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{{short description|Species of fly}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| genus = Sturmiopsis |
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| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a |
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| authority = [[Charles Henry Tyler Townsend|Townsend]], 1916<ref name="Townsend1916g">{{cite journal |last= Townsend|first= Charles Henry Tyler|date= 1916|title= New genera and species of muscoid flies |url=http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14590/1/USNMP-51_2152_1916.pdf |journal= [[Proceedings of the United States National Museum]]|volume= 51 |issue= 2152|pages=299–323 |doi= 10.5479/si.00963801.2152.299}}</ref> |
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| classis = [[Insect]]a |
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| display_parents = 3 |
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| ordo = [[Fly|Diptera]] |
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| synonyms = *''Winthemia semiberbis'' <small>[[Mario Bezzi|Bezzi]], 1925</small><ref name="Bezzi1925">{{cite journal |last1=Bezzi |first1=M. |title=Some Tachinidae (Diptera) of economic importance from the Federated Malay States |journal=Bulletin of Entomological Research |date=1925 |volume=16 |issue=113–123|pages=113–123 |doi=10.1017/S000748530002842X }}</ref> |
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| familia = [[Tachinidae]] |
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| subfamilia = [[Exoristinae]] |
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| tribus = [[Eryciini]] |
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| genus = ''[[Sturmiopsis]]'' |
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| binomial = ''Sturmiopsis inferens'' |
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| binomial_authority = [[Charles Henry Tyler Townsend|Townsend]], 1916</small><ref name="OHara_china">{{cite journal | last = O'Hara | first = James E. |author2=Shima, Hiroshi |author3=Zhang, Chuntian | year = 2009 | title = Annotated Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Insecta: Diptera) of China | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2190 | pages = 1–236 | location = Auckland, New Zealand | publisher = Magnolia Press | format = PDF | issn = 1175-5334 | accessdate = 18 May 2016 | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02190p236.pdf }}</ref> |
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| synonyms_ref = |
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| synonyms = |
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'''''Sturmiopsis inferens''''' is a species of [[fly]] in the family [[Tachinidae]].<ref name="OHara_china"/> It is native to Asia and is a [[parasitoid]] of the [[Gurdaspur borer]] |
'''''Sturmiopsis inferens''''' is a species of [[fly]] in the family [[Tachinidae]].<ref name="OHara_china">{{cite journal | last = O'Hara | first = James E. |author2=Shima, Hiroshi |author3=Zhang, Chuntian | year = 2009 | title = Annotated Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Insecta: Diptera) of China | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2190 | pages = 1–236 | location = Auckland, New Zealand | publisher = Magnolia Press | issn = 1175-5334 | accessdate = 18 May 2016 | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02190p236.pdf }}</ref> It is native to Asia and is a [[parasitoid]] of various moth species whose larvae feed inside the stems of [[sugarcane]], [[rice]] and other large grasses, including the [[Bissetia steniellus|Gurdaspur borer]] (''Bissetia steniellus'') and the [[Chilo infuscatellus|sugarcane shoot borer]] (''Chilo infuscatellus''). |
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==Description== |
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''Sturmiopsis inferens'' is a stout fly with a silvery-white head, dark brown forehead, hairy [[Parafacial|parafacial area]], densely hairy eyes, yellowish-brown antennae, silvery-white abdomen and brownish-black legs.<ref name=Rice/> |
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==Distribution== |
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[[Madagascar]],<ref name="Barraclough2004">{{cite journal |last1=Barraclough |first1=David A. |title=A taxonomic review of ''Sturmiopsis'' Townsend, 1916, an Old World genus of Tachinidae (Diptera) parasitizing economically significant lepidopterous stem borers |journal=African Invertebrates |date=2004 |volume=45 |pages=7–19}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nepal]], [[Philippines]].<ref name="OHara2020">{{cite web |last1=O’Hara |first1=James E. |last2=Henderson |first2=Shannon J. |first3=D. Monty |last3=Wood |title=Preliminary Checklist of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the World|url=http://www.nadsdiptera.org/Tach/WorldTachs/Checklist/Tachchlist_ver2.1.pdf |website=Tachinidae Resources |access-date=21 August 2023 |date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="OHara_china"/> |
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==Host species== |
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In [[Haryana]], this fly parasitises the [[Bissetia steniellus|Gurdaspur borer]] (''Bissetia steniellus'') and the [[Chilo auricilius|gold-fringed rice stemborer]] (''Chilo auricilius''), in [[Karnataka]] it concentrates on the [[Sesamia inferens|ragi stem borer]] (''Sesamia inferens'') and in [[Odisha]], the main host species is the [[Chilo infuscatellus|sugarcane shoot borer]] (''Chilo infuscatellus'').<ref name=Upadhyay/> It also targets other ''Chilo'' spp. including ''[[Chilo polychrysus]]'', as well as ''[[Scirpophaga nivella]]'', which are pests of [[rice]].<ref name=Rice>{{cite book|title=Biology and Management of Rice Insects | date=27 April 1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOtMTN2zcNYC&pg=PA29 |publisher=Int. Rice Res. Inst. |isbn=978-81-224-0581-1|page=29}}</ref> |
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==Biology== |
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''S. inferens'' is a naturally occurring [[parasitoid]] of the [[Chilo infuscatellus|sugarcane shoot borer]] (''Chilo infuscatellus'') in India, and it has proved possible to use it as a [[Biological pest control|biological control]] of this sugarcane pest.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Srikanth, J. |author2=Salin, K.P. |author3=Kurup, N.K. |author4=Bai, K. Subadra |year=2009 |title=Assessment of the tachinid ''Sturmiopsis inferens'' as a natural and applied biological control agent of sugarcane shoot borer (''Chilo infuscatellus'') in southern India |journal=Sugar Technology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.1007/s12355-009-0009-5}}</ref> The fly seems to be most active at temperatures between {{convert|27|and|30|°C}} and humidities of over 60% and it can now be reared in the laboratory. Each female fly is capable of infecting up to three hundred larvae, and twenty to fifty females can be released per hectare about two months after planting the sugarcane crop in order to achieve control.<ref name=Upadhyay/> |
