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{{short description|Ohio Army National Guard military base}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
{{Infobox military installation
|name=Camp Ravenna Joint Military Training Center
|name=Camp James A. Garfield<br/>Joint Military Training Center
|location=[[Portage County, Ohio|Portage]] / [[Trumbull County, Ohio|Trumbull]] counties, [[Ohio]], with entrances in Windham and near Newton Falls
|location=[[Portage County, Ohio|Portage]] / [[Trumbull County, Ohio|Trumbull]] counties, [[Ohio]], with entrances in Windham and near Newton Falls
|image_map= {{maplink|display=inline|type=shape|id=|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|stroke-width=1|stroke-color=#000000}}
|map_caption=Interactive map
|pushpin_map= Ohio#USA
|pushpin_relief= yes
|pushpin_label=Camp James A. Garfield
|image=RTLS Windham gate.jpg
|image=RTLS Windham gate.jpg
|image_size=300px
|image_size=
|caption=Entrance to Camp Ravenna from [[Windham, Ohio]]
|caption=Entrance to Camp Garfield from [[Windham, Ohio]]
|type=Ammunition plant (1942–1992)<br>Training facility
|type=Ammunition plant (1942–1992)<br>Training facility
|built=1942
|built=1942
|materials=
|materials=
|used=1942-Present
|used=1942–present
|controlledby=Ohio Army National Guard
|controlledby=Ohio Army National Guard
|garrison=
|garrison=
|commanders=
|commanders=
|battles=
|battles=
⚫
|coordinates={{coord|41.203|-81.066|region:US|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
}}
}}

'''Camp Ravenna Joint Military Training Center''', formerly known as the '''Ravenna Training and Logistics Site''' and the '''Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant''' (RVAAP)<ref name="Global">GlobalSecurity.org, 2007. [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/aap-ravenna.htm RVAAP page]. Retrieved October 24, 2007</ref> and commonly known as the '''Ravenna Arsenal''', is an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] [[military base]] located between [[Ravenna, Ohio|Ravenna]] and [[Newton Falls, Ohio|Newton Falls]] and adjacent to the village of [[Windham, Ohio|Windham]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Ohio]]. Before its present status as a training facility for the Ohio National Guard, Camp Ravenna was a [[arsenal|military ammunition production facility]] for the [[United States Army]]. As an arsenal, the facility was at peak operation during [[World War II]] and would serve as an ammunitions plant in various roles until 1992. Camp Ravenna remains an important part of the history and geography of [[Portage County, Ohio]].<ref name="OhioHistory">The [[Ohio Historical Society]], 2007. [http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1707 Ravenna Arsenal page] on Ohio History Central. Retrieved October 24, 2007.</ref> The facility occupies portions of [[Freedom Township, Portage County, Ohio|Freedom]], [[Windham Township, Portage County, Ohio|Windham]], [[Charlestown Township, Portage County, Ohio|Charlestown]], and [[Paris Township, Portage County, Ohio|Paris]] townships in [[Portage County, Ohio|Portage County]], along with part of [[Braceville Township, Trumbull County, Ohio|Braceville Township]] in [[Trumbull County, Ohio|Trumbull County]].
'''James A. Garfield Joint Military Training Center''' is an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] [[military base]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Ohio]] located between [[Ravenna, Ohio|Ravenna]] and [[Newton Falls, Ohio|Newton Falls]] and adjacent to the village of [[Windham, Ohio|Windham]]. It was previously known as '''Camp Ravenna Joint Military Training Center''', the '''Ravenna Training and Logistics Site''', and the '''Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant''' (RVAAP)<ref name="Global">GlobalSecurity.org, 2007. [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/aap-ravenna.htm RVAAP page]. Retrieved October 24, 2007</ref> and commonly known as the '''Ravenna Arsenal'''. Before its present status as a training facility for the Ohio National Guard, Camp James A. Garfield was a [[arsenal|military ammunition production facility]] for the [[United States Army]]. As an arsenal, the facility was at peak operation during [[World War II]] and would serve as an ammunitions plant in various roles until 1992. Camp James A. Garfield remains an important part of the history and geography of [[Portage County, Ohio|Portage County]].<ref name="OhioHistory">The [[Ohio Historical Society]], 2007. [http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1707 Ravenna Arsenal page] on Ohio History Central. Retrieved October 24, 2007.</ref> The facility occupies portions of [[Freedom Township, Portage County, Ohio|Freedom]], [[Windham Township, Portage County, Ohio|Windham]], [[Charlestown Township, Portage County, Ohio|Charlestown]], and [[Paris Township, Portage County, Ohio|Paris]] townships in Portage County, along with part of [[Braceville Township, Ohio|Braceville Township]] in [[Trumbull County, Ohio|Trumbull County]].


