Phosphorus sesquisulfide: Difference between revisions
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| ImageFileL1 = P4S3.png |
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| ImageFileR1 = Phosphorus-sesquisulfide-3D-balls.png |
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| ImageName1 = Ball-and-stick model of the phosphorus sesquisulfide molecule |
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| ImageFile2 = Phosphorus sesquisulfide.jpg |
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| ImageFile2 = Phosphorus trisulfide.jpg |
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| ChemSpiderID = 14134 |
| ChemSpiderID = 14134 |
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| InChI = 1/P4S3/c5-1-2-3(1)7-4(5)6-2 |
| InChI = 1/P4S3/c5-1-2-3(1)7-4(5)6-2 |
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| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| StdInChIKey = RWQFRHVDPXXRQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| StdInChIKey = RWQFRHVDPXXRQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite| |
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo = 1314-85-8 |
| CASNo = 1314-85-8 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = 8V5Q0M194Y |
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| RTECS = TH4330000 |
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|Section2={{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = {{chem2|P4S3}} |
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| MolarMass = 220.093 g/mol |
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| Appearance = Yellow, yellow-green or gray solid |
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| Density = 2.08 g.cm<sup>3</sup>,<ref name=Leung>{{ cite journal |author1=Leung, Y. C. |author2=Waser, J. |author3=van Houten, S. |author4=Vos, A. |author5=Wiegers, G. A. |author6=Wiebenga, E. H. | title = The Crystal Structure of P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>3</sub> | journal = Acta Crystallographica | year = 1957 | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = 574–582 | doi = 10.1107/S0365110X57002042 | doi-access = free }}</ref> solid |
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| MeltingPtC = 172.5 |
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| BoilingPtC = 408 |
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| PointGroup = C<sub>3v</sub> |
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|Section9={{Chembox Hazards |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}} |
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| MainHazards = Irritant |
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'''Phosphorus sesquisulfide''' is the [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] {{ |
'''Phosphorus sesquisulfide''' is the [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] {{chem2|P4S3|auto=1}}. It was developed by [[Henri Sevene]] and [[Emile David Cahen]] in 1898 as part of their invention of [[friction match]]es that did not pose the health hazards of [[white phosphorus]].<ref>{{cite patent | country = US | number = 614350 | status = patent | inventor = Seyene, H.; Cahen, E. D. | title = Match Composition | gdate = 1898-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 614350}}</ref> This yellow solid is one of two commercially produced [[phosphorus sulfide]]s. It is a component of "strike anywhere" matches. |
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Depending on purity, samples can appear yellow-green to grey. |
Depending on purity, samples can appear yellow-green to grey. The compound was discovered by G. Lemoine and first produced safely in [[commerce|commercial]] quantities in 1898 by [[Albright and Wilson]]. It dissolves in an equal weight of [[carbon disulfide]] ({{chem2|CS2}}), and in a 1:50 weight ratio of [[benzene]]. Unlike some other phosphorus sulfides, {{chem2|P4S3}} is slow to hydrolyze and has a well-defined melting point. |
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==Structure and synthesis== |
==Structure and synthesis== |
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The molecule has C<sub>3v</sub> [[molecular symmetry|symmetry]]. |
The molecule has C<sub>3v</sub> [[molecular symmetry|symmetry]]. It is a derivative of the tetrahedral ({{chem2|P4}}) unit from insertion of sulfur into three P-P bonds. The P-S and P-P distances are 2.090 and 2.235 Å, respectively. [[phosphorus selenide|{{chem2|P4Se3}}]] and {{chem2|P4S3}} adopt the same structures.<ref name=Leung/> These compounds can be melted together and form mixed crystals of one dissolved in the other.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0038-1098(88)90854-X| title = Raman spectra of tetraphosphorus triselenide doped in tetraphosphorus trisulphide| journal = Solid State Communications| volume = 66| issue = 4| pages = 347–349| year = 1988| last1 = Burns| first1 = Gary R.| last2 = Sarfati| first2 = Jonathan D.| bibcode = 1988SSCom..66..347B}}</ref> Under higher temperatures, mixed chalcogenide molecules {{chem2|P4S2Se}} and {{chem2|P4SSe2}} will form.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)90111-7| title = Raman spectra of the tetraphosphorus trichalcogenide cage molecules P<sub>4</sub>S<sub>2</sub>Se and P<sub>4</sub>SSe<sub>2</sub>| journal = Inorganica Chimica Acta| volume = 161| pages = 35–38| year = 1989| last1 = Burns| first1 = Gary R.| last2 = Rollo| first2 = Joanne R.| last3 = Sarfati| first3 = Jonathan D.}}</ref> |
