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{{Short description|1926 protest against colonial rule in Korea}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=August 2010}} |
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{{neutrality|date=May 2016}} |
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| image = 6.10 만세운동.jpg |
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| caption = A Japanese soldier on horseback during the protest (1926) |
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| date = {{Start date|1926|06|10}} |
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| place = Mainly [[Keijō]], also student strikes around Korea |
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| causes = the death of [[Sunjong of Korea]] and inspiration from the [[March First Movement]] |
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| goals = * Secure Korea's independence |
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* Gain international support |
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| methods = [[Nonviolent resistance]] |
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| result = Suppression |
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| side1 = [[Korean independence activists]] |
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| side2 = [[Government-General of Chōsen]] |
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| howmany1 = Several hundred |
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| howmany2 = At least 7,000 |
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| arrests = Around 200 |
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}} |
}} |
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|type = national |
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|image = |
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|imagesize = 250px |
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|caption = |
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|official_name = June 10th Movement<br/>Yuksip Movement |
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|nickname = Manse Demonstrations |
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|observedby = Under-People of Great [[Korean Empire]] that under Great [[Japanese Empire]]'s ruling. |
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|litcolor = |
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|longtype = National |
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|significance = Marks one of the first public displays of [[Korean resistance]] during the [[Japanese occupation of Korea]] organized by students |
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|date = June 10, 1926 |
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|celebrations = |
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|observances = |
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|relatedto = |
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}} |
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{{Infobox Korean name |
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|hangul={{linktext|육|십| 운|동}} |
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|rr= Yuk Sip Undong |
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|mr= Yuk Sip Undong |
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}} |
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The June 10th Movement or '''Yuk-ship Undong ''' ("Six-10 Movement" or "June Tenth Movement"), [[:ko:6.10 만세운동]] was one of the earliest public displays of [[Korean resistance]] during the [[Japanese occupation of Korea|occupation]] of the [[Korean Empire]] by Japan. The name refers to an event that occurred on June 10th 1926. It is sometimes referred to as the '''Manse Demonstrations''' ({{korean|hangul=만세운동|hanja={{linktext|萬歲|運動}}|rr=Manse Undong}}). |
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The '''June Tenth Movement''' ({{Korean|hangul=6·10만세운동|hanja=六十萬歲運動}}) was a 1926 [[student protest]] primarily held in [[Keijō]] ([[Seoul]]), Korea against [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial rule]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=김 |first=호일 |title=6·10만세운동 (六十萬歲運動) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0042124 |access-date=2024-06-22 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
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The [[March 1st movement]] was a big step forward for Korean independence. Japan had largely suppressed the independence movement and it had largely gone unnoticed by world powers. Throughout the early 1920's, the Korean provincial government in Shanghai had problems with infighting. In 1921, the Korean government was unable to secure funds from Russia, and in 1925 [[Syngman Rhee]] (이승만) was voted out of the government. These two incidents lead to even more instability and division among an already fractured and dysfunctional government. |
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By 1922 things had become even more desperate for Korea than before. However, during these years that Korea had struggles outside of Korea, inside of Korea there was increased excitement fervor for political movements but the excitement was largely suppressed during the Japanese cultural rule period. |
