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{{short description|Extinct species of bird}}
{{Short description|Extinct species of bird}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{split|Chendytes|Chendytes lawi|date=October 2020}}
{{speciesbox
| name = ''Chendytes''
| name = ''Chendytes''
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Late Pleistocene|0.0025}}
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Pleistocene|Holocene}}
| image = Chendytes lawi.jpg
| image = Chendytes lawi.jpg
| image_caption = ''Chendytes lawi''
| image_caption = ''Chendytes lawi''
| genus = Chendytes
| taxon = Chendytes
| parent_authority = [[Loye Miller|Miller]], 1925
| authority = [[Loye Miller|Miller]], 1925
| species = lawi
| type_species = †'''''Chendytes lawi'''''
| authority = [[Loye Miller|Miller]], 1925<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1362992|author=Miller, Loye H.|year=1925|title=''Chendytes'', a Diving Goose from the California Pleistocene|journal=Condor|volume=27|issue=4|pages=145–147|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v027n04/p0145-p0147.pdf|jstor=1362992}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = [[Loye Miller|Miller]], 1925<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1362992|author=Miller, Loye H.|year=1925|title=''Chendytes'', a Diving Goose from the California Pleistocene|journal=Condor|volume=27|issue=4|pages=145–147|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v027n04/p0145-p0147.pdf|jstor=1362992}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Other species
| subdivision =
†'''''Chendytes milleri''''' <small>[[Hildegarde Howard|Howard]], 1955</small><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=Hildegarde|date=1955|title=New Records and a New Species of Chendytes, an Extinct Genus of Diving Geese|url=https://sora.unm.edu/node/100701|journal=Condor|volume=57|issue=3 (May–June)|pages=135–143|doi=10.2307/1364861|jstor=1364861}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Chendytes lawi''''' is an extinct, goose-sized flightless [[Mergini|seaduck]], once common on the [[California]] coast, the California [[Channel Islands (California)|Channel Islands]], and possibly southern [[Oregon]]. It lived in the [[Pleistocene]] and survived into the [[Holocene]]. It appears to have gone extinct at about 450–250&nbsp;BCE.<ref name="Jones">{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.0711140105|author=Jones, T.L.|date=2008|title=The protracted Holocene extinction of California's flightless sea duck (''Chendytes lawi'') and its implications for the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=105|issue=11|pages=4105–4108|pmid=18334640|pmc=2393816|display-authors=etal|url=http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=ssci_fac}}</ref>The youngest direct radiocarbon date from a ''Chendytes'' bone fragment dates to 770–400&nbsp;BCE and was found in an archeological site in [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]]. Its remains have been found in fossil deposits and in early coastal archeological sites. Archeological data from coastal California show a record of human exploitation of ''Chendytes lawi'' for at least 8,000 years.<ref name="Jones"/> It was probably driven to extinction by hunting, animal predation, and loss of habitat. Chendytes bones have been identified in archaeological assemblages from 14 coastal sites, including two on [[San Miguel Island (Philippines)|San Miguel]] Island and 12 in mainland localities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=T. L. Jones, J. F. Porcasi,J. M. Erlandson, H. Dallas, Jr, T. A. Wake and R. Schwaderer|date=2007|title="The protracted Holocene extinction of California's flightless sea duck (Chendytes lawi) and its implications for the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis"|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/105/11/4105.full.pdf.|journal=Department of Social Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA|via=Science citation index}}</ref> Hundreds of Chendytes bones and egg shells found in Pleistocene deposits on San Miguel Island have been interpreted as evidence that some of these island fossil localities were nesting colonies, one of which Guthrie dated to �12,000 14C years (�13,500–13,000 calendar years B.P.). <ref>{{Cite journal|last=T. L. Jones, J. F. Porcasi,J. M. Erlandson, H. Dallas, Jr, T. A. Wake and R. Schwaderer|date=2007|title="The protracted Holocene extinction of California's flightless sea duck (Chendytes lawi) and its implications for the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/105/11/4105.full.pdf.|journal=Department of Social Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA|via=Science citation index}}</ref>There is nothing in the North American archaeological record indicating a span of exploitation for any megafaunal genus remotely as long as that of ''Chendytes''.<ref name="Jones"/>
'''''Chendytes lawi''''' is an extinct, goose-sized flightless marine [[duck]], once common on the [[California]] coast, the California [[Channel Islands (California)|Channel Islands]], and possibly southern [[Oregon]]. It lived in the [[Pleistocene]] and survived into the [[Holocene]]. It appears to have gone extinct at about 450–250&nbsp;BCE.<ref name="Jones">{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.0711140105|author=Jones, T.L.|date=2008|title=The protracted Holocene extinction of California's flightless sea duck (''Chendytes lawi'') and its implications for the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=105|issue=11|pages=4105–4108|pmid=18334640|pmc=2393816|display-authors=etal|url=http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=ssci_fac|doi-access=free}}</ref> The youngest direct radiocarbon date from a ''Chendytes'' bone fragment dates to 770–400&nbsp;BCE and was found in an archeological site in [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]]. Its remains have been found in fossil deposits and in early coastal archeological sites. Archeological data from coastal California show a record of human exploitation of ''Chendytes lawi'' for at least 8,000 years.<ref name="Jones"/> It was probably driven to extinction by hunting, animal predation, and loss of habitat. ''Chendytes'' bones have been identified in archaeological assemblages from 14 coastal sites, including two on [[San Miguel Island]] and 12 in mainland localities.<ref name="Jones"/> Hundreds of ''Chendytes'' bones and egg shells found in Pleistocene deposits on San Miguel Island have been interpreted as evidence that some of these island fossil localities were nesting colonies, one of which Guthrie dated to about 12,000 14C years (about 13,500–13,000 calibrated years B.P.).<ref name="Jones"/> There is nothing in the North American archaeological record indicating a span of exploitation for any megafaunal genus remotely as long as that of ''Chendytes''.<ref name="Jones"/>


