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{{short description|American oncologist}}
{{Short description|American oncologist (1927–2021)}}
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|3|16}}
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| birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois]]
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], Illinois, US
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|02|01|1927|3|16}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|02|01|1927|3|16}}
| death_place = [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
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'''Emil J. Freireich''' (March 16, 1927 – February 1, 2021)<ref name="nih.gov">{{cite web|title=Interview with Emil J. Freireich|url=https://history.nih.gov/archives/downloads/freireich.pdf|date=June 19, 1997|accessdate=February 3, 2021|work=NCI Oral History Project|publisher=National Cancer Institute|location=Bethesda, Maryland|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107124840/https://history.nih.gov/archives/downloads/freireich.pdf|archivedate=January 7, 2020}}</ref> was an American cancer biologist. He was recognized as a pioneer in the treatment of cancer and use of chemotherapy.
'''Emil J. Freireich''' (March 16, 1927 – February 1, 2021)<ref name="nih.gov">{{cite web|title=Interview with Emil J. Freireich|url=https://history.nih.gov/archives/downloads/freireich.pdf|date=June 19, 1997|access-date=February 3, 2021|work=NCI Oral History Project|publisher=National Cancer Institute|location=Bethesda, Maryland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107124840/https://history.nih.gov/archives/downloads/freireich.pdf|archive-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref> was an American hematologist, oncologist, and cancer biologist. He was recognized as a pioneer in the treatment of cancer and use of chemotherapy and is often known as the father of modern leukemia therapy.<ref name="onclive">{{Cite web|title=Pediatric Leukemia Pioneer Emil J. Freireich Dies at 93|url=https://www.onclive.com/view/pediatric-leukemia-pioneer-emil-j-freireich-dies-at-93|access-date=2021-02-04|website=OncLive|date=February 2, 2021 }}</ref>


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Freireich was born in Chicago on March 16, 1927. His parents, Mary (Klein) and David Freireich, immigrated to the United States from Hungary.<ref name="ascopost">https://ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2015/a-lasting-legacy/</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7g1LAQAAIAAJ&q=Emil+Freireich+%22DAVID%22+%22MARY%22+klein&dq=Emil+Freireich+%22DAVID%22+%22MARY%22+klein&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ4ue7vMzuAhVPnOAKHWpFBOYQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ]</ref> He grew up in poverty during the [[Great Depression]].<ref>[https://mdanderson.libguides.com/FreireichEJ Freireich (Emil J ), M.D., Oral History Interview: Home]</ref> His father died when he was two years old, and his mother worked in a factory to support Emil and his older sister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2015/a-lasting-legacy/|title=A Lasting Legacy – The ASCO Post|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> After winning a science fair, a teacher recommended that he consider going to college. He attended the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] at the age of 16 with the help of donations from neighbors, and later from scholarships. He was medically excused from being drafted into [[World War II]] because of a broken leg. He earned his M.D. from the [[University of Illinois College of Medicine]] in 1949.<ref name="MDACC bio"/> After graduation from medical school, he did an internship at [[Cook County Hospital]]. However, he was fired due to a dispute with administrators, after he attempted to treat a patient with heart failure who had been transferred to the hospital's "death room" and left for dead.<ref name=Printz>{{cite journal|last=Printz|first=Carrie|year=2016|title=First person profile: Emil J. Freireich, MD|journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]]|volume=126|number=7|pages=1373–1374|doi=10.1002/cncr.32812 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32163608/|access-date=February 3, 2020}}</ref> As a result, he moved to [[Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago]] where he studied internal medicine under [[Howard Armstrong (physician)|Howard Armstrong]]. He subsequently studied hematology under [[Joe Ross (physician)|Joe Ross]] at [[Mass Memorial Hospital]] in Boston,<ref name="nih.gov"/> and published a study on [[anemia]] during his time there.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> It was there that he also met his wife, Haroldine Cunningham, who worked as a nurse at the hospital.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> He moved to the [[National Institutes of Health]] in 1955 to avoid being drafted into the army as a physician by joining the [[Public Health Service]].<ref name="nih.gov"/> One decade later, he joined the [[University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center]] in Houston, together with [[Emil Frei]], his friend and co-worker at the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI). They were tasked with creating a chemotherapy program.<ref name="houstonchronicle.com"/>
Freireich was born in Chicago on March 16, 1927. His Jewish parents, Mary (Klein) and David Freireich, immigrated to the United States from Hungary.<ref name="ascopost">{{Cite web|url=https://ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2015/a-lasting-legacy/|title=A Lasting Legacy - the ASCO Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7g1LAQAAIAAJ&q=Emil+Freireich+%22DAVID%22+%22MARY%22+klein|title = Who's who in Science and Engineering|year = 2008|isbn = 9780837957685 | last1=Marquis | first1=Who's Who | last2=Who | first2=Marquis Who's | publisher=Marquis Who's Who }}</ref> He grew up in poverty during the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mdanderson.libguides.com/FreireichEJ |title=Freireich (Emil J ), M.D., Oral History Interview: Home |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213162742/https://mdanderson.libguides.com/FreireichEJ |url-status=dead }}</ref> His father died when he was two years old, and his mother worked in a factory to support Emil and his elder sister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2015/a-lasting-legacy/|title=A Lasting Legacy – The ASCO Post|access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> After winning a science fair, a teacher recommended that he consider going to college. He attended the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] at the age of 16 with the help of donations from neighbors, and later from scholarships. He was medically excused from being drafted into [[World War II]] because of a broken leg. He earned his M.D. from the [[University of Illinois College of Medicine]] in 1949.<ref name="MDACC bio"/> After graduation from medical school, he did an internship at [[Cook County Hospital]]. However, he was fired due to a dispute with the administrators, after he attempted to treat a patient with heart failure who had been transferred to the hospital's "death room" and left for dead.<ref name=Printz>{{cite journal|last=Printz|first=Carrie|year=2016|title=First person profile: Emil J. Freireich, MD|journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]]|volume=126|number=7|pages=1373–1374|doi=10.1002/cncr.32812 |pmid=32163608|s2cid=212690033|doi-access=free}}</ref> As a result, he moved to [[Rush University Medical Center#History|Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago]] where he studied internal medicine under [[Howard Armstrong (physician)|Howard Armstrong]]. He subsequently studied hematology under [[Joe Ross (physician)|Joe Ross]] at [[UMass Memorial Health Care|Mass Memorial Hospital]] in Boston,<ref name="nih.gov"/> and published a study on [[anemia]] during his time there.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> It was there that he also met his wife, Haroldine Cunningham, who worked as a nurse at the hospital.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> He moved to the [[National Institutes of Health]] in 1955 to avoid being drafted into the army as a physician by joining the [[Public Health Service]].<ref name="nih.gov"/> One decade later, he joined the [[University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center]] in Houston, together with [[Emil Frei]], his friend and co-worker at the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI). They were tasked with creating a chemotherapy program.<ref name="houstonchronicle.com"/>