==History==
==History==
Line 24: Line 32:
At the end of World War II, the facility was placed on "standby" status. In November 1945, control of the facility was transferred from Atlas Powder to the U.S. Army. The facility continued to be in operation on a limited basis.<ref name="Global" />
At the end of World War II, the facility was placed on "standby" status. In November 1945, control of the facility was transferred from Atlas Powder to the U.S. Army. The facility continued to be in operation on a limited basis.<ref name="Global" />


During the [[Korean War]], the Ravenna Arsenal resumed full operations. In 1951, [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] won several defense contracts, among which was operation of the facility under a subsidiary, Ravenna Arsenal, Inc. The facility once again was placed on standby in 1957. The [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]], the forerunner to [[NASA]], then commenced aeronautical experiments at the facility.<ref name="Global" /> Among these experiments was aircraft crash testing, which led to the development of an inerting system to prevent jet fuel fires.<ref>National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center. [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/crashtst.html Aircraft Crash Testing]. Retrieved October 24, 2007.</ref>
During the [[Korean War]], the Ravenna Arsenal resumed full operations. In 1951, [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] won several defense contracts, among which was operation of the facility under a subsidiary, Ravenna Arsenal, Inc. The facility once again was placed on standby in 1957. The [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]], the forerunner to [[NASA]], then commenced aeronautical experiments at the facility.<ref name="Global" /> Among these experiments was aircraft crash testing, which led to the development of an [[inerting system]] to prevent jet fuel fires.<ref>National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center. [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/history/crashtst.html Aircraft Crash Testing]. Retrieved October 24, 2007.</ref>


The Ravenna Arsenal was used for the last time for the production of ammunition during the [[Vietnam War]]. In 1971, the facility was again placed on standby. Ammunition at the facility was then demilitarized, a process which continued until 1984.<ref name="Global" /> It also was part of ammunition refurbishment and minor research and development projects until 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rvaap.org/history.html |title=History of the RVAAP |date= |work=RVAAP.org |publisher=RVAAP.org |accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref>
The Ravenna Arsenal was used for the last time for the production of ammunition during the [[Vietnam War]]. In 1971, the facility was again placed on standby. Ammunition at the facility was then demilitarized, a process which continued until 1984.<ref name="Global" /> It also was part of ammunition refurbishment and minor research and development projects until 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rvaap.org/history.html |title=History of the RVAAP |work=RVAAP.org |publisher=RVAAP.org |accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref>


After years of inactivity, the facility became a [[Superfund]] site and plans to burn some of the buildings at the site were being discussed. However, an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) work group recommended that the Army not burn the buildings due to the high levels of [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s (PCBs) in the paint.<ref>Downing, Bob. "Burning Ravenna Arsenal Unlikely: EPA Group Against Use of Fire Because of PCBs in Old Paint". The ''[[Akron Beacon Journal]]'', September 1, 2006.</ref> Cleanup of the site is expected to continue through 2018.<ref name=pd>{{cite news |first=Brian |last=Albrecht |coauthors= |title=Ohio National Guard's camp casts Ravenna Arsenal site in new role |url=http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2009/11/beating_plowshares_into_swords.html |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |publisher= |date=2009-11-08 |accessdate=2009-11-09 }}</ref>
After years of inactivity, the facility became a [[Superfund]] site and plans to burn some of the buildings at the site were being discussed. However, an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) work group recommended that the Army not burn the buildings due to the high levels of [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s (PCBs) in the paint.<ref>Downing, Bob. "Burning Ravenna Arsenal Unlikely: EPA Group Against Use of Fire Because of PCBs in Old Paint". The ''[[Akron Beacon Journal]]'', September 1, 2006.</ref> Cleanup of the site is expected to continue through 2018.<ref name=pd>{{cite news |first=Brian |last=Albrecht |title=Ohio National Guard's camp casts Ravenna Arsenal site in new role |url=http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2009/11/beating_plowshares_into_swords.html |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |date=2009-11-08 |accessdate=2009-11-09 }}</ref>


