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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{short description|Hungarian virtuoso concert pianist}}
{{short description|Hungarian virtuoso concert pianist (born 1951)}}
[[File:Deszo ranki now.jpg|thumb|Ránki at a concert.]]
{{Infobox person
'''Dezső Ránki''' (born 8 September 1951) is a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] virtuoso concert [[pianist]] with a broad repertoire and a significant discography of solo, duo and concerto works.
| name = Dezső Ránki
| image = File:Deszo ranki now.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 8 September 1951
| birth_place = [[Budapest]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Hungarians|Hungarian]]
| alma_mater = [[Franz Liszt Academy of Music]]
| occupation = pianist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Dezső Ránki''' (born 8 September 1951) is a [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] virtuoso concert pianist with a broad repertoire and a significant discography of solo, duo and concerto works.


==Life and career==
==Life and career==
Born in [[Budapest]],<ref name="BMC">{{cite web | title = Ránki Dezső | publisher = info.bmc.hu | accessdate=2010-01-25 | url = http://info.bmc.hu/site/muvesz/found_page.php?table=ZENESZ&id=652}}</ref> he began taking piano lessons at the [[Budapest Academy of Music]] at the age of eight. When he was thirteen, he enrolled at the [[Budapest Conservatory]] and from 1964 to 1969 was a pupil of Klára Máthé.<ref name="teldec">Biographical note in booklet accompanying Teldec CDs 9031-76139-2, 1992.</ref> Subsequently he studied from 1969 to 1973 at the [[Franz Liszt Academy of Music]], with his mentors [[Pál Kadosa]] and [[Ferenc Rados]].<ref name="teldec"/><ref name="BMC"/><ref name="LFK">{{cite web|title=Ránki Dezső |language=Hungarian |publisher=Liszt Ferenc Kamarazenekar (Liszt Ferenc Chamber Orchestra) |url=http://www.lfkz.hu/oldal.asp?id=76 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125133234/http://lfkz.hu/oldal.asp?id=76 |archivedate=January 25, 2008 }}</ref> Among his classmates were renowned pianists [[András Schiff]] and [[Zoltán Kocsis]]. With Kocsis he featured in two Hungarian documentaries, on the Budapest Symphony Orchestra tour of the USA 'Tizenhatezer Kilometer... A MRT Szimfonikus Zenekara Amerikaban' (1971), and 'Kocsis Zoltán es Ránki Dezső - Kettős Arckép' (1976) 'Kocsis Zoltán and Ránki Dezső – Double Portrait'.
Born in [[Budapest]],<ref name="BMC">{{cite web | title = Ránki Dezső | publisher = info.bmc.hu | accessdate=25 January 2010 | url = http://info.bmc.hu/site/muvesz/found_page.php?table=ZENESZ&id=652}}</ref> he began taking piano lessons at the [[Budapest Academy of Music]] at the age of eight. When he was thirteen, he enrolled at the [[Budapest Conservatory]] and from 1964 to 1969 was a pupil of Klára Máthé.<ref name="teldec">Biographical note in booklet accompanying Teldec CDs 9031-76139-2, 1992.</ref> Subsequently he studied from 1969 to 1973 at the [[Franz Liszt Academy of Music]], with his mentors [[Pál Kadosa]] and [[Ferenc Rados]].<ref name="teldec"/><ref name="BMC"/><ref name="LFK">{{cite web|title=Ránki Dezső |language=Hungarian |publisher=Liszt Ferenc Kamarazenekar (Liszt Ferenc Chamber Orchestra) |url=http://www.lfkz.hu/oldal.asp?id=76 |accessdate=25 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125133234/http://lfkz.hu/oldal.asp?id=76 |archivedate=25 January 2008 }}</ref> Among his classmates were renowned pianists [[András Schiff]] and [[Zoltán Kocsis]]. With Kocsis he featured in two Hungarian documentaries, on the Budapest Symphony Orchestra tour of the US 'Tizenhatezer Kilometer... A MRT Szimfonikus Zenekara Amerikaban' (1971), and 'Kocsis Zoltán es Ránki Dezső Kettős Arckép' (1976) 'Kocsis Zoltán and Ránki Dezső – Double Portrait'.