== Combination chemotherapy ==
== Combination chemotherapy ==
In 1965, Freireich, Frei, and [[James F. Holland]] hypothesized that cancer could best be treated by combinations of drugs, each with a different mechanism of action. Cancer cells could conceivably mutate to become resistant to a single agent, but by using different drugs concurrently it would be more difficult for the tumor to develop resistance to the combination. After many experimental challenges, Holland, Freireich, and Frei simultaneously administered [[methotrexate]], [[vincristine]], [[6-mercaptopurine]] (6-MP) and [[prednisone]], together referred to as the [[VAMP regimen]], and induced long-term remissions in children with [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (ALL).<ref name="houstonchronicle.com"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Emperor of All Maladies|last=Mukherjee|first=Siddhartha|publisher=Scribbler|year=2011|location=NY|pages=139–142}}</ref> With incremental refinements of original regimens, using randomized clinical studies by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the Medical Research Council in the UK (UKALL protocols) and German Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster clinical trials group (ALL-BFM protocols), ALL in children has become a largely curable disease.
In 1965, Freireich, Frei, and [[James F. Holland]] hypothesized that cancer could best be treated by combinations of drugs, each with a different mechanism of action. Cancer cells could conceivably mutate to become resistant to a single agent, but by using different drugs concurrently it would be more difficult for the tumor to develop resistance to the combination. After many experimental challenges, Holland, Freireich, and Frei simultaneously administered [[methotrexate]], [[vincristine]], [[6-mercaptopurine]] (6-MP) and [[prednisone]], together referred to as the [[VAMP regimen]], and induced long-term remissions in children with [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] (ALL).<ref name="houstonchronicle.com"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Emperor of All Maladies|last=Mukherjee|first=Siddhartha|publisher=Scribbler|year=2011|location=NY|pages=139–142}}</ref> With incremental refinements of original regimens, using randomized clinical studies by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the Medical Research Council in the UK (UKALL protocols) and German Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster clinical trials group (ALL-BFM protocols), ALL in children has become a largely curable disease.
This approach was extended to the lymphomas in 1963 by physicians at the NCI, who ultimately proved that nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone, known as the [[MOPP regimen]], could cure patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Currently, nearly all successful cancer chemotherapy regimens use this paradigm of multiple drugs given simultaneously, called [[combination chemotherapy]] or polychemotherapy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Combination chemotherapy for lymphoma and acute leukemia|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/combination-chemotherapy-for-lymphoma-and-acute-leukemia/#_|date=|accessdate=February 2, 2021|publisher=Lasker Foundation}}</ref>
This approach was extended to the lymphomas in 1963 by physicians at the NCI, who ultimately proved that nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone, known as the [[MOPP regimen]], could cure patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Currently, nearly all successful cancer chemotherapy regimens use this paradigm of multiple drugs given simultaneously, called [[combination chemotherapy]] or polychemotherapy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Combination chemotherapy for lymphoma and acute leukemia|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/combination-chemotherapy-for-lymphoma-and-acute-leukemia/#_|date=|access-date=February 2, 2021|publisher=Lasker Foundation}}</ref>