Meanwhile, transfer of the facility was ultimately made to the Ohio National Guard, although there were several intermediate caretakers. In 1983, Firestone sold its contract to Physics International Company. Ten years later, Mason & Hangar-Silas Mason Company, Inc. assumed caretaker status.<ref name="Global" />
Meanwhile, transfer of the facility was ultimately made to the Ohio National Guard, although there were several intermediate caretakers. In 1983, Firestone sold its contract to Physics International Company. Ten years later, Mason & Hangar-Silas Mason Company, Inc. assumed caretaker status.<ref name="Global" />


The Ravenna Training and Logistics Site of the Ohio National Guard began as a tenant unit of the Army facility, which at that time was officially designated the Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant (RVAAP). {{convert|16164|acre|km2|0}} of the facility were included in the RTLS tenancy by May 16, 1999. On January 16, 2002, transfer of this land was made to the RTLS, and the RVAAP became a tenant site of the RTLS &ndash; essentially switching the roles of the two facilities.<ref name="Global" /> The site is now known as Camp Ravenna Joint Military Training Center and currently occupies approximately 93% of the land originally covered by the RVAAP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rvaap.org/RVAAPindex.asp |title=Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant |date= |work=RVAAP.org |publisher=RVAAP.org |accessdate=2 June 2010 |quote=About 93% of the property that had been part of the RVAAP now has been transferred to the stewardship of the Ohio National Guard. This transfer created the Camp Ravenna Joint Military Training Center.}}</ref>
The Ravenna Training and Logistics Site of the Ohio National Guard began as a tenant unit of the Army facility, which at that time was officially designated the Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant (RVAAP). {{convert|16164|acre|km2|0}} of the facility were included in the RTLS tenancy by May 16, 1999. On January 16, 2002, transfer of this land was made to the RTLS, and the RVAAP became a tenant site of the RTLS &ndash; essentially switching the roles of the two facilities.<ref name="Global" /> The site is now known as Camp James A. Garfield and currently occupies approximately 93% of the land originally covered by the RVAAP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rvaap.org/RVAAPindex.asp |title=Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant |work=RVAAP.org |publisher=RVAAP.org |accessdate=2 June 2010 |quote=About 93% of the property that had been part of the RVAAP now has been transferred to the stewardship of the Ohio National Guard. This transfer created the Camp Ravenna Joint Military Training Center.}}</ref>


On September 11, 2007, the facility was opened to invited guests and members of the news media for a tour. At this tour, it was revealed that the RTLS would eventually encompass the {{convert|21500|acre|km2}} formerly known as the Ravenna Arsenal. At that time, only {{convert|1000|acre|km2}} remained under RVAAP control.<ref>Lahmers, Ken. [http://www.the-news-leader.com/news/article/2568102 Kaleidoscope: Big changes under way at Ravenna Arsenal]. ''Aurora Advocate'', September 19, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007</ref>
On September 11, 2007, the facility was opened to invited guests and members of the news media for a tour. At this tour, it was revealed that the RTLS would eventually encompass the {{convert|21500|acre|km2}} formerly known as the Ravenna Arsenal. At that time, only {{convert|1000|acre|km2}} remained under RVAAP control.<ref>Lahmers, Ken. [http://www.the-news-leader.com/news/article/2568102 Kaleidoscope: Big changes under way at Ravenna Arsenal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603184629/http://www.the-news-leader.com/news/article/2568102# |date=2008-06-03 }}. ''Aurora Advocate'', September 19, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007</ref>