From the time Ránki won first prize at the International Schumann Competition in Zwickau,<ref name="aparis"/> he has had an international career performing in Europe, Scandinavia, the Soviet Union, the USA and Japan.<ref name="BMC"/> His repertoire ranges from the Classical period (Mozart, Beethoven), through the Romantics (Schumann, Brahms) to contemporary works (Kurtag).<ref name="teldec"/> He gave the premiere of the piano concerto (1984) of [[Zsolt Durkó]].<ref name="aparis">[[Alain Pâris]]. ''Dictionnaire des interprètes et de l'interpretation musicale au XX siècle.'' [[Éditions Robert Laffont]], Paris, 1995 (p793).</ref>
From the time Ránki won first prize at the [[Robert Schumann International Competition for Pianists and Singers | Robert Schumann International Competition]] in Zwickau,<ref name="aparis"/> he has had an international career performing in Europe, Scandinavia, the Soviet Union, the USA and Japan.<ref name="BMC"/> His repertoire ranges from the Classical period (Mozart, Beethoven), through the Romantics (Schumann, Brahms) to contemporary works (Kurtag).<ref name="teldec"/> He gave the premiere of the piano concerto (1984) of [[Zsolt Durkó]].<ref name="aparis">[[Alain Pâris]]. ''Dictionnaire des interprètes et de l'interpretation musicale au XX siècle.'' [[Éditions Robert Laffont]], Paris, 1995 (p. 793).</ref>


He has played with the [[Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[Concertgebouw]] (Amsterdam), the [[Orchestre National de France]] under such conductors as Sir [[Georg Solti]], [[Sándor Végh]], [[Lorin Maazel]], and [[Zubin Mehta]].<ref name="BMC"/><ref name="LFK"/><ref name="Emb">{{cite web | title = Dezső Ránki and Edit Klukon in London – The Christmas Concert hosted by the Hungarian Embassy and the Hungarian Cultural Centre | publisher = Embassy of the Republic of Hungary in London | url = http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kulkepviselet/UK/en/en_Hirek/081215_Ranki_Klukon.htm | accessdate = 2010-01-25}}</ref> He was awarded twice the [[Kossuth Prize]], the highest cultural award in Hungary.<ref name="BMC"/>
He has played with the [[Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], the [[Concertgebouw, Amsterdam|Concertgebouw]] (Amsterdam), the [[Orchestre National de France]] under such conductors as Sir [[Georg Solti]], [[Sándor Végh]], [[Lorin Maazel]], and [[Zubin Mehta]].<ref name="BMC"/><ref name="LFK"/><ref name="Emb">{{cite web | title = Dezső Ránki and Edit Klukon in London – The Christmas Concert hosted by the Hungarian Embassy and the Hungarian Cultural Centre | publisher = Embassy of the Republic of Hungary in London | url = http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kulkepviselet/UK/en/en_Hirek/081215_Ranki_Klukon.htm | accessdate = 25 January 2010 | archive-date = 17 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120917001127/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kulkepviselet/UK/en/en_Hirek/081215_Ranki_Klukon.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> He was awarded twice the [[Kossuth Prize]], the highest cultural award in Hungary.<ref name="BMC"/>


