Hadži-Prodan's Cave: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Cave and archaeological site in Serbia}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox ancient site |
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| name = Hadži-Prodan's Cave |
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| photo_caption = |
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| alternate_name = Hadži Prodanova |
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| location = [[Lisa (Ivanjica)|Lisa]], [[Serbia]] |
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| alt = Hadži-Prodan's Cave |
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| caption = Hadži-Prodan's Cave |
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| image_size =240 |
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| map_type = Serbia |
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| map_alt = Hadži-Prodan's Cave in Serbia |
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| map_caption = location in Serbia |
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| map_size = 240 |
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| relief = yes |
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| coordinates = {{coord| 43|38 |0.6 |N|20 |14 |32.3 |E|display=inline}} |
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| hazards = |
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| location = Raščići village, near [[Ivanjica]] |
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| access = |
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| region =western central [[Serbia]], |
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| translation = |
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}}'''Haji Prodan’s cave''' is a [[Paleolithic]] [[archaeological site]] and a [[natural monument]], located near the village of [[Lisa (Ivanjica)|Lisa]], not far from [[Ivanjica]] in [[Republic of Serbia]]. The cave has a narrow and high entrance facing south, forty -meter long corridor and two chambers. |
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| epochs = [[Palaeolithic]] |
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| occupants = [[Homo neanderthalensis]], [[Homo sapiens]] |
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}} |
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The '''Hadži-Prodan's Cave''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Хаџи-Проданова пећина|Hadži-Prodanova pećina}}) is an [[archaeological site]] of the [[Paleolithic]] period and a national [[natural monument]], located in the village Raščići around {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Ivanjica]] in western central [[Serbia]]. The rather narrow and high entrance with at an altitude of {{convert|630|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level sits about {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the Rašćanska river valley bed and is oriented towards the south. The {{convert|345|m|ft|abbr=on}} long cave was formed during the [[Late Cretaceous]] in "thick-bedded to massive" Senonian [[limestone]]. Prehistoric pottery shards and [[Pleistocene]] [[fauna]]l fossils had already been collected by Zoran Vučićević from [[Ivanjica]]. Animal fossils especially [[Cave bear]] (''Ursus spelaeus'') and [[Iron Age]] artifact discoveries during an unrelated areal survey were reportedly made at the cave entrance and in the main cavern.<ref name=Fauna>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/31022004 |title=A LATE PLEISTOCENE RODENT FAUNA (MAMMALIA: RODENTIA) FROM HADŽI PRODANOVA CAVE NEAR IVANJICA (WESTERN SERBIA) pp. 23-38 |publisher = University of Belgrade |author=KATARINA BOGIĆEVIĆ |access-date= February 11, 2017}}</ref> The site is named in honor of [[Hadži-Prodan]], a 19th century Serbian revolutionary. |
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==Excavations== |
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Conserving excavations began in the year 2003, with the intention to renew the Church of the Holy Archangel Michael, located in front of the cave. During the work on the arrangement of the entrance to the cave, the workers discovered the remains of prehistoric pottery and Pleistocene fauna. The aim of the excavation was to evaluate the stratigraphic position of the findings. Excavations were carried out on an area of 16 m<sup>2</sup>, the beginning of the cave hall and in front of the cave. Five layers were investigated, where they found the remains of cave bears, wolves, ibex and various rodents and birds. Most Paleolithic finds were discovered in front of the cave. |
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Hadži Prodanova has been the subject of research and study in speleological and archaeological literature for over a century. It received renewed attention after a 2003 to 2004 joint excavation campaign of the [[University of Belgrade]], the [[National Museum of Serbia]] and the Institute for Protection of Cultural Heritage in [[Kraljevo]]. It was decided to thoroughly review and document the site as material and objects of [[Palaeolithic]] origin and [[fossil]]ized bones of [[Pleistocene]] fauna were unearthed during previous survey excavations. Probes had been taken to identify the foundations and map the original position of an early 20th century Church (''St. Archangel Michael'') that once stood right in front of the cave's entrance in order to accurately assess the feasibility of its reconstruction.<ref name=Fauna/> In 2003 a {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep trench of {{convert|16|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} was dug in the entrance, the main cavern and the internal part of the cave plateau. Only fifteen [[Palaeolithic]] artifacts were discovered inside the cave. Most discoveries originate from the frontal plateau.<ref name=Fauna/> The aim of the excavation was to evaluate the [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] position of the findings. Hadži Prodanova has yielded sizable [[fauna]]l deposits of various large and small vertebrates. Five sediment layers were investigated and the remains of cave bears, wolves, ibex, various rodents and birds unearthed.<ref name=Fauna/> In total, 13 species of rodents have been found, which are still extant. Composition and frequency helped to better determine the ecological characteristics of the stratigraphic segments.<ref name=Fauna/> |
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== Paleolithic finds == |
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===Analysis=== |
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In total, sixteen findings had been revealed. In the layer 5, side scrapers and artifacts of quartzite, two cushions and one end-scraper were found. In layer 2, upper Paleolithic findings were discovered: a tool with a steeply retouched sides, a tool with a retouched fracture and retouched and unretouched blades and deductions, which were estimated to date from the Gravettian or Epigravettian period. In the middle Paleolithic layer were discovered objects of pure quartz: a small crystal and a side scraper. |