[[File:Flickr - DVIDSHUB - Muddy Portrait (Image 2 of 2).jpg|thumb|A soldier training for urban operations at the camp in 2011.]]
Camp Ravenna is currently being looked at as the location of a [[proposed Eastern United States missile defense site]].<ref name=ShalalEsa>{{cite news|last=Shalal-Esa|first=Andrea|title=Maine among candidates named for possible East Coast missile defense sites|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2013/09/12/news/state/maine-among-candidates-named-for-possible-east-coast-missile-defense-sites/|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=[[Bangor Daily News]]|date=12 September 2013}}</ref>

Between 2013 and 2019, Camp Garfield was one of five sites considered as the location of a [[proposed Eastern United States missile defense site]].<ref name=ShalalEsa>{{cite news|last=Shalal-Esa|first=Andrea|title=Maine among candidates named for possible East Coast missile defense sites|url=http://bangordailynews.com/2013/09/12/news/state/maine-among-candidates-named-for-possible-east-coast-missile-defense-sites/|accessdate=19 November 2013|newspaper=[[Bangor Daily News]]|date=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Atkinson|first=Scott|title=Fort Drum picked as site for east coast missile defense |url=https://www.wwnytv.com/2019/06/27/fort-drum-picked-site-east-coast-missile-defense/ |accessdate=April 21, 2022 |publisher=[[WWNY]] |work=WWNYTV.com |date=June 26, 2019}}</ref> It was renamed for [[James A. Garfield]], the 20th [[President of the United States]], on October 18, 2018. Garfield lived in Portage County for many years prior to his election as president, and as a state senator in the 1860s, helped appropriate funds to create the Ohio volunteer forces, the precursor to the Ohio National Guard.<ref>{{cite news |title=Camp Ravenna gets new name |url=http://www.tribtoday.com/news/local-news/2018/10/camp-ravenna-gets-new-name/ |author=Smith, Raymond L. |date=October 19, 2018 |newspaper=Tribune Chronicle |accessdate=October 19, 2018}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
The essayist [[Scott Russell Sanders]] spent part of his childhood living on the grounds of the Ravenna Arsenal. The Arsenal figures prominently in his memoirs ''The Paradise of Bombs'' (1987) and ''A Private History of Awe'' (2006).
The essayist [[Scott Russell Sanders]] spent part of his childhood living on the grounds of the Ravenna Arsenal. The Arsenal figures prominently in his memoirs ''The Paradise of Bombs'' (1987) and ''A Private History of Awe'' (2006).


The [[Hole in the Horn Buck]] is officially listed as the second largest non-typical white-tailed deer of all time by the Boone and Crockett Club. The buck’s antlers score 328 2/8 non-typical points. The name of the buck derives from the mysterious hole in the buck’s right antler. It was later claimed by eyewitness, George Winters, to be caused from a piece of chain-link fence that pierced the antler shortly before it died. The world record [[white-tailed deer]] was stuck under the fence to the Ravenna Arsenal in 1940.
The [[Hole in the Horn Buck]] is officially listed as the second largest non-typical white-tailed deer of all time by the Boone and Crockett Club. The buck’s antlers score 328 2/8 non-typical points. The name of the buck derives from the mysterious hole in his right antler. It was later claimed by eyewitness George Winters to have been inflicted by a piece of chain-link fence which pierced the antler shortly before the buck died. The world record [[white-tailed deer]] was stuck under the fence to the Ravenna Arsenal in 1940.


In 2014, the site can be seen in Marvel's "[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]".
The site can be seen in Marvel's 2014 film ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]''.

The Ravenna Arsenal is mentioned in author [[John Birmingham]]'s novel "World War 3.1," part of his [[Axis of Time]] series of science fiction novels.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 56: Line 68:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.rvaap.org RVAAP Access] - Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant Restoration News and Information
*[http://www.rvaap.org RVAAP Access]—Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant Restoration News and Information
* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.oh0416 Survey number HAER OH-30] - Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant, Ravenna, Portage County, OH
*{{HAER |survey=OH-30 |id=oh0416 |title=Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant, Ravenna, Portage County, OH |data=68}}

⚫
{{coord|41.203|-81.066|region:US|format=dms|display=title}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Military installations in Ohio]]
[[Category:Ammunition manufacturers]]
⚫
[[Category:Research installations of the U.S. Department of Defense]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Portage County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Portage County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Trumbull County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Trumbull County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Ammunition manufacturers]]
[[Category:Installations of the United States Army National Guard]]
[[Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Ohio]]