[[File:Chendytes lawi 5.jpg|thumb|left|Fossil]]
Although originally thought to be a seaduck in the tribe Mergini, analysis of ancient DNA sequences suggests that it is a basal member and a sister to the clade of extant [[Anatinae|dabbling duck]]s in the tribe Anatini,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Buckner|first1=Janet C.|last2=Ellingson|first2=Ryan|last3=Gold|first3=David A.|last4=Jones|first4=Terry L.|last5=Jacobs|first5=David K.|date=2018|title=Mitogenomics supports an unexpected taxonomic relationship for the extinct diving duck Chendytes lawi and definitively places the extinct Labrador Duck|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=122|pages=102–109|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.008|pmid=29247849|issn=1055-7903|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/83878/1/1-s2.0-S1055790317304621-main.pdf}}</ref> revealing an additional example of convergent evolution of characters related to feeding behavior among ducks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buckner, J.C., Ellingson, R., Gold, D.A., Jones, T.L., Jacobs, D.K|date=2017|title="Mitogenomics supports an unexpected taxonomic relationship for the extinct diving duck Chendytes lawi and definitively places the extinct Labrador Duck"|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/83878/1/1-s2.0-S1055790317304621-main.pdf.|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=122|pages=102–109|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.008|pmid=29247849|via=Science citation index}}</ref>
Although originally thought to be a [[seaduck]] in the tribe Mergini, analysis of ancient DNA sequences suggests that it is a basal member and a sister to the clade of extant [[Anatinae|dabbling duck]]s in the tribe Anatini, revealing an additional example of convergent evolution of characters related to feeding behavior among ducks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Buckner|first1=Janet C.|last2=Ellingson|first2=Ryan|last3=Gold|first3=David A.|last4=Jones|first4=Terry L.|last5=Jacobs|first5=David K.|date=2018|title=Mitogenomics supports an unexpected taxonomic relationship for the extinct diving duck ''Chendytes lawi'' and definitively places the extinct Labrador Duck|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=122|pages=102–109|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.008|pmid=29247849|issn=1055-7903|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/83878/1/1-s2.0-S1055790317304621-main.pdf}}</ref> It may also have borne a convergent resemblance to the [[steamer ducks]] of the genus ''Tachyeres''.