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In a 2010 preliminary [[taphonomy|taphonomic]] analysis it was concluded, that "human occupation was very brief, maybe only a few hours, which is somewhat more common in the Middle Paleolithic than in the Epigravettian". However, Hadži Prodanova and the nearby ''Šalitrena cave'' are so far the only cave sites in the [[Central Balkan]] mountains, that have produced evidence for human presence in a Gravettian and/or Epigravettian cultural context.<ref name=Fauna/> Dušan Mihailović argues in "Palaeolithic and Mesolithic research in the Central Balkans" that Gravettian communities populated South-eastern Europe around 26,000 years ago - the beginning of the [[last glacial maximum]], avoided mountainous habitats and preferably retreated to shelters near the coast and the southern Balkans.<ref name=PaMe>{{cite web |url=http://arheologija.rs/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Dusan-Mihailovic-ed.-Palaeolithic-and-Mesolithic-Research-in-the-Central-Balkans.pdf |title=Palaeolithic and Mesolithic research in the Central Balkans p. 117 |publisher=Serbian Archaeological Society Commission for the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic |author=Dušan Mihailović |access-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211160926/http://arheologija.rs/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Dusan-Mihailovic-ed.-Palaeolithic-and-Mesolithic-Research-in-the-Central-Balkans.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Д. Михајловић, Хаџи Проданова пећина код Ивањице, Археолошки преглед 1 (2003), Српско Археолошко друштво, Београд, 2006.</ref> |
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Haji Prodan’s cave, together with saltpeter cave is the only Gravettian or Epigravettian site in the mountainous areas of the [[central Balkan]]s.<ref>Д. Михајловић, Хаџи Проданова пећина код Ивањице, Археолошки преглед 1 (2003), Српско Археолошко друштво, Београд, 2006.</ref> |
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==Stratigraphy== |
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The interior sediments are around {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and constitute a [[Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] sequence of five cultural layers. |
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* 1. [[Holocene]] era top layer of grey [[clay]] mixed with fragmented rocks, which contained [[Iron Age]] and more recent artifacts. |
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* 2. Late [[Upper Palaeolithic]] strata of brown and yellowish clay mixed with fine debris, that held flakes and chipped [[flint]] artifacts attributed to the [[Epigravettian]] culture, implements with abruptly retouched edges point to a deposition of [[Gravettian]] or Epigravettian cultural settlement. |
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* 3. Archaeologically sterile layer of brown clay with coarse [[detritus]], large rocks and no artifacts. |
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* 4. [[Middle Palaeolithic]] strata of light brown clay with fine detritus and variously sized deposits of fine [[gravel]], that contained artifacts. The ecological characteristics of layer 4 and 5 are similar. |
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* 5. [[Middle Palaeolithic]] strata of dark brown clay with coarse detritus and large rocks, that yielded two scraper tools and several artifacts made of [[quartzite]]. This layer was further divided into four horizons (a, b, c and d). |
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* The cave entrance's sediment structure extends out onto the relatively flat exterior area of some {{convert|80|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}, where excavations to a depth of {{convert|4.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} has not yet reached the bedrock.<ref name=Fauna/> |
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Hadzi Prodanova has been put under national protection in 1974 and its protection status was reviewed and approved in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=RS2006000163 |title=(Endangerment and protection of Hadzi Prodanova cave (Serbia)) |publisher=Agris.fao.org |access-date= February 11, 2017}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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* [https://www.sanu.ac.rs/english/Projekti/Bilten/Bulletin2003.pdf BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Annual Report for 2003] |
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{{Navbox prehistoric caves}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Haji Prodan's cave}} |
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[[Category:Caves of Serbia]] |
[[Category:Caves of Serbia]] |
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[[Category:Limestone caves]] |
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[[Category:Neanderthal sites]] |
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[[Category:Late Cretaceous Europe]] |
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[[Category:Paleontology in Serbia]] |
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[[Category:Cave bear]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:29, 5 July 2024
Хаџи-Проданова пећина | |
 Hadži-Prodan's Cave | |
  location in Serbia | |
| Alternative name | Hadži Prodanova |
|---|---|
| Location | Raščići village, near Ivanjica |
| Region | western central Serbia, |
| Coordinates | 43°38′0.6″N 20°14′32.3″E / 43.633500°N 20.242306°E |
| History | |
| Periods | Palaeolithic |
| Associated with | Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens |
The Hadži-Prodan's Cave (Serbian: Хаџи-Проданова пећина, Hadži-Prodanova pećina) is an archaeological site of the Paleolithic period and a national natural monument, located in the village Raščići around 7 km (4.3 mi) from Ivanjica in western central Serbia. The rather narrow and high entrance with at an altitude of 630 m (2,070 ft) above sea level sits about 40 m (130 ft) above the Rašćanska river valley bed and is oriented towards the south. The 345 m (1,132 ft) long cave was formed during the Late Cretaceous in "thick-bedded to massive" Senonian limestone. Prehistoric pottery shards and Pleistocene faunal fossils had already been collected by Zoran Vučićević from Ivanjica. Animal fossils especially Cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) and Iron Age artifact discoveries during an unrelated areal survey were reportedly made at the cave entrance and in the main cavern.[1] The site is named in honor of Hadži-Prodan, a 19th century Serbian revolutionary.