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This fly is [[Viviparity|viviparous]]. A newly hatched female mates with a slightly older male and there follows a [[gestation]] period of 12 to 16 days. The female then seeks out a tunnel made by the larvae of a sugarcane borer; she deposits her larvae in the tunnel and they invade the host larvae, making their way in through the cuticle. When fully fed, after 6 to 15 days, the [[parasitoid]] larvae [[pupa]]te in the tunnel, emerging as adults in 12 to 14 days. The length of each life stage depends on the temperature and humidity, the total length of the life cycle being in the range 30 to 45 days.<ref name=Upadhyay>{{cite book|author1=Upadhyay, Rajeev K.|author2=Mukerji, K.G.|author3=Chamola, B.P.|title=Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Volume 2: Insect Pests|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7Nqhe_T_6EC&pg=PA199 |year=2001|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-306-46587-1 |pages=199–200}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q14736475}} |
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[[Category:Diptera of Africa]] |
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[[Category:Diptera of Asia]] |
[[Category:Diptera of Asia]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Tachinidae]] |
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[[Category:Insects described in 1916]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Henry Tyler Townsend]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:56, 27 June 2024
| Sturmiopsis inferens | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Exoristinae |
| Tribe: | Eryciini |
| Genus: | Sturmiopsis |
| Species: | S. inferens
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| Binomial name | |
| Sturmiopsis inferens | |
| Synonyms | |
Sturmiopsis inferens is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.[3] It is native to Asia and is a parasitoid of various moth species whose larvae feed inside the stems of sugarcane, rice and other large grasses, including the Gurdaspur borer (Bissetia steniellus) and the sugarcane shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus).
Description
[edit]Sturmiopsis inferens is a stout fly with a silvery-white head, dark brown forehead, hairy parafacial area, densely hairy eyes, yellowish-brown antennae, silvery-white abdomen and brownish-black legs.[4]
Distribution
[edit]Madagascar,[5] Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines.[6][3]
Host species
[edit]In Haryana, this fly parasitises the Gurdaspur borer (Bissetia steniellus) and the gold-fringed rice stemborer (Chilo auricilius), in Karnataka it concentrates on the ragi stem borer (Sesamia inferens) and in Odisha, the main host species is the sugarcane shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus).[7] It also targets other Chilo spp. including Chilo polychrysus, as well as Scirpophaga nivella, which are pests of rice.[4]
Biology
[edit]S. inferens is a naturally occurring parasitoid of the sugarcane shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus) in India, and it has proved possible to use it as a biological control of this sugarcane pest.[8] The fly seems to be most active at temperatures between 27 and 30 °C (81 and 86 °F) and humidities of over 60% and it can now be reared in the laboratory. Each female fly is capable of infecting up to three hundred larvae, and twenty to fifty females can be released per hectare about two months after planting the sugarcane crop in order to achieve control.[7]
This fly is viviparous. A newly hatched female mates with a slightly older male and there follows a gestation period of 12 to 16 days. The female then seeks out a tunnel made by the larvae of a sugarcane borer; she deposits her larvae in the tunnel and they invade the host larvae, making their way in through the cuticle. When fully fed, after 6 to 15 days, the parasitoid larvae pupate in the tunnel, emerging as adults in 12 to 14 days. The length of each life stage depends on the temperature and humidity, the total length of the life cycle being in the range 30 to 45 days.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Townsend, Charles Henry Tyler (1916). "New genera and species of muscoid flies" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 51 (2152): 299–323. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.2152.299.
- ^ Bezzi, M. (1925). "Some Tachinidae (Diptera) of economic importance from the Federated Malay States". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 16 (113–123): 113–123. doi:10.1017/S000748530002842X.
- ^ a b O'Hara, James E.; Shima, Hiroshi; Zhang, Chuntian (2009). "Annotated Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Insecta: Diptera) of China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2190. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 1–236. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ a b Biology and Management of Rice Insects. Int. Rice Res. Inst. 27 April 1994. p. 29. ISBN 978-81-224-0581-1.
- ^ Barraclough, David A. (2004). "A taxonomic review of Sturmiopsis Townsend, 1916, an Old World genus of Tachinidae (Diptera) parasitizing economically significant lepidopterous stem borers". African Invertebrates. 45: 7–19.
- ^ O’Hara, James E.; Henderson, Shannon J.; Wood, D. Monty (5 March 2020). "Preliminary Checklist of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the World" (PDF). Tachinidae Resources. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ^ a b c Upadhyay, Rajeev K.; Mukerji, K.G.; Chamola, B.P. (2001). Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Volume 2: Insect Pests. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 199–200. ISBN 978-0-306-46587-1.
- ^ Srikanth, J.; Salin, K.P.; Kurup, N.K.; Bai, K. Subadra (2009). "Assessment of the tachinid Sturmiopsis inferens as a natural and applied biological control agent of sugarcane shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus) in southern India". Sugar Technology. 11 (1): 51–59. doi:10.1007/s12355-009-0009-5.