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{{Short description|Genus of grasses}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Panicum virgatum.jpg
|image = Panicum virgatum.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Panicum virgatum]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Panicum virgatum|P. virgatum]]''
|display_parents = 4
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
⚫
|taxon = Panicum
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite POWO |id=1194715-2 |title=''Panicum'' L. |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
⚫
|synonyms =
|ordo = [[Poales]]
⚫
* ''Aconisia'' <small>J.R.Grande</small>
|familia = [[Poaceae]]
⚫
* ''Arthragrostis'' <small>Lazarides</small>
|subfamilia = [[Panicoideae]]
⚫
* ''Chasea'' <small>Nieuwl.</small>
⚫
|genus = '''''Panicum'''''
⚫
* ''Eatonia'' <small>Raf.</small>
⚫
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
* ''Eriolytrum'' <small>Desv. ex Kunth, not validly publ.</small>
|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=427062 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
⚫
* ''Monachne'' <small>P.Beauv.</small>
⚫
|synonyms=
* ''[[Monachne]]'' <small>P.Beauv.</small>
* ''Phanopyrum'' <small>(Raf.) Nash</small>
⚫
* ''[[Eatonia]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
⚫
* ''[[Talasium]]'' <small>Spreng.</small>
⚫
* ''[[Coleataenia]]'' <small>Griseb.</small>
* ''[[Phanopyrum]]'' <small>(Raf.) Nash</small>
⚫
* ''[[Chasea]]'' <small>Nieuwl.</small>
* ''Polyneura'' <small>Peter 1930, illegitimate homonym not Kylin 1924</small>
* ''Polyneura'' <small>Peter 1930, illegitimate homonym not Kylin 1924</small>
* ''[[Psilochloa]]'' <small>Launert</small>
* ''Psilochloa'' <small>Launert</small>
* ''[[Dichanthelium]]'' <small>(Hitchc. & Chase) Gould</small>
* ''Talasium'' <small>Spreng.</small>
* ''[[Megathyrsus]]'' <small>(Pilg.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacobs</small>
* ''Yakirra'' <small>Lazarides & R.D.Webster</small>
⚫
}}
⚫
* ''[[Zuloagaea]]'' <small>Bess</small>
* ''[[Apochloa]]'' <small>Zuloaga & Morrone</small>
* ''[[Renvoizea]]'' <small>Zuloaga & Morrone</small>
* ''[[Ocellochloa]]'' <small>Zuloaga & Morrone</small>
* ''[[Sorengia]]'' <small>Zuloaga & Morrone</small>
* ''[[Stephostachys]]'' <small>Zuloaga & Morrone</small>
* ''[[Trichanthecium]]'' <small>Zuloaga & Morrone</small>
⚫
|}}


'''''Panicum''''' ('''panicgrass''')<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PANIC|taxon=Panicum|accessdate=15 May 2015}}</ref> is a large genus of about 450 species of [[Poaceae|grasses]] native throughout the tropical regions of the world, with a few species extending into the northern temperate zone. They are often large, annual or perennial [[grass]]es, growing to 1–3 m tall.<ref>[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9308504#page/169/mode/1up Freckmann, R. W. & M. G. Lelong. 2002. Nomenclatural changes and innovations in ''Panicum'' and ''Dichanthelium'' (Poaceae: Paniceae). Sida 20(1): 161–174]</ref><ref>Valdes, B. & H. Scholz. 2006. The Euro+Med treatment of Gramineae - a generic synopsis and some new names. Willdenowia 36(2): 657–669</ref>
'''''Panicum''''' ('''panicgrass''')<ref>{{PLANTS|id=PANIC|taxon=Panicum|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> is a large genus of about 450 species of [[Poaceae]] grasses native throughout the tropical regions of the world, with a few species extending into the northern temperate zone. They are often large, [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[Perennial plant|perennial]] grasses, growing to {{cvt|1|–|3|m|ft|0}} tall.<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9308504#page/169/mode/1up Freckmann, R. W. & M. G. Lelong. 2002. Nomenclatural changes and innovations in ''Panicum'' and ''Dichanthelium'' (Poaceae: Paniceae)]. ''[[Sida (journal)|Sida]]'' 20(1): 161–174</ref><ref>Valdes, B. & H. Scholz. 2006. "The Euro+Med treatment of Gramineae - a generic synopsis and some new names". ''[[Willdenowia (journal)|Willdenowia]]'' 36(2): 657–669</ref>