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== Background == |
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From 1910 to 1945, Korea was a colony of the [[Empire of Japan]]. In 1919, the [[March First Movement]] peaceful protests caused a spike in the [[Korean independence movement]], particularly amongst the [[Korean diaspora]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Baik |first=Youngseo |date=2021-11-01 |title=The 1919 Independence Movement in Korea and Interconnected East Asia: The Incremental Unfolding of a Revolution |url=https://apjjf.org/2021/21/baik |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="EncyKorea Movement">{{Citation |last=김 |first=진봉 |title=3·1운동 (三一運動) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0026772 |access-date=2024-04-29 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> However, by 1926, the independence movement had encountered a lull.<ref name=":0" /> Japan quelled international pressure to reform (in part via its {{Ill|Cultural rule|lt=cultural rule|ja|文化政治|ko|문화 통치}} policies),<ref name="EncyKorea Movement" /> the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|Korean Provisional Government]] in Shanghai was encountering difficulties, and Korean militant resistance in [[Manchuria]] had peaked in 1921.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, the divisions between the political left and right in Korea intensified.<ref>{{Cite web |title=당시 정세 |trans-title=Situation at the time |url=http://www.610manse.or.kr/?page_id=5864 |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=6.10만세운동기념사업회 [June Tenth Movement Memorial Society]}}</ref> |
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On April 26, 1926, the former Emperor of Korea [[Sunjong of Korea|Sunjong]] died. As the March First Movement had occurred in the wake of the death of Sunjong's father [[Gojong of Korea|Gojong]], the Japanese military braced for a similar wave of protests. It gathered 7,000 soldiers in [[Keijō]] (Seoul), and anchored its fleet in [[Busan]] and [[Incheon]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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After the [[March 1st Movement]] of 1919, Korea had several national independence movements that were unplanned and unsuccessful. The 1920s were a time that the students began to have more of an influential role in these movements and in 1926, for the first time since 1919 there was another planned national independence movement. In 1919 [[Sunjong]] had only been king for 4 years when Japan took over with military rule, then on April 26th 1926, Sunjong died and all of Korea mourned. Japan remembered how much the March 1st movement had affected the country after [[Gojong of Korea|Gojong]] had died. The Japanese government did not want another national movement and so, after Sunjeong died, the Japanese began to more closely watch the Koreans for any talk of movement. In addition to the more strict monitoring of the Koreans, the Japanese government also stationed a total of over 7,000 troops in Gyeong-song, and also brought navy ships to the ports of [[Incheon]] and [[Pusan]]. |
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There were three different parts to the June 10th movement. The first part was centered on the socialist Gwon O-seol. Gwon O-seol printed a large sum of counterfeit Chinese money using a newspaper printer and the Japanese government discovered the printing press and destroyed it. The second part of the national independence movement was the highly educated university students. On the day of Sunjong’s death over 800 students from the Joseon Student Science Association gathered in [[Seoul]] under the guise of a student picnic and decided to use the death of Sunjong for a reason to have an independence movement, just like the March 1st movement had used the death of King Kojong. Three weeks later at a Korean university in Seoul, about 400 student met at finalized the decision to have the public protest on the same day as King Sunjong’s funeral. The leaders were chosen and the preparation details were sorted out. The final preparations went smoothly despite the threat of being discovered by the Japanese who were, as time grew closer to the day of the funeral, becoming increasingly watchful. Flags, statements and flyers were made, and after 10,000 flyers were printed, all the students took them back to their respective schools and began dispersing them amongst the student population. The third and most surprising part of the June 10th movement was the participation of middle school students. A handful of middle school students, after hearing of the death of Sunjong, wanted to get involved and come and participated in the demonstrations. |
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After all the declarations had been dispersed to every student involved, the day of SunJong’s funeral came and at 8:30am 240,000 students including about 300 middle school students, lined the streets and paraded through downtown Seoul scattering the independence proclamations and shouting “ 10,000 years of independent Joseon! (조선독립만세)” Throughout the day many students joined the movement as it went to different areas of the city. |