[[Category:Military installations in Ohio]]
[[Category:Military logistics of the United States]]
[[Category:Military logistics of the United States]]
⚫
[[Category:Research installations of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Superfund sites in Ohio]]
[[Category:Superfund sites in Ohio]]

Latest revision as of 20:03, 9 July 2024

Camp James A. Garfield
Joint Military Training Center
Portage / Trumbull counties, Ohio, with entrances in Windham and near Newton Falls
Entrance to Camp Garfield from Windham, Ohio
Map
Interactive map
Camp James A. Garfield is located in Ohio
Camp James A. Garfield
Camp James A. Garfield
Camp James A. Garfield is located in the United States
Camp James A. Garfield
Camp James A. Garfield
Coordinates41°12′11″N 81°03′58″W / 41.203°N 81.066°W / 41.203; -81.066
TypeAmmunition plant (1942–1992)
Training facility
Site information
Controlled byOhio Army National Guard
Site history
Built1942
In use1942–present

James A. Garfield Joint Military Training Center is an Ohio Army National Guard military base in the U.S. state of Ohio located between Ravenna and Newton Falls and adjacent to the village of Windham. It was previously known as Camp Ravenna Joint Military Training Center, the Ravenna Training and Logistics Site, and the Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant (RVAAP)[1] and commonly known as the Ravenna Arsenal. Before its present status as a training facility for the Ohio National Guard, Camp James A. Garfield was a military ammunition production facility for the United States Army. As an arsenal, the facility was at peak operation during World War II and would serve as an ammunitions plant in various roles until 1992. Camp James A. Garfield remains an important part of the history and geography of Portage County.[2] The facility occupies portions of Freedom, Windham, Charlestown, and Paris townships in Portage County, along with part of Braceville Township in Trumbull County.

History

[edit]
WWII poster from Atlas Powder Company, Ravenna Ordnance Plant

In 1940, the United States Department of the Army reserved 21,418 acres (87 km2) for the construction of two facilities:[3] The Ravenna Ordnance Plant, near Ravenna; and the Portage Ordnance Depot, near Windham. The facilities officially opened on March 23, 1942, although the Atlas Powder Company commenced operations there on August 18, 1941. During World War II, the two facilities were combined as the Ravenna Arsenal.[1][3]

The Ravenna Arsenal had an immediate effect upon the communities of Portage County. Over 14,000 people were employed at the Arsenal during World War II,[2] and the village of Windham was chosen as the site to house many of these workers. Windham experienced a population boom as a result; its growth of over 1200% was the largest of any U.S. municipality in the 1950 Census, as was reported in the June 1951 edition of National Geographic Magazine.[4]

At the end of World War II, the facility was placed on "standby" status. In November 1945, control of the facility was transferred from Atlas Powder to the U.S. Army. The facility continued to be in operation on a limited basis.[1]

During the Korean War, the Ravenna Arsenal resumed full operations. In 1951, Firestone won several defense contracts, among which was operation of the facility under a subsidiary, Ravenna Arsenal, Inc. The facility once again was placed on standby in 1957. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the forerunner to NASA, then commenced aeronautical experiments at the facility.[1] Among these experiments was aircraft crash testing, which led to the development of an inerting system to prevent jet fuel fires.[5]

The Ravenna Arsenal was used for the last time for the production of ammunition during the Vietnam War. In 1971, the facility was again placed on standby. Ammunition at the facility was then demilitarized, a process which continued until 1984.[1] It also was part of ammunition refurbishment and minor research and development projects until 1992.[6]

After years of inactivity, the facility became a Superfund site and plans to burn some of the buildings at the site were being discussed. However, an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) work group recommended that the Army not burn the buildings due to the high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the paint.[7] Cleanup of the site is expected to continue through 2018.[8]

Meanwhile, transfer of the facility was ultimately made to the Ohio National Guard, although there were several intermediate caretakers. In 1983, Firestone sold its contract to Physics International Company. Ten years later, Mason & Hangar-Silas Mason Company, Inc. assumed caretaker status.[1]