From 1985, Ránki frequently performs duet recitals with his wife Edit Klukon.<ref name="BMC"/><ref name="LFK"/><ref name="Emb"/> Together they have a son, Fülöp Ránki, who is also a skilled pianist.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.follejournee.fr/fr/artistes/f%C3%BCl%C3%B6p-r%C3%A1nki|archive-url = https://archive.today/20160502141058/http://www.follejournee.fr/fr/artistes/f%C3%BCl%C3%B6p-r%C3%A1nki|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2016-05-02|title = Fulop Ranki|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> He has been a professor at the Ferenc Liszt Academy in Budapest.<ref name="aparis"/>
From 1985, Ránki frequently performs duet recitals with his wife Edit Klukon.<ref name="BMC"/><ref name="LFK"/><ref name="Emb"/> Together they have a son, Fülöp Ránki, who is also a skilled pianist.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.follejournee.fr/fr/artistes/f%C3%BCl%C3%B6p-r%C3%A1nki|archive-url = https://archive.today/20160502141058/http://www.follejournee.fr/fr/artistes/f%C3%BCl%C3%B6p-r%C3%A1nki|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 May 2016|title = Fulop Ranki|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> He has been a professor at the Ferenc Liszt Academy in Budapest.<ref name="aparis"/>


==Discography==
==Discography==
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*Schumann : Piano Concerto in A minor Op. 54 (Hungaroton 1970)
*Schumann : Piano Concerto in A minor Op. 54 (Hungaroton 1970)
*Chopin : Etudes, Op. 10 / Nocturne In B Major, Op.9/3 / Ballade In F Major, Op. 38 / Ballade In G Minor, Op. 23 (Hungaroton 1971)
*Chopin : Etudes, Op. 10 / Nocturne In B Major, Op.9/3 / Ballade In F Major, Op. 38 / Ballade In G Minor, Op. 23 (Hungaroton 1971)
*Beethoven : Sonata No.8 C-Moll, Op. 13 'Pathétique' , Sonata No.24 In F Sharp Major, Op. 78 , Sonata No.21 In C Major, Op. 53 'Waldstein' (Hungaroton 1971)
*Beethoven : Sonata No.8 C-Moll, Op. 13 'Pathétique', Sonata No.24 In F Sharp Major, Op. 78, Sonata No.21 In C Major, Op. 53 'Waldstein' (Hungaroton 1971)
*Mozart : Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K448 / Ravel Ma Mère l'Oye / Brahms Variations on a Theme of Haydn, Op. 56b with Zoltan Kocsis (Hungaroton1973)
*Mozart : Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K448 / Ravel Ma Mère l'Oye / Brahms Variations on a Theme of Haydn, Op. 56b with Zoltan Kocsis (Hungaroton1973)
*Mozart : Concerti for Two and Three Pianos, with Zoltán Kocsis, András Schiff, Hungarian State Orchestra, János Ferencsik (Hungaroton 1973)
*Mozart : Concerti for Two and Three Pianos, with Zoltán Kocsis, András Schiff, Hungarian State Orchestra, János Ferencsik (Hungaroton 1973)
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*Bartók : Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion, with Zoltán Kocsis, Ferenc Petz, József Marton (Hungaroton 1976)
*Bartók : Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion, with Zoltán Kocsis, Ferenc Petz, József Marton (Hungaroton 1976)
*Mozart : Complete Keyboard Solo Music (Hungaroton 1976)
*Mozart : Complete Keyboard Solo Music (Hungaroton 1976)
*Bartók : Mikrokozmosz, For Children (1908-1909) (Hungaroton 1977)
*Bartók : Mikrokozmosz, For Children (1908–1909) (Hungaroton 1977)
*Debussy : Images I-II / Children's Corner / L'Isle Joyeuse (‎Hungaroton 1977)
*Debussy : Images I-II / Children's Corner / L'Isle Joyeuse (Hungaroton 1977)
*Liszt : Dante Sonata (Hungaroton 1978)
*Liszt : Dante Sonata (Hungaroton 1978)
*Mozart : Sonatas for Piano Duet (complete) with Zoltán Kocsis, (Hungaroton 1978)
*Mozart : Sonatas for Piano Duet (complete) with Zoltán Kocsis, (Hungaroton 1978)
*Mozart : Piano Concertos: No. 9 & No. 14 (Hungaroton 1978)
*Mozart : Piano Concertos: No. 9 & No. 14 (Hungaroton 1978)
*Stravinsky : Három Tétel A Petruskából / Piano-Rag-Music / Tango / Szerenád A-ban / Szonáta (Hungaroton 1979)
*Stravinsky : Három Tétel A Petruskából / Piano-Rag-Music / Tango / Szerenád A-ban / Szonáta (Hungaroton 1979)
*Schumann : Kinderszenen Op.15 / Fantasy Op.17 / Arabeske Op.18 (Hungaroton 1979)
*Schumann : Kinderszenen Op.15 / Fantasy Op.17 / Arabeske Op.18 (Hungaroton 1979)
*Beethoven : Sonatas and Variations for Cello and Piano (Complete) with [[Miklós Perényi]] (Hungaroton 1979)
*Beethoven : Sonatas and Variations for Cello and Piano (Complete) with [[Miklós Perényi]] (Hungaroton 1979)
*Mozart : Piano Quartets KV 478 & 493, with the Éder Quartet (Telefunken 1979)
*Mozart : Piano Quartets KV 478 & 493, with the Éder Quartet (Telefunken 1979)
*Brahms : Piano Quintet in F Minor. Op. 34, with the Bartók Quartet (Hungaroton 1980)
*Brahms : Piano Quintet in F Minor. Op. 34, with the [[Bartók Quartet]] (Hungaroton 1980)
*Weiner, Strawinsky, Bartók, Schumann, Verdi, Debussy (works for clarinet) with Kálmán Berkes
*Weiner, Strawinsky, Bartók, Schumann, Verdi, Debussy (works for clarinet) with Kálmán Berkes
*Chopin : Preludes (Hungaroton 1982)
*Chopin : Preludes (Hungaroton 1982)
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*Brahms : Horn Trio / Beethoven Horn Sonata / R. Strauss Andante with [[Ferenc Tarjáni]], [[Gábor Takács-Nagy]] (Hungaroton 1983)
*Brahms : Horn Trio / Beethoven Horn Sonata / R. Strauss Andante with [[Ferenc Tarjáni]], [[Gábor Takács-Nagy]] (Hungaroton 1983)
*Ravel : Sonatine, Valses Nobles et Sentimentales, Gaspard de la nuit, Menuet sur le nom d'Haydn, Prelude (Hungaroton 1984)
*Ravel : Sonatine, Valses Nobles et Sentimentales, Gaspard de la nuit, Menuet sur le nom d'Haydn, Prelude (Hungaroton 1984)
*Brahms : Intermezzi op.116-119, Ballades op.10, (Harmonia Mundi France 1994)
*Brahms : Intermezzi op.116–119, Ballades op.10, (Harmonia Mundi France 1994)
*Bartók : Piano Concerto No. 3, Three Burlesques, Allegro Barbaro, Suite Op. 14 (Hungaroton 1994)
*Bartók : Piano Concerto No. 3, Three Burlesques, Allegro Barbaro, Suite Op. 14 (Hungaroton 1994)
*Satie : Socrate, Liszt Via Crucis with Edit Klukon, (Budapest Music Center Records 2005) .
*Satie : Socrate, Liszt Via Crucis with Edit Klukon, (Budapest Music Center Records 2005) .


