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{{Short description|Pardoned accessory to an 1843 Canadian murder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
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| alt = A sketch of Marks alias "Mary Whitney" and James McDermott
| alt = A sketch of Marks alias "Mary Whitney" and James McDermott
| caption = A sketch of Marks alias "Mary Whitney" and James McDermott at their trial
| caption = A sketch of Marks alias "Mary Whitney" and James McDermott at their trial
| birth_date = c. July 1828
| birth_date = c. 1828
| birth_place =
| birth_place =
| death_date = after c. 1873
| death_date = after c. 1873
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}}
}}


'''Grace Marks''' (c. July 1828 – after c. 1873) was an [[Ireland|Irish]]-[[Province of Canada|Canadian]] [[maid]] who was involved in the 1843 murder of her employer Thomas Kinnear and his housekeeper, Nancy Montgomery, in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]]. Her conviction for the murder of Kinnear was controversial and sparked much debate about whether Marks was actually instrumental in the murder or merely an unwitting accessory. Marks was the subject of [[Margaret Atwood]]'s historical fiction novel ''[[Alias Grace]]'' and its adaptations in other media.
'''Grace Marks''' (c. 1828 – after c. 1873) was an [[Ireland|Irish]]-[[Province of Canada|Canadian]] [[maid]] who was involved in the 1843 murder of her employer Thomas Kinnear and his housekeeper, Nancy Montgomery, in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]]. Her conviction for the murder of Kinnear was controversial and sparked much debate about whether Marks was actually instrumental in the murder or merely an unwitting accessory. Marks was the subject of [[Margaret Atwood]]'s historical fiction novel ''[[Alias Grace]]'' and its adaptations in other media.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Marks was born and raised in [[Ulster]], [[Ireland]]. Her father, John Marks, was a stonemason and an abusive alcoholic. She, along with her parents and eight siblings, immigrated to [[Canada]] in 1840, when Grace was twelve. Her mother died on the ship en route to Canada and was buried at sea.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wallace|first=Arminta|title=The story of the Irish 'murderess' behind 'Alias Grace'|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/the-story-of-the-irish-murderess-behind-alias-grace-1.3353581|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref>
Marks was born and raised in [[Ulster]], [[Ireland]]. Her father, John Marks, was a stonemason and an abusive alcoholic. She, along with her parents and eight siblings, immigrated to [[Upper Canada]] in 1840, when Grace was twelve. Her mother died on the ship en route to Canada and was buried at sea.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wallace|first=Arminta|title=The story of the Irish 'murderess' behind 'Alias Grace'|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/the-story-of-the-irish-murderess-behind-alias-grace-1.3353581|access-date=2021-04-20|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref>


==Murders==
==Murders==
Marks was employed as a maid in the house of [[Yonge Street]] farmer Thomas Kinnear, who was in a sexual relationship with his housekeeper, Nancy Montgomery. In July 1843, Kinnear and Montgomery were murdered by James McDermott, a servant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Walton|first=George|date=1843|title=The Trials of James McDermott and Grace Marks at Toronto, Upper Canada, November 3rd and 4th, 1843, for the murder of Thomas Kinnear, esquire, and his housekeeper Nancy Montgomery|url=https://static.torontopubliclibrary.ca/da/pdfs/37131055310551d.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=July 23, 2021|website=Toronto Public Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stamp |first1=Robert M. |chapter=The Kinnear Murder Case |url=http://edrh.rhpl.richmondhill.on.ca/default.asp?id=s6.3 |title=Early Days in Richmond Hill: A History of the Community to 1930 |publisher=Richmond Hill Public Library Board |archivedate=August 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803223903/http://edrh.rhpl.richmondhill.on.ca/default.asp?ID=s6.3}}</ref> Kinnear was shot and Montgomery, who was pregnant at the time of her death, was hit on the head with an axe and subsequently strangled before being dismembered and hidden under a large tub.<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web |last1=Katz |first1=Briget |title=The Mysterious Murder Case That Inspired Margaret Atwood’s 'Alias Grace' |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/mysterious-murder-case-inspired-margaret-atwoods-alias-grace-180967045/ |website=Smithsonian Mag |accessdate=15 October 2018 |date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> Under the alias "Mary Whitney", Marks and McDermott fled together to the U.S., but were apprehended in [[Lewiston, New York]], and deported to Toronto. It remains unclear whether Marks took part in the double murder.<ref name=Smithsonian/>
Marks was employed as a maid in the house of [[Yonge Street]] farmer Thomas Kinnear, who was in a sexual relationship with his housekeeper, Nancy Montgomery. In July 1843, Kinnear and Montgomery were murdered by James McDermott, a servant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Walton|first=George|date=1843|title=The Trials of James McDermott and Grace Marks at Toronto, Upper Canada, November 3rd and 4th, 1843, for the murder of Thomas Kinnear, esquire, and his housekeeper Nancy Montgomery|url=https://static.torontopubliclibrary.ca/da/pdfs/37131055310551d.pdf|access-date=July 23, 2021|website=Toronto Public Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stamp |first1=Robert M. |chapter=The Kinnear Murder Case |url=http://edrh.rhpl.richmondhill.on.ca/default.asp?id=s6.3 |title=Early Days in Richmond Hill: A History of the Community to 1930 |publisher=Richmond Hill Public Library Board |archivedate=August 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803223903/http://edrh.rhpl.richmondhill.on.ca/default.asp?ID=s6.3}}</ref> Kinnear was shot and Montgomery, who was pregnant at the time of her death, was hit on the head with an axe and subsequently strangled before being dismembered and hidden under a large tub.<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web |last1=Katz |first1=Briget |title=The Mysterious Murder Case That Inspired Margaret Atwood's 'Alias Grace' |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/mysterious-murder-case-inspired-margaret-atwoods-alias-grace-180967045/ |website=Smithsonian Mag |accessdate=15 October 2018 |date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> Under the alias "Mary Whitney", Marks fled with McDermott to the U.S., but they were apprehended in [[Lewiston, New York]], and deported to Toronto. It remains unclear whether Marks took part in the double murder.<ref name=Smithsonian/>