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Regardless of the circumstances, Korean students planned protests for the beginning of Sunjong's public funeral: June 10. As Japanese attention was often focused on established independence activists, the activities of students possibly went less detected.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Since there was a movement similar to the March 1st movement, the military was deployed to suppress the protestors. 210 students were caught in Seoul and 1000 total students were detained in protests around the country. Most of the students were shortly released, however 106 students were investigated and 53 were imprisoned. Later that month on June 25th, seven students were prosecuted and sent to trial for the illegal production and distribution of documents. The seven students were sentenced to various prison terms ranging from one to three years. |
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Various student groups planned and prepared their own protests for the day.<ref name=":0" /> This includes students of predecessors to the modern [[Yonsei University]] and [[Korea University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title="대한민국 만세 소리 다시 일어나니"…6·10만세운동 기념식 |url=https://www.korea.kr/news/policyNewsView.do?newsId=148916123 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.korea.kr |language=ko}}</ref> For example, on June 8, a number of Koreans prepared flags and declarations of independence from Japan. They then had 10,000 copies of their declarations printed via a printing press normally used for the newspaper ''{{Ill|Shidae Ilbo|ko|시대일보 (1924년)}}''.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Significance== |
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The June 10th movement of 1926 was the first street demonstration for national independence that had been solely planned and carried out by students. The movement of June 10th unified the students and created a fraternity that would continue to plan and carry out anti-Japanese movements. The 1926 movement revived the independence movement in Korea that had grown stagnant, and help inspire and sustain the sentiment for until the next movement in [[Gwangju Student Independence Movement|1929 in Gwangju]].<ref>http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=539905&cid=1593&categoryId=1593</ref> |
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== |
== Description == |
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On June 10, 1926, Sunjong's funeral procession began marching in Seoul, from the former palace [[Changdeokgung]] to the tomb [[Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty#Hongyureung (홍유릉)|Hongneung]]. Around 8:30 am, as the procession passed by [[Dansungsa]], around 300 high school students began shouting "long live Korean independence!" ({{Korean|hangul=조선독립만세|labels=no}}) and handing out fliers. At various points during day, more student groups held similar protests.<ref name=":0" /> |
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*[[List of Korea-related topics]] |
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*[[History of Korea]] |
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*[[Korea under Japanese rule|Colonial Korea]] |
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*[[Provisional Government of Korea]] |
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Crowds joined in the protests, but the heavy Japanese police presence lead to quick suppression. During the protests, around 210 students were arrested in Seoul, and 1,000 total were arrested around the peninsula. Around 53 ended up imprisoned.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Sources== |
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The protest was mostly limited to Seoul, although news of it spread around Korea. Students around the peninsula, including in [[Chongju]], [[Ulsan]], [[Gunsan]], [[Pyongyang]], [[Gongju]], [[Jeonju]], and more are attested to staying home from school in solidarity with the protestors in Seoul.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Arrests continued through June and into July.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=임 |first=경석 |date=December 4, 2023 |title=‘6·10만세’ 학생이 했다? 일제의 취조 편의주의 결과 |url=https://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/54756.html |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=한겨레21}}</ref> |
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In Shanghai, the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) monitored the progression of the protest. They invited {{Ill|Kim Dan-ya|ko|김단야}}, a participant in the protests, to speak in front of around 150 people in Shanghai.<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Legacy == |
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The movement was followed by the 1929 [[Gwangju Student Independence Movement]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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On December 8, 2020, the anniversary of the movement was declared a national memorial day in South Korea.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2023, a memorial was held at the location of Sunjong's funeral home, which is now the location of {{Ill|Hullyeonwon Park|ko|훈련원공원}}.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.610manse.or.kr/ Website for a memorial society for the movement] (in Korean) |