==Awards==
==Awards==
*1972 Grand Prix du Disque for Chopin recital (1971)
*1972 [[Grand Prix du Disque]] for Chopin recital (1971)
*1973 Liszt Prize
*1973 Liszt Prize
*1978 Kossuth Prize
*1978 [[Kossuth Prize]]
*1982 Art Prize of City of Budapest
*1982 Art Prize of City of Budapest
*1984 Merited Artist
*1984 Merited Artist
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==External links==
==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm3454914}}
*{{IMDb name|nm3454914}}
*[http://www.naxos.com/artistinfo/dezso_ranki/11830.htm Biography at Naxos.com]
*[http://www.naxos.com/artistinfo/dezso_ranki/11830.htm Biography at Naxos.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706143001/http://www.naxos.com/artistinfo/Dezso_Ranki/11830.htm |date=6 July 2008 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120226190302/http://www.classicsonline.com/artistbio/Dezso_Ranki/ Biography at ClassicsOnline.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120226190302/http://www.classicsonline.com/artistbio/Dezso_Ranki/ Biography at ClassicsOnline.com]
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Hungarian classical pianists]]
[[Category:Hungarian classical pianists]]
[[Category:Hungarian male musicians]]
[[Category:Hungarian male musicians]]
[[Category:Male classical pianists]]
[[Category:Hungarian male classical pianists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Budapest]]
[[Category:Musicians from Budapest]]
[[Category:Franz Liszt Academy of Music faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Latest revision as of 02:39, 3 April 2024