The [[flower]]s are produced in a well-developed [[panicle]] often up to 60&nbsp;cm in length with numerous [[seed]]s, which are 1–6&nbsp;mm long and 1–2&nbsp;mm broad. The fruits are developed from a two-flowered [[spikelet]]. Only the upper floret of each spikelet is fertile; the lower floret is sterile or staminate. Both [[glume]]s are present and well developed.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=123762 Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 504 <big>黍属</big> shu shu ''Panicum'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 55. 1753. ]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=123762 Flora of Pakistan]</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Panicum Altervista Flora Italiana, genere ''Panicum''] includes photos and distribution maps of several species</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Panicum Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps]</ref><ref>Valdés-Reyna, J., F. O. Zuloaga, O. Morrone & L. Aragón Melchor. 2009. El género ''Panicum'' (Poaceae: Panicoideae) en el noreste de México. Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México 84: 59–82.</ref><ref>Morrone, O., A. M. Antón & F. O. Zuloaga. 1995. ''Axonopus''. Flora Fanerogámica Argentina. 19(1): 11–16</ref>
The flowers are produced in a well-developed [[panicle]] often up to {{cvt|60|cm}} in length with numerous seeds, which are {{cvt|1|–|6|mm|2}} long and {{cvt|1|–|2|mm|2}} broad. The fruits are developed from a two-flowered [[spikelet]]. Only the upper floret of each spikelet is fertile; the lower floret is sterile or staminate. Both [[glume]]s are present and well developed.<ref>''[[Flora of China]]'' [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=123762 Vol. 22 Page&nbsp;504 <big>黍属</big> shu shu ''Panicum'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 55. 1753. ]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=123762 Flora of Pakistan]</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Panicum Altervista Flora Italiana, genere ''Panicum''] includes photos and distribution maps of several species</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Panicum Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps]</ref><ref>Valdés-Reyna, J., F. O. Zuloaga, O. Morrone & L. Aragón Melchor. 2009. [http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0366-21282009000100006 "El género ''Panicum'' (Poaceae: Panicoideae) en el noreste de México".] ''[[Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México]]'' 84: 59–82.</ref><ref>Morrone, O., A. M. Antón & F. O. Zuloaga. 1995. "''Axonopus''". ''[[Flora Fanerogámica Argentina]]''. 19(1): 11–16</ref>


Australia has 29 native and 9 introduced species of ''Panicum''.<ref>Grasses of the Tweed Valley of NSW: An introductory field guide to locally common grasses: native and introduced, Compiled by Penny Watsford, Nullum Publications, 2004 {{ISBN|0-9756823-0-X}})</ref><ref>[http://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/content/panicum-0 Ausgrass2, Grasses of Australia]</ref><ref>[http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:411937#tab_classification Atlas of Living Australia]</ref>
Australia has 29 native and 9 introduced species of ''Panicum''.<ref>''Grasses of the Tweed Valley of NSW: An introductory field guide to locally common grasses: native and introduced'', compiled by Penny Watsford, [[Nullum Publications]], 2004 {{ISBN|0-9756823-0-X}})</ref><ref>[http://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/content/panicum-0 Ausgrass2, Grasses of Australia]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:411937#tab_classification |title=Atlas of Living Australia |access-date=2015-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527034556/http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:apni.taxon:411937#tab_classification |archive-date=2016-05-27 |url-status=dead | publisher = [[Atlas of Living Australia]] }}</ref>


Well-known ''Panicum'' species include [[proso millet]] and [[Panicum virgatum|switchgrass]].
Well-known species include ''[[Panicum miliaceum|P. miliaceum]]'' (proso millet) and ''[[Panicum virgatum|P. virgatum]]'' (switchgrass).