Freireich stated that he was unfazed by the criticism he initially received for attempting this pioneering method of treatment.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> He led the Center's Leukemia Research Program during the 1980’s and 1990’s.<ref name="MDACC bio"/> He made contributions to over 600 scientific papers and over 100 books.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/><ref name=Rodriguez/> The Center established the Emil J. Freireich Award for Excellence in Education to honor his efforts of setting up graduate teaching programs to promote research.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> It gives recognition to "members of the teaching faculty for excellence in education contributions".<ref name=Rodriguez/>
Freireich stated that he was unfazed by the criticism he initially received for attempting this pioneering method of treatment.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> He led the Center's Leukemia Research Program during the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="MDACC bio"/> He made contributions to over 600 scientific papers and over 100 books.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/><ref name=Rodriguez/> The Center established the Emil J. Freireich Award for Excellence in Education to honor his efforts of setting up graduate teaching programs to promote research.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> It gives recognition to "members of the teaching faculty for excellence in education contributions".<ref name=Rodriguez/>


==Later life==
==Later life and death==
Freireich was honored as a Fellow of the [[American Association for Cancer Research]] in 2014.<ref name="MDACC bio"/> He was employed as the Ruth Harriet Ainsworth Chair, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Director of Adult Leukemia Research Program, and Director of Special Medical Education Programs, at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.<ref name="houstonchronicle.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/health/article/Legendary-oncologist-returns-to-the-limelight-6164234.php|title=Legendary oncologist returns to the limelight|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>
Freireich was profiled in [[Malcolm Gladwell]]'s 2013 book, ''[[David and Goliath (book)|David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants]].''<ref name=":0" /> He was honored as a Fellow of the [[American Association for Cancer Research]] in 2014.<ref name="MDACC bio" /> He was employed as the Ruth Harriet Ainsworth Chair, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Director of Adult Leukemia Research Program, and Director of Special Medical Education Programs, at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.<ref name="houstonchronicle.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/health/article/Legendary-oncologist-returns-to-the-limelight-6164234.php|title=Legendary oncologist returns to the limelight|date=March 29, 2015|access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref>