Dezső Ránki
Born8 September 1951
NationalityHungarian
Alma materFranz Liszt Academy of Music
Occupationpianist

Dezső Ránki (born 8 September 1951) is a Hungarian virtuoso concert pianist with a broad repertoire and a significant discography of solo, duo and concerto works.

Life and career

[edit]

Born in Budapest,[1] he began taking piano lessons at the Budapest Academy of Music at the age of eight. When he was thirteen, he enrolled at the Budapest Conservatory and from 1964 to 1969 was a pupil of Klára Máthé.[2] Subsequently he studied from 1969 to 1973 at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music, with his mentors Pál Kadosa and Ferenc Rados.[2][1][3] Among his classmates were renowned pianists András Schiff and Zoltán Kocsis. With Kocsis he featured in two Hungarian documentaries, on the Budapest Symphony Orchestra tour of the US 'Tizenhatezer Kilometer... A MRT Szimfonikus Zenekara Amerikaban' (1971), and 'Kocsis Zoltán es Ránki Dezső – Kettős Arckép' (1976) 'Kocsis Zoltán and Ránki Dezső – Double Portrait'.

From the time Ránki won first prize at the Robert Schumann International Competition in Zwickau,[4] he has had an international career performing in Europe, Scandinavia, the Soviet Union, the USA and Japan.[1] His repertoire ranges from the Classical period (Mozart, Beethoven), through the Romantics (Schumann, Brahms) to contemporary works (Kurtag).[2] He gave the premiere of the piano concerto (1984) of Zsolt Durkó.[4]

He has played with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Concertgebouw (Amsterdam), the Orchestre National de France under such conductors as Sir Georg Solti, Sándor Végh, Lorin Maazel, and Zubin Mehta.[1][3][5] He was awarded twice the Kossuth Prize, the highest cultural award in Hungary.[1]

From 1985, Ránki frequently performs duet recitals with his wife Edit Klukon.[1][3][5] Together they have a son, Fülöp Ránki, who is also a skilled pianist.[6] He has been a professor at the Ferenc Liszt Academy in Budapest.[4]

Discography

[edit]

Ránki has recorded mainly for Hungaroton; his large discography includes:

  • Bartók : Three Burlesques Op. 8c / Allegro Barbaro / The First Term At The Piano / Sonatina / Rumanian Folk Dances / Rumanian Christmas Carols / Suite Op. 14 / Three Hungarian Folk-Tunes (Hungaroton, 1967)
  • Schumann : Piano Concerto in A minor Op. 54 (Hungaroton 1970)
  • Chopin : Etudes, Op. 10 / Nocturne In B Major, Op.9/3 / Ballade In F Major, Op. 38 / Ballade In G Minor, Op. 23 (Hungaroton 1971)
  • Beethoven : Sonata No.8 C-Moll, Op. 13 'Pathétique', Sonata No.24 In F Sharp Major, Op. 78, Sonata No.21 In C Major, Op. 53 'Waldstein' (Hungaroton 1971)
  • Mozart : Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K448 / Ravel Ma Mère l'Oye / Brahms Variations on a Theme of Haydn, Op. 56b with Zoltan Kocsis (Hungaroton1973)
  • Mozart : Concerti for Two and Three Pianos, with Zoltán Kocsis, András Schiff, Hungarian State Orchestra, János Ferencsik (Hungaroton 1973)
  • Schumann : Carnaval / Waldszenen (Hungaroton 1973)
  • Schubert : Wanderer Fantasie, Klavierstück in E♭, Piano Sonata in G (Hungaroton 1974)
  • Schubert : Sonata in B-Flat Major, Impromptus (Denon 1975)
  • Bartók : Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion, with Zoltán Kocsis, Ferenc Petz, József Marton (Hungaroton 1976)
  • Mozart : Complete Keyboard Solo Music (Hungaroton 1976)
  • Bartók : Mikrokozmosz, For Children (1908–1909) (Hungaroton 1977)
  • Debussy : Images I-II / Children's Corner / L'Isle Joyeuse (Hungaroton 1977)
  • Liszt : Dante Sonata (Hungaroton 1978)
  • Mozart : Sonatas for Piano Duet (complete) with Zoltán Kocsis, (Hungaroton 1978)
  • Mozart : Piano Concertos: No. 9 & No. 14 (Hungaroton 1978)
  • Stravinsky : Három Tétel A Petruskából / Piano-Rag-Music / Tango / Szerenád A-ban / Szonáta (Hungaroton 1979)
  • Schumann : Kinderszenen Op.15 / Fantasy Op.17 / Arabeske Op.18 (Hungaroton 1979)
  • Beethoven : Sonatas and Variations for Cello and Piano (Complete) with Miklós Perényi (Hungaroton 1979)
  • Mozart : Piano Quartets KV 478 & 493, with the Éder Quartet (Telefunken 1979)
  • Brahms : Piano Quintet in F Minor. Op. 34, with the Bartók Quartet (Hungaroton 1980)
  • Weiner, Strawinsky, Bartók, Schumann, Verdi, Debussy (works for clarinet) with Kálmán Berkes
  • Chopin : Preludes (Hungaroton 1982)
  • Lieder by Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Liszt, Wolf (Hungaroton 1982)
  • Brahms : Horn Trio / Beethoven Horn Sonata / R. Strauss Andante with Ferenc Tarjáni, Gábor Takács-Nagy (Hungaroton 1983)
  • Ravel : Sonatine, Valses Nobles et Sentimentales, Gaspard de la nuit, Menuet sur le nom d'Haydn, Prelude (Hungaroton 1984)
  • Brahms : Intermezzi op.116–119, Ballades op.10, (Harmonia Mundi France 1994)
  • Bartók : Piano Concerto No. 3, Three Burlesques, Allegro Barbaro, Suite Op. 14 (Hungaroton 1994)
  • Satie : Socrate, Liszt Via Crucis with Edit Klukon, (Budapest Music Center Records 2005) .

Awards

[edit]
  • 1972 Grand Prix du Disque for Chopin recital (1971)
  • 1973 Liszt Prize
  • 1978 Kossuth Prize
  • 1982 Art Prize of City of Budapest
  • 1984 Merited Artist
  • 1988 Bartók-Pásztory Award
  • 1990 Excellent Artist
  • 2005 Prima Primissima Award
  • 2006 Bartók Memorial Award (Herend)
  • 2007 For Hungarian Art
  • 2008 Kossuth Prize

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Ránki Dezső". info.bmc.hu. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
  2. ^ a b c Biographical note in booklet accompanying Teldec CDs 9031-76139-2, 1992.
  3. ^ a b c "Ránki Dezső" (in Hungarian). Liszt Ferenc Kamarazenekar (Liszt Ferenc Chamber Orchestra). Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Alain Pâris. Dictionnaire des interprètes et de l'interpretation musicale au XX siècle. Éditions Robert Laffont, Paris, 1995 (p. 793).
  5. ^ a b "Dezső Ránki and Edit Klukon in London – The Christmas Concert hosted by the Hungarian Embassy and the Hungarian Cultural Centre". Embassy of the Republic of Hungary in London. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
  6. ^ "Fulop Ranki". Archived from the original on 2 May 2016.
[edit]