==Selected species==
==Selected species==
{{see also|List of Panicum species}}
{{See also|List of Panicum species}}
{{columns-list|2|
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Panicum abscissum]]'' {{Au|Swallen}}
* ''[[Panicum abscissum]]'' {{Au|Swallen}} (endemic to Florida)
* ''[[Panicum acostia]]'' {{Au|R.D.Webster}} <!-- Synonym of ''Acostia gracilis'' per TPL -->
* ''[[Panicum amarum]]'' {{Au|Elliott}} – bitter panicum (North America)
* ''[[Panicum amarum]]'' {{Au|Elliott}} – bitter panicum
* ''[[Panicum anceps]]'' {{Au|Michx.}} – beaked panicum (United States)
* ''[[Panicum anceps]]'' {{Au|Michx.}} – beaked panicum
* ''[[Panicum antidotale]]'' {{Au|Retz.}} – blue panicum (South Asia, Himalayas)
* ''[[Panicum capillare]]'' {{Au|L.}} – witchgrass, [[Tumbleweed (disambiguation)|tumbleweed]]<ref>*{{cite book|last1=Britton |first1=Nathaniel |first2=Addison |last2=Brown |author2-link=Addison Brown |title=An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian |url=https://archive.org/details/anillustratedfl01browgoog |volume=I, Ophioglossaceae to Aizoaceae |year=1896 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anillustratedfl01browgoog/page/n625 612]}} page&nbsp;123</ref> (North America)
⚫
* ''[[Panicum antidotale]]'' {{Au|Retz.}} – blue panicum
* ''[[Panicum capillare]]'' {{Au|L.}} – witchgrass, [[Tumbleweed (disambiguation)|tumbleweed]]<ref>*{{cite book
* ''[[Panicum coloratum]]'' {{Au|L.}} – kleingrass, coolah grass, Bambatsi panic (Africa)
⚫
* ''[[Panicum decompositum]]'' {{Au|R.Br.}} – native millet (Australia)
| last = Britton
⚫
* ''[[Panicum dichotomiflorum]]'' {{Au|Michx.}} – fall panicgrass (North America)
| first = Nathaniel
⚫
* ''[[Panicum effusum]]'' {{Au|R.Br.}} – hairy panic (Australia, New Guinea)
|author2=[[Addison Brown]]
⚫
* ''[[Panicum fauriei]]'' {{Au|Hitchc.}} – Faurie's panicgrass (endemic to Hawai'i)
| title = An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian
⚫
* ''[[Panicum flexile]]'' {{Au|(Gattinger) Scribn.}} – wiry panicgrass (eastern North America)
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dvMKAAAAIAAJ
⚫
* ''[[Panicum hallii]]'' {{Au|Vasey}} – Hall's panicgrass (North America)
| series = Volume I, Ophioglossaceae to Aizoaceae
⚫
* ''[[Panicum havardii]]'' {{Au|Vasey}} – Havard's panicgrass (North America)
| year = 1896
⚫
* ''[[Panicum hemitomon]]'' {{Au|Schult.}} – maidencane (Americas)
| publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]
* ''[[Panicum hillmanii]]'' {{Au|Chase}} – Hillmann's panicgrass (North America)
| pages = 612
⚫
* ''[[Panicum hirticaule]]'' {{Au|J.Presl}} – Mexican panicgrass (Americas)
}} page 123</ref>
* ''[[Panicum colonum]]'' {{Au|L.}} – jungle rice (synonym of ''Echinochloa colona'')
* ''[[Panicum lycopodioides]]'' {{Au|Bory ex Nees}} – false club-moss panic grass (Réunion)
* ''[[Panicum coloratum]]'' {{Au|L.}} – kleingrass, coolah grass, Bambatsi panic
* ''[[Panicum maximum]]'' {{Au|Jacq.}} – Guinea grass, buffalo grass (Africa, Palestine, Yemen)
* ''[[Panicum crus-galli]]'' {{Au|L.}} – barnyard grass (synonym of ''Echinochloa crus-galli'')
* ''[[Panicum miliaceum]]'' {{Au|L.}} – proso millet, common millet (domesticated)
* ''[[Panicum decompositum]]'' {{Au|R.Br.}} – native millet
* ''[[Panicum niihauense]]'' {{Au|H.St.John}} – ''lau 'ehu'' (endemic to Hawai'i)
* ''[[Panicum dichotomiflorum]]'' {{Au|Michx.}} – fall panicgrass
* ''[[Panicum obtusum]]'' {{Au|Kunth}} – vine mesquite grass (North America) (possible synonym of ''Hopia obtusa'')
⚫
* ''[[Panicum effusum]]'' {{Au|R.Br.}} – hairy panic
⚫
* ''[[Panicum fauriei]]'' {{Au|Hitchc.}} – Faurie's panicgrass
⚫
* ''[[Panicum havardii]]'' {{Au|Vasey}} – Havard's panicgrass
* ''[[Panicum helopus]]'' {{Au|Trin.}} – annual signal grass (synonym of ''Urochloa panicoides'')
⚫
* ''[[Panicum hemitomon]]'' {{Au|Schult.}} – maidencane
⚫
* ''[[Panicum hirticaule]]'' {{Au|J.Presl}} – Mexican panicgrass
⚫
* ''[[Panicum maximum]]'' {{Au|Jacq.}} – Guinea grass, buffalo grass
⚫
* ''[[Panicum miliaceum]]'' {{Au|L.}} – proso millet, common millet
⚫
* ''[[Panicum niihauense]]'' {{Au|H.St.John}} – ''lau 'ehu''
⚫
* ''[[Panicum obtusum]]'' {{Au|Kunth}} – vine mesquite grass
* ''[[Panicum pygmaeum]]'' {{Au|R.Br.}} – Australian native dwarf panicum, rainforest panicum
* ''[[Panicum pygmaeum]]'' {{Au|R.Br.}} – Australian native dwarf panicum, rainforest panicum
* ''[[Panicum repens]]'' {{Au|L.}} – torpedo grass
* ''[[Panicum repens]]'' {{Au|L.}} – torpedo grass (widely introduced)
* ''[[Panicum rigidum]]'' {{Au|Balf.f.}}
* ''[[Panicum rigidum]]'' {{Au|Balf.f.}} (endemic to Socotra)
* ''[[Panicum socotranum]]'' {{Au|Cope}}
* ''[[Panicum simile]]'' {{Au|Domin}} – two colour panic (Australia)
* ''[[Panicum sumatrense]]'' {{Au|Roth}} – little millet
* ''[[Panicum socotranum]]'' {{Au|Cope}} (endemic to Socotra)
* ''[[Panicum turgidum]]'' {{Au|Forssk.}} – ''afezu''
* ''[[Panicum sumatrense]]'' {{Au|Roth}} – little millet (Asia)
* ''[[Panicum urvilleanum]]'' {{Au|Kunth}} – desert panicgrass
* ''[[Panicum turgidum]]'' {{Au|Forssk.}} – ''afezu'' (Africa, Asia)
* ''[[Panicum virgatum]]'' {{Au|L.}} – switchgrass
* ''[[Panicum urvilleanum]]'' {{Au|Kunth}} – desert panicgrass (North America)
⚫
* ''[[Panicum virgatum]]'' {{Au|L.}} – switchgrass (North America)
}}