Freireich retired in September 2015, after working at the MD Anderson Cancer Center for 50 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=The man who cured childhood leukemia|url=https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/annual-report/annual-report-2015/the-man-who-helped-cure-childhood-leukemia.html|first=Ronda|last=Wendler|year=2015|accessdate=February 2, 2021|publisher=MD Anderson Cancer Center|location=Houston}}</ref> Nonetheless, he kept on teaching on a part-time basis until the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Texas|COVID-19 pandemic]]. He went on to participate virtually on the center’s key meetings<ref name="Chronicle obit">{{cite web|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Trailblazing-Houston-oncologist-Dr-Emil-15917718.php|title=Trailblazing Houston oncologist Dr. Emil Freireich dies at 93|first=Anna|last=Bauman|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2 February 2021|access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> He died on February 1, 2021, at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.<ref name=Rodriguez>{{cite news|title=Leukemia: Dr. Emil Freireich, 'giant of modern medicine', dies at 93|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/02/02/leukemia-dr-emil-freireich-giant-modern-medicine-dies-93/4353806001/|first=Adrianna|last=Rodriguez|date=February 2, 2021|access-date=February 2, 2021|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> He was 93; no cause of death was announced.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/>
Freireich retired in September 2015, after working at the MD Anderson Cancer Center for 50 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=The man who cured childhood leukemia|url=https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/annual-report/annual-report-2015/the-man-who-helped-cure-childhood-leukemia.html|first=Ronda|last=Wendler|year=2015|access-date=February 2, 2021|publisher=MD Anderson Cancer Center|location=Houston}}</ref> Nonetheless, he kept on teaching on a part-time basis until the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Texas|COVID-19 pandemic]]. He went on to participate virtually on the center's key meetings.<ref name="Chronicle obit">{{cite web|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Trailblazing-Houston-oncologist-Dr-Emil-15917718.php|title=Trailblazing Houston oncologist Dr. Emil Freireich dies at 93|first=Anna|last=Bauman|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=February 2, 2021|access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>
Freireich died from COVID-19 at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in [[Houston]], on February 1, 2021. He was 93; and is survived by his wife, Haroldine, their four children, six grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren.<ref name="onclive"/><ref name="Rodriguez">{{cite news|title=Leukemia: Dr. Emil Freireich, 'giant of modern medicine', dies at 93|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/02/02/leukemia-dr-emil-freireich-giant-modern-medicine-dies-93/4353806001/|first=Adrianna|last=Rodriguez|date=February 2, 2021|access-date=February 2, 2021|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Houston doctor, known as father of modern Leukemia therapy, dies from COVID-19 at 93|url=https://abc7ny.com/houston-doctor-emil-j-freireich-dies-dr-of-covid-19-father-modern-leukemia-coronavirus-remember/10291971/|access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref>


==Selected awards==
==Selected awards==
Freireich was a recipient of numerous awards for his research, including:<ref name="MDACC bio">{{cite web|title=Emil J. Freireich|url=https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/emil_j_freireich.html|date=|accessdate=February 2, 2021|publisher=MD Anderson Cancer Center|location=Houston}}</ref>
Freireich was a recipient of numerous awards for his research, including:<ref name="MDACC bio">{{cite web|title=Emil J. Freireich|url=https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/emil_j_freireich.html|date=|access-date=February 2, 2021|publisher=MD Anderson Cancer Center|location=Houston|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204122333/https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/emil_j_freireich.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>


* 2008 Paul Ehrlich Magic-Bullet Lifetime Achievement Award
* 2008 Paul Ehrlich Magic-Bullet Lifetime Achievement Award
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* 1976 David A. Karnofsky Memorial Award and Lecture, [[American Society of Clinical Oncology|ASCO]]
* 1976 David A. Karnofsky Memorial Award and Lecture, [[American Society of Clinical Oncology|ASCO]]
* 1972 [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]]
* 1972 [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]]

<small>Source:<ref name="MDACC bio"/></small>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chicago]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chicago]]
[[Category:American oncologists]]
[[Category:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Cancer researchers]]
[[Category:American cancer researchers]]
[[Category:University of Illinois alumni]]
[[Category:University of Illinois alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:Fellows of the AACR Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the AACR Academy]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas]]

Latest revision as of 10:27, 7 April 2024

Emil J. Freireich
Born(1927-03-16)March 16, 1927
Chicago, Illinois, US
DiedFebruary 1, 2021(2021-02-01) (aged 93)
Houston, Texas, US
Alma mater
Known forcombination chemotherapy
Scientific career
FieldsOncology
Institutions

Emil J. Freireich (March 16, 1927 – February 1, 2021)[1] was an American hematologist, oncologist, and cancer biologist. He was recognized as a pioneer in the treatment of cancer and use of chemotherapy and is often known as the father of modern leukemia therapy.[2]

Early life

[edit]

Freireich was born in Chicago on March 16, 1927. His Jewish parents, Mary (Klein) and David Freireich, immigrated to the United States from Hungary.[3][4] He grew up in poverty during the Great Depression.[5] His father died when he was two years old, and his mother worked in a factory to support Emil and his elder sister.[6] After winning a science fair, a teacher recommended that he consider going to college. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign at the age of 16 with the help of donations from neighbors, and later from scholarships. He was medically excused from being drafted into World War II because of a broken leg. He earned his M.D. from the University of Illinois College of Medicine in 1949.[7] After graduation from medical school, he did an internship at Cook County Hospital. However, he was fired due to a dispute with the administrators, after he attempted to treat a patient with heart failure who had been transferred to the hospital's "death room" and left for dead.[8] As a result, he moved to Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago where he studied internal medicine under Howard Armstrong. He subsequently studied hematology under Joe Ross at Mass Memorial Hospital in Boston,[1] and published a study on anemia during his time there.[9] It was there that he also met his wife, Haroldine Cunningham, who worked as a nurse at the hospital.[9] He moved to the National Institutes of Health in 1955 to avoid being drafted into the army as a physician by joining the Public Health Service.[1] One decade later, he joined the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, together with Emil Frei, his friend and co-worker at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). They were tasked with creating a chemotherapy program.[10]