Marks was tried with McDermott for the murder of Kinnear. A trial for Montgomery's murder was to follow, but was deemed unnecessary as both defendants were convicted of Kinnear's murder and sentenced to death. McDermott was [[hanging|hanged]], but Marks's sentence was commuted to life in prison which she served in [[Kingston Penitentiary]]. At one period (May 4, 1852 – August 18, 1853) she was committed to an asylum but was later returned to Kingston Penitentiary. In 1872, after almost thirty years of incarceration, Marks was pardoned and moved to northern New York. After that she disappeared.<ref name=Smithsonian/>
Marks was tried with McDermott for the murder of Kinnear. A trial for Montgomery's murder was to follow, but was deemed unnecessary as both defendants were convicted of Kinnear's murder and sentenced to death. Before McDermott was hanged, he insisted that Marks was, "an evil genius who masterminded the double murder, then feigned mental illness in order to avoid the gallows".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wallace|first=Arminta|title=The story of the Irish 'murderess' behind 'Alias Grace'|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/the-story-of-the-irish-murderess-behind-alias-grace-1.3353581|access-date=2021-04-20|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Marks's sentence, however, was commuted to life in prison which she served in [[Kingston Penitentiary]]. At one period (May 4, 1852 – August 18, 1853) she was committed to an asylum but was later returned to Kingston Penitentiary. In 1872, after almost thirty years of incarceration, Marks was pardoned and moved to [[upstate New York]]. After that she disappeared from the historical record.<ref name=Smithsonian/>


==Popular portrayal==
==Popular portrayal==
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*Margaret Atwood: ''Alias Grace'': London: Bloomsbury: 1996: {{ISBN|0-7475-2787-3}}
*Margaret Atwood: ''Alias Grace'': London: Bloomsbury: 1996: {{ISBN|0-7475-2787-3}}
*Gina Wisker: ''Margaret Atwood's Alias Grace: A Readers Guide''; Continuum: 2002: {{ISBN|0-8264-5706-1}}
*Gina Wisker: ''Margaret Atwood's Alias Grace: A Readers Guide''; Continuum: 2002: {{ISBN|0-8264-5706-1}}
*George Walton: ''The trials of James McDermott and Grace Marks at Toronto, Upper Canada, November 3rd and 4th 1843 for the murder of Thomas Kinnear, Esquire and his housekeeper Nancy Montgomery, at Richmond Hill, township of Vaughan, home district, Upper Canada, on Saturday, 29th July, 1843 : with their confessions since their trials and their portraits''; Transcript Office, Toronto, Canada: 1843 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t5hb0b571&view=1up&seq=6 Available online at Hathitrust]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Irish female murderers]]
[[Category:Irish female murderers]]
[[Category:Canadian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Canadian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Canadian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Canada]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Canada]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by Canada]]
[[Category:Irish people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Irish people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Irish prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Recipients of British royal pardons]]
[[Category:Recipients of British royal pardons]]
[[Category:Women sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Latest revision as of 22:10, 9 July 2024