Excavations
[edit]Hadži Prodanova has been the subject of research and study in speleological and archaeological literature for over a century. It received renewed attention after a 2003 to 2004 joint excavation campaign of the University of Belgrade, the National Museum of Serbia and the Institute for Protection of Cultural Heritage in Kraljevo. It was decided to thoroughly review and document the site as material and objects of Palaeolithic origin and fossilized bones of Pleistocene fauna were unearthed during previous survey excavations. Probes had been taken to identify the foundations and map the original position of an early 20th century Church (St. Archangel Michael) that once stood right in front of the cave's entrance in order to accurately assess the feasibility of its reconstruction.[1] In 2003 a 2.5 m (8.2 ft) deep trench of 16 m2 (170 sq ft) was dug in the entrance, the main cavern and the internal part of the cave plateau. Only fifteen Palaeolithic artifacts were discovered inside the cave. Most discoveries originate from the frontal plateau.[1] The aim of the excavation was to evaluate the stratigraphic position of the findings. Hadži Prodanova has yielded sizable faunal deposits of various large and small vertebrates. Five sediment layers were investigated and the remains of cave bears, wolves, ibex, various rodents and birds unearthed.[1] In total, 13 species of rodents have been found, which are still extant. Composition and frequency helped to better determine the ecological characteristics of the stratigraphic segments.[1]
Analysis
[edit]In a 2010 preliminary taphonomic analysis it was concluded, that "human occupation was very brief, maybe only a few hours, which is somewhat more common in the Middle Paleolithic than in the Epigravettian". However, Hadži Prodanova and the nearby Šalitrena cave are so far the only cave sites in the Central Balkan mountains, that have produced evidence for human presence in a Gravettian and/or Epigravettian cultural context.[1] Dušan Mihailović argues in "Palaeolithic and Mesolithic research in the Central Balkans" that Gravettian communities populated South-eastern Europe around 26,000 years ago - the beginning of the last glacial maximum, avoided mountainous habitats and preferably retreated to shelters near the coast and the southern Balkans.[2][3]
Stratigraphy
[edit]The interior sediments are around 2.5 m (8.2 ft) high and constitute a stratigraphic sequence of five cultural layers.
- 1. Holocene era top layer of grey clay mixed with fragmented rocks, which contained Iron Age and more recent artifacts.
- 2. Late Upper Palaeolithic strata of brown and yellowish clay mixed with fine debris, that held flakes and chipped flint artifacts attributed to the Epigravettian culture, implements with abruptly retouched edges point to a deposition of Gravettian or Epigravettian cultural settlement.
- 3. Archaeologically sterile layer of brown clay with coarse detritus, large rocks and no artifacts.
- 4. Middle Palaeolithic strata of light brown clay with fine detritus and variously sized deposits of fine gravel, that contained artifacts. The ecological characteristics of layer 4 and 5 are similar.
- 5. Middle Palaeolithic strata of dark brown clay with coarse detritus and large rocks, that yielded two scraper tools and several artifacts made of quartzite. This layer was further divided into four horizons (a, b, c and d).
- The cave entrance's sediment structure extends out onto the relatively flat exterior area of some 80 m2 (860 sq ft), where excavations to a depth of 4.4 m (14 ft) has not yet reached the bedrock.[1]
Hadzi Prodanova has been put under national protection in 1974 and its protection status was reviewed and approved in 2005.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g KATARINA BOGIĆEVIĆ. "A LATE PLEISTOCENE RODENT FAUNA (MAMMALIA: RODENTIA) FROM HADŽI PRODANOVA CAVE NEAR IVANJICA (WESTERN SERBIA) pp. 23-38". University of Belgrade. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
- ^ Dušan Mihailović. "Palaeolithic and Mesolithic research in the Central Balkans p. 117" (PDF). Serbian Archaeological Society Commission for the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
- ^ Д. Михајловић, Хаџи Проданова пећина код Ивањице, Археолошки преглед 1 (2003), Српско Археолошко друштво, Београд, 2006.
- ^ "(Endangerment and protection of Hadzi Prodanova cave (Serbia))". Agris.fao.org. Retrieved February 11, 2017.