Formerly classified in this genus, according to The Plant List:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Acostia gracilis]]'', formerly named ''Panicum acostia'' {{Au|R.D.Webster}}
* ''[[Echinochloa colona]]'' – jungle rice, formerly named ''Panicum colonum'' {{Au|L.}}
* ''[[Echinochloa crus-galli]]'' – barnyard grass, formerly named ''Panicum crus-galli'' {{Au|L.}}
* ''[[Urochloa panicoides]]'' – annual signal grass, formerly named ''Panicum helopus'' {{Au|Trin.}}
}}
}}


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4" >
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Starr 020201-9001 Panicum antidotale.jpg|''[[Panicum antidotale]]''
File:Starr 020201-9001 Panicum antidotale.jpg|''[[Panicum antidotale|P. antidotale]]''
File:Panicum capillare NPS-1.jpg|''[[Panicum capillare]]''
File:Panicum capillare NPS-1.jpg|''[[Panicum capillare|P. capillare]]''
File:Panicum lycopiodoides detail 2.JPG|''[[Panicum lycopodioides]]''
File:Panicum lycopiodoides detail 2.JPG|''[[Panicum lycopodioides|P. lycopodioides]]''
File:Starr 040423-0027 Panicum maximum.jpg|''[[Panicum maximum]]''
File:Starr 040423-0027 Panicum maximum.jpg|''[[Panicum maximum|P. maximum]]''
File:Panicum miliaceum0.jpg|[[Proso millet]]
File:Panicum miliaceum0.jpg|''P. miliaceum'' ([[Proso millet|Proso]])
File:Panicum phragmitoides MS 1830.JPG|''[[Panicum phragmitoides]]''
File:Panicum phragmitoides MS 1830.JPG|''[[Panicum phragmitoides|P. phragmitoides]]''
File:Starr 050902-4349 Panicum repens.jpg|''[[Panicum repens]]''
File:Starr 050902-4349 Panicum repens.jpg|''[[Panicum repens|P. repens]]''
File:Starr 050315-5135 Panicum torridum.jpg|''[[Panicum torridum]]''
File:Starr 050315-5135 Panicum torridum.jpg|''[[Panicum torridum|P. torridum]]''
File:Starr 020112-0032 Panicum xerophilum.jpg|''[[Panicum xerophyllum]]''
File:Starr 020112-0032 Panicum xerophilum.jpg|''[[Panicum xerophyllum|P. xerophyllum]]''
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.1295307 - Panicum trichoides Sw. - Gramineae - Plant type specimen.jpeg|''[[Panicum trichoides]]'', isotype herbarium sheet
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.1295307 - Panicum trichoides Sw. - Gramineae - Plant type specimen.jpeg|''[[Panicum trichoides|P. trichoides]]''|alt=''[[Panicum trichoides|P. trichoides]]'', isotype herbarium sheet
</gallery>
</gallery>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060904195334/http://utc.usu.edu/keys/PanicumDichanthelium/Panicum_Dichanthelium.html Interactive Key to ''Panicum'' of North America]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060904195334/http://utc.usu.edu/keys/PanicumDichanthelium/Panicum_Dichanthelium.html Interactive Key to ''Panicum'' of North America]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q934037}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Panicum| ]]
[[Category:Panicum| ]]
[[Category:Poaceae genera]]
[[Category:Poaceae genera]]
[[Category:Panicoideae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 20:29, 13 March 2024