The Ravenna Training and Logistics Site of the Ohio National Guard began as a tenant unit of the Army facility, which at that time was officially designated the Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant (RVAAP). 16,164 acres (65 km2) of the facility were included in the RTLS tenancy by May 16, 1999. On January 16, 2002, transfer of this land was made to the RTLS, and the RVAAP became a tenant site of the RTLS – essentially switching the roles of the two facilities.[1] The site is now known as Camp James A. Garfield and currently occupies approximately 93% of the land originally covered by the RVAAP.[9]

On September 11, 2007, the facility was opened to invited guests and members of the news media for a tour. At this tour, it was revealed that the RTLS would eventually encompass the 21,500 acres (87 km2) formerly known as the Ravenna Arsenal. At that time, only 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) remained under RVAAP control.[10]

A soldier training for urban operations at the camp in 2011.

Between 2013 and 2019, Camp Garfield was one of five sites considered as the location of a proposed Eastern United States missile defense site.[11][12] It was renamed for James A. Garfield, the 20th President of the United States, on October 18, 2018. Garfield lived in Portage County for many years prior to his election as president, and as a state senator in the 1860s, helped appropriate funds to create the Ohio volunteer forces, the precursor to the Ohio National Guard.[13]

[edit]

The essayist Scott Russell Sanders spent part of his childhood living on the grounds of the Ravenna Arsenal. The Arsenal figures prominently in his memoirs The Paradise of Bombs (1987) and A Private History of Awe (2006).

The Hole in the Horn Buck is officially listed as the second largest non-typical white-tailed deer of all time by the Boone and Crockett Club. The buck’s antlers score 328 2/8 non-typical points. The name of the buck derives from the mysterious hole in his right antler. It was later claimed by eyewitness George Winters to have been inflicted by a piece of chain-link fence which pierced the antler shortly before the buck died. The world record white-tailed deer was stuck under the fence to the Ravenna Arsenal in 1940.

The site can be seen in Marvel's 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier.

The Ravenna Arsenal is mentioned in author John Birmingham's novel "World War 3.1," part of his Axis of Time series of science fiction novels.

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Pfingsten, Ralph A. (2009). The History of Ravenna Arsenal. John Marshall High School Alumni Association. ISBN 0975961802.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g GlobalSecurity.org, 2007. RVAAP page. Retrieved October 24, 2007
  2. ^ a b The Ohio Historical Society, 2007. Ravenna Arsenal page on Ohio History Central. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
  3. ^ a b OhioTrespassers.com, Ravenna Arsenal page. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
  4. ^ Windham Exempted Village School District (1998). History of the Windham Schools Retrieved July 29, 2004. Site no longer available online, archived at Internet Archive.[1] Archive retrieved October 24, 2007
  5. ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center. Aircraft Crash Testing. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
  6. ^ "History of the RVAAP". RVAAP.org. RVAAP.org. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  7. ^ Downing, Bob. "Burning Ravenna Arsenal Unlikely: EPA Group Against Use of Fire Because of PCBs in Old Paint". The Akron Beacon Journal, September 1, 2006.
  8. ^ Albrecht, Brian (2009-11-08). "Ohio National Guard's camp casts Ravenna Arsenal site in new role". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  9. ^ "Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant". RVAAP.org. RVAAP.org. Retrieved 2 June 2010. About 93% of the property that had been part of the RVAAP now has been transferred to the stewardship of the Ohio National Guard. This transfer created the Camp Ravenna Joint Military Training Center.
  10. ^ Lahmers, Ken. Kaleidoscope: Big changes under way at Ravenna Arsenal Archived 2008-06-03 at the Wayback Machine. Aurora Advocate, September 19, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007
  11. ^ Shalal-Esa, Andrea (12 September 2013). "Maine among candidates named for possible East Coast missile defense sites". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  12. ^ Atkinson, Scott (June 26, 2019). "Fort Drum picked as site for east coast missile defense". WWNYTV.com. WWNY. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  13. ^ Smith, Raymond L. (October 19, 2018). "Camp Ravenna gets new name". Tribune Chronicle. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
[edit]
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