contest With Little Colored Miss, But Finally Lay Aside Prejudice--She Beats Them Easily". Cincinnati Enquirer. June 30, 1908. p. 3. ProQuest 897350397. Archived from the original on July 25, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
  11. ^ Greenlee, Cynthia R. (June 5, 2017). "The Word Is 'Nemesis': The Fight to Integrate the National Spelling Bee". Longreads. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  12. ^ Eaton, Sabrina (May 30, 2017). "Cleveland girl's spelling victory created racial controversy, national headlines in 1908". cleveland. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  13. ^ "Honors Remain Here: Spelling Bee Word Recount Shows Cleveland Won by Bigger Score". The Cleveland Plain Dealer. July 4, 1908. p. 12.

Further reading

[edit]
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