Head and beak morphology suggest C. lawi was an [[invertivore]]. Based on the large, robust morphology of the cervical vertebrae, skull, and bill, The C. lawi specialized on sessile invertebrates and the species likely possessed “a remarkable ability to wrench off invertebrate animals attached to hard substrate”.<ref name=":0" />
Head and beak morphology suggest ''C. lawi'' ate [[invertebrates]]. Based on the large, robust morphology of the cervical vertebrae, skull, and bill, ''C. lawi'' specialized on sessile invertebrates and the species likely possessed "a remarkable ability to wrench off invertebrate animals attached to hard substrate".<ref name=":0" />

''Chendytes milleri'' is an extinct species of ''Chendytes'' from the [[Early Pleistocene]]. Its remains have been found on [[San Nicolas Island]] in the Channel Islands. ''C. milleri'' was named in honor of [[Paleontology|paleontologist]] [[Loye H. Miller]], who first described the genus ''Chendytes''. ''C. milleri'' is smaller than ''C. lawi'' and the wings of ''C. milleri'' had not degenerated as much as those of ''C. lawi''.<ref name=":0" />


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1925]]
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Latest revision as of 00:49, 22 June 2024

Chendytes
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene–Holocene
↓
Chendytes lawi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Genus: †Chendytes
Miller, 1925
Type species
†Chendytes lawi
Miller, 1925[2]
Other species

†Chendytes milleri Howard, 1955[1]

Chendytes lawi is an extinct, goose-sized flightless marine duck, once common on the California coast, the California Channel Islands, and possibly southern Oregon. It lived in the Pleistocene and survived into the Holocene. It appears to have gone extinct at about 450–250 BCE.[3] The youngest direct radiocarbon date from a Chendytes bone fragment dates to 770–400 BCE and was found in an archeological site in Ventura County. Its remains have been found in fossil deposits and in early coastal archeological sites. Archeological data from coastal California show a record of human exploitation of Chendytes lawi for at least 8,000 years.[3] It was probably driven to extinction by hunting, animal predation, and loss of habitat. Chendytes bones have been identified in archaeological assemblages from 14 coastal sites, including two on San Miguel Island and 12 in mainland localities.[3] Hundreds of Chendytes bones and egg shells found in Pleistocene deposits on San Miguel Island have been interpreted as evidence that some of these island fossil localities were nesting colonies, one of which Guthrie dated to about 12,000 14C years (about 13,500–13,000 calibrated years B.P.).[3] There is nothing in the North American archaeological record indicating a span of exploitation for any megafaunal genus remotely as long as that of Chendytes.[3]

Fossil

Although originally thought to be a seaduck in the tribe Mergini, analysis of ancient DNA sequences suggests that it is a basal member and a sister to the clade of extant dabbling ducks in the tribe Anatini, revealing an additional example of convergent evolution of characters related to feeding behavior among ducks.[4] It may also have borne a convergent resemblance to the steamer ducks of the genus Tachyeres.

Head and beak morphology suggest C. lawi ate invertebrates. Based on the large, robust morphology of the cervical vertebrae, skull, and bill, C. lawi specialized on sessile invertebrates and the species likely possessed "a remarkable ability to wrench off invertebrate animals attached to hard substrate".[4]

Chendytes milleri is an extinct species of Chendytes from the Early Pleistocene. Its remains have been found on San Nicolas Island in the Channel Islands. C. milleri was named in honor of paleontologist Loye H. Miller, who first described the genus Chendytes. C. milleri is smaller than C. lawi and the wings of C. milleri had not degenerated as much as those of C. lawi.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Howard, Hildegarde (1955). "New Records and a New Species of Chendytes, an Extinct Genus of Diving Geese". Condor. 57 (3 (May–June)): 135–143. doi:10.2307/1364861. JSTOR 1364861.
  2. ^ Miller, Loye H. (1925). "Chendytes, a Diving Goose from the California Pleistocene" (PDF). Condor. 27 (4): 145–147. doi:10.2307/1362992. JSTOR 1362992.
  3. ^ a b c d e Jones, T.L.; et al. (2008). "The protracted Holocene extinction of California's flightless sea duck (Chendytes lawi) and its implications for the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (11): 4105–4108. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711140105. PMC 2393816. PMID 18334640.
  4. ^ a b c Buckner, Janet C.; Ellingson, Ryan; Gold, David A.; Jones, Terry L.; Jacobs, David K. (2018). "Mitogenomics supports an unexpected taxonomic relationship for the extinct diving duck Chendytes lawi and definitively places the extinct Labrador Duck" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 122: 102–109. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.008. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 29247849.
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