Grace Marks
A sketch of Marks alias "Mary Whitney" and James McDermott
A sketch of Marks alias "Mary Whitney" and James McDermott at their trial
Bornc. 1828
Diedafter c. 1873
NationalityIrish-Canadian
Other namesMary Whitney
OccupationMaid
Known forMurder conviction

Grace Marks (c. 1828 – after c. 1873) was an Irish-Canadian maid who was involved in the 1843 murder of her employer Thomas Kinnear and his housekeeper, Nancy Montgomery, in Richmond Hill, Ontario. Her conviction for the murder of Kinnear was controversial and sparked much debate about whether Marks was actually instrumental in the murder or merely an unwitting accessory. Marks was the subject of Margaret Atwood's historical fiction novel Alias Grace and its adaptations in other media.

Early life

[edit]

Marks was born and raised in Ulster, Ireland. Her father, John Marks, was a stonemason and an abusive alcoholic. She, along with her parents and eight siblings, immigrated to Upper Canada in 1840, when Grace was twelve. Her mother died on the ship en route to Canada and was buried at sea.[1]

Murders

[edit]

Marks was employed as a maid in the house of Yonge Street farmer Thomas Kinnear, who was in a sexual relationship with his housekeeper, Nancy Montgomery. In July 1843, Kinnear and Montgomery were murdered by James McDermott, a servant.[2][3] Kinnear was shot and Montgomery, who was pregnant at the time of her death, was hit on the head with an axe and subsequently strangled before being dismembered and hidden under a large tub.[4] Under the alias "Mary Whitney", Marks fled with McDermott to the U.S., but they were apprehended in Lewiston, New York, and deported to Toronto. It remains unclear whether Marks took part in the double murder.[4]

Marks was tried with McDermott for the murder of Kinnear. A trial for Montgomery's murder was to follow, but was deemed unnecessary as both defendants were convicted of Kinnear's murder and sentenced to death. Before McDermott was hanged, he insisted that Marks was, "an evil genius who masterminded the double murder, then feigned mental illness in order to avoid the gallows".[5] Marks's sentence, however, was commuted to life in prison which she served in Kingston Penitentiary. At one period (May 4, 1852 – August 18, 1853) she was committed to an asylum but was later returned to Kingston Penitentiary. In 1872, after almost thirty years of incarceration, Marks was pardoned and moved to upstate New York. After that she disappeared from the historical record.[4]

[edit]

What is known of Marks on the historical record comes primarily from Susanna Moodie's book Life in the Clearings Versus the Bush. She is the subject of Margaret Atwood's historical fiction novel Alias Grace and played by Sarah Gadon in the 2017 television adaptation directed by Mary Harron.[6] Alias Grace was adapted for the stage by Jennifer Blackmer and premiered at the Rivendell Theater in Chicago on September 1, 2017.[7]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Margaret Atwood: Alias Grace: London: Bloomsbury: 1996: ISBN 0-7475-2787-3
  • Gina Wisker: Margaret Atwood's Alias Grace: A Readers Guide; Continuum: 2002: ISBN 0-8264-5706-1
  • George Walton: The trials of James McDermott and Grace Marks at Toronto, Upper Canada, November 3rd and 4th 1843 for the murder of Thomas Kinnear, Esquire and his housekeeper Nancy Montgomery, at Richmond Hill, township of Vaughan, home district, Upper Canada, on Saturday, 29th July, 1843 : with their confessions since their trials and their portraits; Transcript Office, Toronto, Canada: 1843 Available online at Hathitrust

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wallace, Arminta. "The story of the Irish 'murderess' behind 'Alias Grace'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  2. ^ Walton, George (1843). "The Trials of James McDermott and Grace Marks at Toronto, Upper Canada, November 3rd and 4th, 1843, for the murder of Thomas Kinnear, esquire, and his housekeeper Nancy Montgomery" (PDF). Toronto Public Library. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  3. ^ Stamp, Robert M. "The Kinnear Murder Case". Early Days in Richmond Hill: A History of the Community to 1930. Richmond Hill Public Library Board. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Katz, Briget (1 November 2017). "The Mysterious Murder Case That Inspired Margaret Atwood's 'Alias Grace'". Smithsonian Mag. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  5. ^ Wallace, Arminta. "The story of the Irish 'murderess' behind 'Alias Grace'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  6. ^ Maane Khatchatourian (21 June 2016). "Netflix Nabs Sarah Polley Miniseries Based on Margaret Atwood True-Crime Novel". Variety. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  7. ^ Jones, Chris. "The Margaret Atwood story of 'Alias Grace' gets inside your head". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
[edit]
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