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{{chem2|P4S3}} is produced by the reaction of red or white phosphorus with sulfur. Excess sulfur gives [[phosphorus pentasulfide]] ({{chem2|P4S10}}). It is estimated that 150 ton/y were produced in 1989.<ref>{{ Ullmann | author = Bettermann, G. | author2 = Krause, W. | author3 = Riess, G. | author4 = Hofmann, T. | title = Phosphorus Compounds, Inorganic | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a19_527 }}</ref> |
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==Applications== |
==Applications== |
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{{chem2|P4S3}} and [[potassium chlorate]], together with other materials, composes the heads of "strike-anywhere [[match]]es".<ref>{{ cite book | author = Corbridge, D. E. C. | title = Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology | edition = 5th | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | year = 1995 | pages = 115–116 | isbn = 0-444-89307-5 }}</ref> |
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==Safety== |
==Safety== |
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Its flash point is about 100 °C.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=R.J. Sr|title=Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary|edition=15th|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2007|location=New York, NY|pages=987}}</ref> |
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Its flash point is about 100 °C. {{Citation needed|reason=Needs source|date=January 2013}} |
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| ⚫ | Exposure to "strike anywhere" matches containing phosphorus sesquisulfide can cause |
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| ⚫ | sesquisulfide) can result in a recurring severe primary dermatitis about the eyes and face. Loosening of the teeth has also been reported which may have been due to phosphorus poisoning. |
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Phosphorus sesquisulfide is highly toxic: contact with water produces a toxic gas which may be fatal if inhaled. Inhalation or contact with vapors, the chemical itself or decomposition products of this chemical may cause severe injury or death. This chemical may produce corrosive solutions on contact with water. A fire involving phosphorus sesquisulfide will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/1331 |title= PHOSPHORUS SESQUISULFIDE, FREE FROM YELLOW AND WHITE PHOSPHORUS|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website= Cameo Chemicals, NOAA |publisher= NOAA|accessdate=6 December 2013}} </ref> |
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| ⚫ | Exposure to "strike anywhere" matches containing phosphorus sesquisulfide can cause [[contact dermatitis]], usually in the pocket area but also on the face.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burgess |first= J. F.|last2= Forsey |first2= R. Roy |year=1951 |journal= AMA Arch Dermatol Syphilol|publisher=American Medical Association|volume=64 |issue=5|pages= 636–637|doi=10.1001/archderm.1951.01570110106016 |title= Contact Dermatitis of the Face Due to Matches}}</ref> Exposure over a long period of time to burning match tips (containing phosphorus |
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| ⚫ | sesquisulfide) can result in a recurring severe primary dermatitis about the eyes and face. Loosening of the teeth has also been reported which may have been due to phosphorus poisoning.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burgess |first= J. Frederick|date=December 1951 |title=Phosphorus Sesquisulphide Poisoning|pmc= 1822299 |journal= Can Med Assoc J |publisher=Canadian Medical Association|volume=65 |issue=6|pages= 567–568 |pmid=14886853}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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''This article contains public domain text from the NOAA as cited.'' |
''This article contains public domain text from the NOAA as cited.'' |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Phosphorus compounds}} |
{{Phosphorus compounds}} |
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[[Category:Inorganic phosphorus compounds]] |
[[Category:Inorganic phosphorus compounds]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Sesquisulfides]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:14, 24 July 2024
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| Names | |||
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| IUPAC names
Tetraphosphorus trisulfide
or 3,5,7-trithia-1,2,4,6-tetraphosphatricyclo[2.2.1.02,6]heptane | |||
| Other names
phosphorus trisulfide, phosphorus sesquisulfide, phosphorus sulfide
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| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.013.860 | ||
PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| P4S3 | |||
| Molar mass | 220.093 g/mol | ||
| Appearance | Yellow, yellow-green or gray solid | ||
| Density | 2.08 g.cm3,[1] solid | ||
| Melting point | 172.5 °C (342.5 °F; 445.6 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 408 °C (766 °F; 681 K) | ||
| Structure | |||
| orthorhombic, Schönflies notation D2h | |||
| Pmnb | |||
| C3v | |||
| Related compounds | |||
Related compounds
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P4S10 P4O6 | ||
| Hazards | |||
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards
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Irritant | ||
| GHS labelling: | |||
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Phosphorus sesquisulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula P4S3. It was developed by Henri Sevene and Emile David Cahen in 1898 as part of their invention of friction matches that did not pose the health hazards of white phosphorus.[2][3] This yellow solid is one of two commercially produced phosphorus sulfides. It is a component of "strike anywhere" matches.