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[[Category:Korean independence movement]] |
[[Category:Korean independence movement]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1926 in Korea]] |
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[[Category:20th century in Korea]] |
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[[Category:Protests in Korea]] |
[[Category:Protests in Korea]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:10, 27 June 2024
| June Tenth Movement | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Korean independence movement | |||
 A Japanese soldier on horseback during the protest (1926) | |||
| Date | June 10, 1926 | ||
| Location | Mainly Keijō, also student strikes around Korea | ||
| Caused by | the death of Sunjong of Korea and inspiration from the March First Movement | ||
| Goals |
| ||
| Methods | Nonviolent resistance | ||
| Resulted in | Suppression | ||
| Parties | |||
| Number | |||
| |||
| Casualties | |||
| Arrested | Around 200 | ||
The June Tenth Movement (Korean: 6·10만세운동; Hanja: 六十萬歲運動) was a 1926 student protest primarily held in Keijō (Seoul), Korea against Japanese colonial rule.[1]
Background
[edit]From 1910 to 1945, Korea was a colony of the Empire of Japan. In 1919, the March First Movement peaceful protests caused a spike in the Korean independence movement, particularly amongst the Korean diaspora.[2][3] However, by 1926, the independence movement had encountered a lull.[1] Japan quelled international pressure to reform (in part via its cultural rule policies),[3] the Korean Provisional Government in Shanghai was encountering difficulties, and Korean militant resistance in Manchuria had peaked in 1921.[1] Furthermore, the divisions between the political left and right in Korea intensified.[4]
On April 26, 1926, the former Emperor of Korea Sunjong died. As the March First Movement had occurred in the wake of the death of Sunjong's father Gojong, the Japanese military braced for a similar wave of protests. It gathered 7,000 soldiers in Keijō (Seoul), and anchored its fleet in Busan and Incheon.[1]
Regardless of the circumstances, Korean students planned protests for the beginning of Sunjong's public funeral: June 10. As Japanese attention was often focused on established independence activists, the activities of students possibly went less detected.[1]
Various student groups planned and prepared their own protests for the day.[1] This includes students of predecessors to the modern Yonsei University and Korea University.[5] For example, on June 8, a number of Koreans prepared flags and declarations of independence from Japan. They then had 10,000 copies of their declarations printed via a printing press normally used for the newspaper Shidae Ilbo.[1]
Description
[edit]On June 10, 1926, Sunjong's funeral procession began marching in Seoul, from the former palace Changdeokgung to the tomb Hongneung. Around 8:30 am, as the procession passed by Dansungsa, around 300 high school students began shouting "long live Korean independence!" (조선독립만세) and handing out fliers. At various points during day, more student groups held similar protests.[1]
Crowds joined in the protests, but the heavy Japanese police presence lead to quick suppression. During the protests, around 210 students were arrested in Seoul, and 1,000 total were arrested around the peninsula. Around 53 ended up imprisoned.[1]
The protest was mostly limited to Seoul, although news of it spread around Korea. Students around the peninsula, including in Chongju, Ulsan, Gunsan, Pyongyang, Gongju, Jeonju, and more are attested to staying home from school in solidarity with the protestors in Seoul.[1]
Aftermath
[edit]Arrests continued through June and into July.[6]
In Shanghai, the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) monitored the progression of the protest. They invited Kim Dan-ya, a participant in the protests, to speak in front of around 150 people in Shanghai.[6]
Legacy
[edit]The movement was followed by the 1929 Gwangju Student Independence Movement.[5]
On December 8, 2020, the anniversary of the movement was declared a national memorial day in South Korea.[5][1] In 2023, a memorial was held at the location of Sunjong's funeral home, which is now the location of Hullyeonwon Park.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k 김, 호일, "6·10만세운동 (六十萬歲運動)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-06-22
- ^ Baik, Youngseo (2021-11-01). "The 1919 Independence Movement in Korea and Interconnected East Asia: The Incremental Unfolding of a Revolution". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
- ^ a b 김, 진봉, "3·1운동 (三一運動)", Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-04-29
- ^ "당시 정세" [Situation at the time]. 6.10만세운동기념사업회 [June Tenth Movement Memorial Society]. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c d ""대한민국 만세 소리 다시 일어나니"…6·10만세운동 기념식". www.korea.kr (in Korean). 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ a b 임, 경석 (December 4, 2023). "'6·10만세' 학생이 했다? 일제의 취조 편의주의 결과". 한겨레21. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
External links
[edit]- Website for a memorial society for the movement (in Korean)