Panicum
P. virgatum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Panicodae
Tribe: Paniceae
Subtribe: Panicinae
Genus: Panicum
L.
Synonyms[1]
  • Aconisia J.R.Grande
  • Arthragrostis Lazarides
  • Chasea Nieuwl.
  • Eatonia Raf.
  • Eriolytrum Desv. ex Kunth, not validly publ.
  • Monachne P.Beauv.
  • Phanopyrum (Raf.) Nash
  • Polyneura Peter 1930, illegitimate homonym not Kylin 1924
  • Psilochloa Launert
  • Talasium Spreng.
  • Yakirra Lazarides & R.D.Webster

Panicum (panicgrass)[2] is a large genus of about 450 species of Poaceae grasses native throughout the tropical regions of the world, with a few species extending into the northern temperate zone. They are often large, annual or perennial grasses, growing to 1–3 m (3–10 ft) tall.[3][4]

The flowers are produced in a well-developed panicle often up to 60 cm (24 in) in length with numerous seeds, which are 1–6 mm (0.04–0.24 in) long and 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) broad. The fruits are developed from a two-flowered spikelet. Only the upper floret of each spikelet is fertile; the lower floret is sterile or staminate. Both glumes are present and well developed.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

Australia has 29 native and 9 introduced species of Panicum.[11][12][13]

Well-known species include P. miliaceum (proso millet) and P. virgatum (switchgrass).

Selected species

[edit]
See also: List of Panicum species

Formerly classified in this genus, according to The Plant List:

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Panicum L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  2. ^ NRCS. "Panicum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  3. ^ Freckmann, R. W. & M. G. Lelong. 2002. Nomenclatural changes and innovations in Panicum and Dichanthelium (Poaceae: Paniceae). Sida 20(1): 161–174
  4. ^ Valdes, B. & H. Scholz. 2006. "The Euro+Med treatment of Gramineae - a generic synopsis and some new names". Willdenowia 36(2): 657–669
  5. ^ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 504 黍属 shu shu Panicum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 55. 1753.
  6. ^ Flora of Pakistan
  7. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Panicum includes photos and distribution maps of several species
  8. ^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  9. ^ Valdés-Reyna, J., F. O. Zuloaga, O. Morrone & L. Aragón Melchor. 2009. "El género Panicum (Poaceae: Panicoideae) en el noreste de México". Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México 84: 59–82.
  10. ^ Morrone, O., A. M. Antón & F. O. Zuloaga. 1995. "Axonopus". Flora Fanerogámica Argentina. 19(1): 11–16
  11. ^ Grasses of the Tweed Valley of NSW: An introductory field guide to locally common grasses: native and introduced, compiled by Penny Watsford, Nullum Publications, 2004 ISBN 0-9756823-0-X)
  12. ^ Ausgrass2, Grasses of Australia
  13. ^ "Atlas of Living Australia". Atlas of Living Australia. Archived from the original on 2016-05-27. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
  14. ^ *Britton, Nathaniel; Brown, Addison (1896). An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian. Vol. I, Ophioglossaceae to Aizoaceae. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 612. page 123
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panicum&oldid=1213566581"