Combination chemotherapy

[edit]

In 1965, Freireich, Frei, and James F. Holland hypothesized that cancer could best be treated by combinations of drugs, each with a different mechanism of action. Cancer cells could conceivably mutate to become resistant to a single agent, but by using different drugs concurrently it would be more difficult for the tumor to develop resistance to the combination. After many experimental challenges, Holland, Freireich, and Frei simultaneously administered methotrexate, vincristine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and prednisone, together referred to as the VAMP regimen, and induced long-term remissions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).[10][11] With incremental refinements of original regimens, using randomized clinical studies by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the Medical Research Council in the UK (UKALL protocols) and German Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster clinical trials group (ALL-BFM protocols), ALL in children has become a largely curable disease. This approach was extended to the lymphomas in 1963 by physicians at the NCI, who ultimately proved that nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone, known as the MOPP regimen, could cure patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Currently, nearly all successful cancer chemotherapy regimens use this paradigm of multiple drugs given simultaneously, called combination chemotherapy or polychemotherapy.[12]

Freireich stated that he was unfazed by the criticism he initially received for attempting this pioneering method of treatment.[9] He led the Center's Leukemia Research Program during the 1980s and 1990s.[7] He made contributions to over 600 scientific papers and over 100 books.[9][13] The Center established the Emil J. Freireich Award for Excellence in Education to honor his efforts of setting up graduate teaching programs to promote research.[9] It gives recognition to "members of the teaching faculty for excellence in education contributions".[13]

Later life and death

[edit]

Freireich was profiled in Malcolm Gladwell's 2013 book, David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants.[14] He was honored as a Fellow of the American Association for Cancer Research in 2014.[7] He was employed as the Ruth Harriet Ainsworth Chair, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Director of Adult Leukemia Research Program, and Director of Special Medical Education Programs, at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.[10]

Freireich retired in September 2015, after working at the MD Anderson Cancer Center for 50 years.[15] Nonetheless, he kept on teaching on a part-time basis until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. He went on to participate virtually on the center's key meetings.[9]

Freireich died from COVID-19 at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, on February 1, 2021. He was 93; and is survived by his wife, Haroldine, their four children, six grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren.[2][13][14]

Selected awards

[edit]

Freireich was a recipient of numerous awards for his research, including:[7]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Interview with Emil J. Freireich" (PDF). NCI Oral History Project. Bethesda, Maryland: National Cancer Institute. June 19, 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Pediatric Leukemia Pioneer Emil J. Freireich Dies at 93". OncLive. February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  3. ^ "A Lasting Legacy - the ASCO Post".
  4. ^ Marquis, Who's Who; Who, Marquis Who's (2008). Who's who in Science and Engineering. Marquis Who's Who. ISBN 9780837957685.
  5. ^ "Freireich (Emil J ), M.D., Oral History Interview: Home". Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  6. ^ "A Lasting Legacy – The ASCO Post". Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d "Emil J. Freireich". Houston: MD Anderson Cancer Center. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  8. ^ Printz, Carrie (2016). "First person profile: Emil J. Freireich, MD". Cancer. 126 (7): 1373–1374. doi:10.1002/cncr.32812. PMID 32163608. S2CID 212690033.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Bauman, Anna (February 2, 2021). "Trailblazing Houston oncologist Dr. Emil Freireich dies at 93". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  10. ^ a b c "Legendary oncologist returns to the limelight". March 29, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  11. ^ Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011). The Emperor of All Maladies. NY: Scribbler. pp. 139–142.
  12. ^ "Combination chemotherapy for lymphoma and acute leukemia". Lasker Foundation. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c Rodriguez, Adrianna (February 2, 2021). "Leukemia: Dr. Emil Freireich, 'giant of modern medicine', dies at 93". USA Today. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  14. ^ a b "Houston doctor, known as father of modern Leukemia therapy, dies from COVID-19 at 93". Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  15. ^ Wendler, Ronda (2015). "The man who cured childhood leukemia". Houston: MD Anderson Cancer Center. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
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