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{{Short description|Anatomical structure}}
[[File:Caterpillar-description.jpg|thumb|175px|left|prolegs labelled ''J'']]
[[File:Caterpillar-description.jpg|thumb|upright|left|J: medial prolegs<br />K: anal proleg<br />(F, G, and H: true legs)]]
[[Image:Chenille de Grand porte queue (macaon) Fausses pattes.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''[[Papillio machaon ]]'' caterpillar with 5 prolegs]]
[[File:Chenille de Grand porte queue (macaon) Fausses pattes.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|Lepidoptera: ''[[Papilio machaon]] '' caterpillar with 4 pairs of medial prolegs and a pair of anal prolegs]]
A '''Proleg''' is the small fleshy, stub structure found on the ventral surface of the [[abdomen]] of most [[larva]]l forms of [[insect]]s of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lepidoptera]], though they can also be found on other larval insects such as [[symphyta|sawflies]] and a few types of [[Diptera|flies]]. The prolegs of [[Hymenoptera]] and Lepidoptera evolved independent of each other.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s00427-001-0182-3}}</ref>
[[File:Craesus septentrionalis.jpg|thumb|upright=1|right|Hymenoptera: ''[[Craesus septentrionalis]]'' caterpillars with 7 pairs of prolegs]]
A '''proleg''' is a small, fleshy, stub structure found on the ventral surface of the [[abdomen]] of most [[larva]]l forms of [[insect]]s of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lepidoptera]], though they can also be found on larvae of insects such as [[symphyta|sawflies]]. In all the orders in which they appear, mainly [[Hymenoptera]] and Lepidoptera, prolegs of any form evolved independently of each other by [[convergent evolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Suzuki | first1 = Y. | last2 = Palopoli | first2 = M. | doi = 10.1007/s00427-001-0182-3 | title = Evolution of insect abdominal appendages: Are prolegs homologous or convergent traits? | journal = Development Genes and Evolution | volume = 211 | issue = 10 | pages = 486–492 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11702198| s2cid = 1163446 }}</ref> They appear to have evolved from ancient inactive genes that have since been activated again.<ref>[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.add9389 Lepidopteran prolegs are novel traits, not leg homologs]</ref>


Prolegs of lepidopteran larvae have a small circle of gripping hooks, called "crochets". The arrangement of the crochets can be helpful in identification to [[Rank (zoology)|family]] level. Prolegs are not true [[arthropod leg|legs]]; they are not jointed, and so lack the five segments (coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus) that true insect legs possess. They have their own musculature, but it is limited, and much of the movement of the prolegs is accomplished via [[hydraulics]].
Prolegs of lepidopteran larvae have a small circle of gripping hooks, called "'''crochets'''". The arrangement of the crochets can be helpful in identification to [[Rank (zoology)|family]] level.<ref name= "isbn0-412-61390-5">{{cite book |author1=Richards, O. W. |author2=Davies, R.G. |title=Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=1977 |isbn=0-412-61390-5 }}</ref> Although the point has been debated, prolegs are not widely regarded as true [[arthropod leg|legs]], derived from the primitive [[Arthropod leg#Biramous and uniramous|uniramous]] limbs. Certainly in their morphology they are not jointed, and so lack the five segments (coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus) of thoracic insect legs. Prolegs do have limited musculature, but much of their movement is [[Hydraulics|hydraulically]] powered.

==Number of prolegs for various insect larvae==

{| class="wikitable sortable zebra"
|+ style="padding-bottom:1em"| Number of prolegs on insect larvae at abdominal segments A1–A9/10=S4-12/13 (T1–3: thorax segments with 6 legs)<ref name="Keler">Stefan von Kéler: Entomologisches Wörterbuch. Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1963. p. 80.</ref>
|- class="hintergrundfarbe6"
! Larvae of !! Group/<br />Family !! Order !! A1=S4 !! A2=S5 !! A3=S6 !! A4=S7 !! A5=S8 !! A6=S9 !! A7=S10 !! A8=S11 !! A9/10=S12/13<br />(anal proleg<br/>pygopodium) !! legs<br />total<br />incl T1–3
|-
|[[Lepidoptera|Butterflies/Moths]]||many||[[Lepidoptera]]||-||-||2||2||2||2||-||-||2||16
|-
|[[Micropterigidae|Archaic moths]]||Micropterygidae||Lepidoptera||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||24
|-
|[[Noctuidae|Owlet moths]]||[[Noctuidae]] (some)||Lepidoptera||-||-||-||2||2||2||-||-||2||14
|-
|Owlet moths||Noctuidae (some)||Lepidoptera||-||-||-||-||2||2||-||-||2||12
|-
|[[Geometridae|Geometer moths]]||[[Geometridae]]||Lepidoptera||-||-||-||-||-||2||-||-||2||10
|-
|[[Sawfly|Sawflies]]||[[Symphyta]] (many)||[[Hymenoptera]]||-||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||22
|-
|Sawflies||Symphyta (some)||Hymenoptera||-||2||2||2||2||2||2||-||2||20
|-
|Sawflies||Symphyta (some)||Hymenoptera||-||2||2||2||2||2||-||-||2||18
|-
|some? [[Pamphiliidae]]||Pamphiliinae||Hymenoptera||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||8
|-
|[[Mecoptera]]||all||Mecoptera||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||24
|-
|[[Caddisfly|Caddisflies]]||all||[[Trichoptera]]||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||8
|-
|}