Depending on purity, samples can appear yellow-green to grey. The compound was discovered by G. Lemoine and first produced safely in commercial quantities in 1898 by Albright and Wilson. It dissolves in an equal weight of carbon disulfide (CS2), and in a 1:50 weight ratio of benzene. Unlike some other phosphorus sulfides, P4S3 is slow to hydrolyze and has a well-defined melting point.
Structure and synthesis
[edit]The molecule has C3v symmetry. It is a derivative of the tetrahedral (P4) unit from insertion of sulfur into three P-P bonds. The P-S and P-P distances are 2.090 and 2.235 Å, respectively. P4Se3 and P4S3 adopt the same structures.[1] These compounds can be melted together and form mixed crystals of one dissolved in the other.[4] Under higher temperatures, mixed chalcogenide molecules P4S2Se and P4SSe2 will form.[5]
P4S3 is produced by the reaction of red or white phosphorus with sulfur. Excess sulfur gives phosphorus pentasulfide (P4S10). It is estimated that 150 ton/y were produced in 1989.[6]
Applications
[edit]P4S3 and potassium chlorate, together with other materials, composes the heads of "strike-anywhere matches".[7]
Safety
[edit]Its flash point is about 100 °C.[8]
Health effects
[edit]Exposure to "strike anywhere" matches containing phosphorus sesquisulfide can cause contact dermatitis, usually in the pocket area but also on the face.[9] Exposure over a long period of time to burning match tips (containing phosphorus sesquisulfide) can result in a recurring severe primary dermatitis about the eyes and face. Loosening of the teeth has also been reported which may have been due to phosphorus poisoning.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Leung, Y. C.; Waser, J.; van Houten, S.; Vos, A.; Wiegers, G. A.; Wiebenga, E. H. (1957). "The Crystal Structure of P4S3". Acta Crystallographica. 10 (9): 574–582. doi:10.1107/S0365110X57002042.
- ^ US patent 614350, Seyene, H.; Cahen, E. D., "Match Composition", issued 1898-11-15
- ^ US 614350
- ^ Burns, Gary R.; Sarfati, Jonathan D. (1988). "Raman spectra of tetraphosphorus triselenide doped in tetraphosphorus trisulphide". Solid State Communications. 66 (4): 347–349. Bibcode:1988SSCom..66..347B. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(88)90854-X.
- ^ Burns, Gary R.; Rollo, Joanne R.; Sarfati, Jonathan D. (1989). "Raman spectra of the tetraphosphorus trichalcogenide cage molecules P4S2Se and P4SSe2". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 161: 35–38. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)90111-7.
- ^ Bettermann, G.; Krause, W.; Riess, G.; Hofmann, T. "Phosphorus Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_527. ISBN 978-3527306732.
- ^ Corbridge, D. E. C. (1995). Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology (5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 115–116. ISBN 0-444-89307-5.
- ^ Lewis, R.J. Sr (2007). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary (15th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 987.
- ^ Burgess, J. F.; Forsey, R. Roy (1951). "Contact Dermatitis of the Face Due to Matches". AMA Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 64 (5). American Medical Association: 636–637. doi:10.1001/archderm.1951.01570110106016.
- ^ Burgess, J. Frederick (December 1951). "Phosphorus Sesquisulphide Poisoning". Can Med Assoc J. 65 (6). Canadian Medical Association: 567–568. PMC 1822299. PMID 14886853.
This article contains public domain text from the NOAA as cited.