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 10: Line 43:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*Peterson, A. 1948. ''Larvae Of Insects. Part I: Lepidoptera & Hymenoptera; Part II: Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera.'' Columbus, OH.
* Peterson, A. 1948. ''Larvae Of Insects. Part I: Lepidoptera & Hymenoptera; Part II: Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera.'' Columbus, OH.
*Richards, O.W. & R.G. Davies. 1977. ''Imm's General Textbook of Entomology'', 10th ed. (2 Volumes). Chapman & Hall, London.
* Richards, O.W. & R.G. Davies. 1977. ''Imm's General Textbook of Entomology'', 10th ed. (2 Volumes). Chapman & Hall, London.
*Snodgrass, R.E. 1935 (1993 reprint). ''Principles of Insect Morphology''. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
* Snodgrass, R.E. 1935 (1993 reprint). ''Principles of Insect Morphology''. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.


==External links==
==External links==
{{wiktionarypar|Proleg}}
{{wiktionary|proleg}}
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060208090144/http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/faqs/legs.html How Many Legs Do Caterpillars Have?]

⚫
*[http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/faqs/legs.html How Many Legs Do Caterpillars Have?]


[[Category:Insect anatomy]]
[[Category:Insect anatomy]]
[[Category:Larvae]]




{{insect-anatomy-stub}}
{{Insect-anatomy-stub}}

[[de:Bauchbein]]
[[fr:Fausse patte]]
[[it:Pseudozampe]]
[[ms:Prokaki]]
[[nl:Propoot]]
[[no:Bukfot]]

Latest revision as of 02:43, 20 January 2024

J: medial prolegs
K: anal proleg
(F, G, and H: true legs)
Lepidoptera: Papilio machaon caterpillar with 4 pairs of medial prolegs and a pair of anal prolegs
Hymenoptera: Craesus septentrionalis caterpillars with 7 pairs of prolegs

A proleg is a small, fleshy, stub structure found on the ventral surface of the abdomen of most larval forms of insects of the order Lepidoptera, though they can also be found on larvae of insects such as sawflies. In all the orders in which they appear, mainly Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, prolegs of any form evolved independently of each other by convergent evolution.[1] They appear to have evolved from ancient inactive genes that have since been activated again.[2]

Prolegs of lepidopteran larvae have a small circle of gripping hooks, called "crochets". The arrangement of the crochets can be helpful in identification to family level.[3] Although the point has been debated, prolegs are not widely regarded as true legs, derived from the primitive uniramous limbs. Certainly in their morphology they are not jointed, and so lack the five segments (coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus) of thoracic insect legs. Prolegs do have limited musculature, but much of their movement is hydraulically powered.

Number of prolegs for various insect larvae

[edit]
Number of prolegs on insect larvae at abdominal segments A1–A9/10=S4-12/13 (T1–3: thorax segments with 6 legs)[4]
Larvae of Group/
Family		 Order A1=S4 A2=S5 A3=S6 A4=S7 A5=S8 A6=S9 A7=S10 A8=S11 A9/10=S12/13
(anal proleg
pygopodium)		 legs
total
incl T1–3
Butterflies/Moths many Lepidoptera - - 2 2 2 2 - - 2 16
Archaic moths Micropterygidae Lepidoptera 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24
Owlet moths Noctuidae (some) Lepidoptera - - - 2 2 2 - - 2 14
Owlet moths Noctuidae (some) Lepidoptera - - - - 2 2 - - 2 12
Geometer moths Geometridae Lepidoptera - - - - - 2 - - 2 10
Sawflies Symphyta (many) Hymenoptera - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22
Sawflies Symphyta (some) Hymenoptera - 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 20
Sawflies Symphyta (some) Hymenoptera - 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 18
some? Pamphiliidae Pamphiliinae Hymenoptera - - - - - - - - 2 8
Mecoptera all Mecoptera 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24
Caddisflies all Trichoptera - - - - - - - - 2 8

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Suzuki, Y.; Palopoli, M. (2001). "Evolution of insect abdominal appendages: Are prolegs homologous or convergent traits?". Development Genes and Evolution. 211 (10): 486–492. doi:10.1007/s00427-001-0182-3. PMID 11702198. S2CID 1163446.
  2. ^ Lepidopteran prolegs are novel traits, not leg homologs
  3. ^ Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977). Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-412-61390-5.
  4. ^ Stefan von Kéler: Entomologisches Wörterbuch. Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1963. p. 80.
  • Peterson, A. 1948. Larvae Of Insects. Part I: Lepidoptera & Hymenoptera; Part II: Coleoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Siphonaptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera. Columbus, OH.
  • Richards, O.W. & R.G. Davies. 1977. Imm's General Textbook of Entomology, 10th ed. (2 Volumes). Chapman & Hall, London.
  • Snodgrass, R.E. 1935 (1993 reprint). Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
[edit]
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