Chamaecrista fasciculata: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Species of plant}} |
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{{taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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|image = Partridge.jpg |
|image = Partridge.jpg |
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| status = G5 |
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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| status_system = TNC |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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| status_ref = <ref name="natureserve">{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.155052/Chamaecrista_fasciculata |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> |
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |
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|ordo = [[Fabales]] |
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|authority = (Michx.) Greene |
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|familia = [[Fabaceae]] |
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|binomial_authority = Michx. |
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|}} |
|}} |
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'''''Chamaecrista fasciculata''''' |
'''''Chamaecrista fasciculata''''', the '''partridge pea''', is a species of [[Fabaceae|legume]] native to most of the eastern United States.<ref name="feis">{{FEIS |last=Tesky |first=Julie L. |date=1992 |type=forb |genus=Chamaecrista |species=fasciculata |access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> It is an annual which grows to approximately {{convert|0.5|m|spell=us}} tall.<ref name="feis"/> It has bright yellow flowers from early summer until first frost,<ref name="williams">{{cite journal | title = Ecological and genetic factors contributing to the low frequency of male sterility in Chamaecrista Fasciculata (Fabaceae) | author = Holly L. Williams and Charles B. Fenster | journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 1998 | volume = 85 | pages = 1243–1250 | doi = 10.2307/2446634 | jstor = 2446634 | issue = 9 | publisher = Botanical Society of America | pmid = 21685010 }}</ref> with flowers through the entire flowering season if rainfall is sufficient.<ref name="feis"/> |
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The flowers are [[ |
The flowers are [[hermaphroditic]], although a fraction of plants, less than 5%, do not produce sufficient [[pollen]] to reproduce as males. This phenomenon has been studied in a variety of plants as a possible evolutionary step towards [[dioecy]], in which male and female flowers occur on separate plants.<ref name="williams"/> ''C. fasciculata'' is pollinated only by [[bee]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | author = TD Lee, FA Bazzaz | title = Regulation of fruit and seed production in an annual legume, ''Cassia fasciculata'' | journal = Ecology | volume = 63 | issue = 5 | pages = 1363–1373 | publisher = Ecology, 1982 | jstor = 1938864| year = 1982 | doi = 10.2307/1938864 | bibcode = 1982Ecol...63.1363L }}</ref> |
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The flowers have yellow anthers that produce reproductive pollen, and purple anthers that produce food pollen, but no nectar.<ref name="feis"/> Long-tongued bees such as [[bumblebee]]s, [[honey bee]]s, [[long-horned bees]], and [[leafcutting bees]] pollinate the flowers. There are [[extrafloral nectaries]] on the [[petiole (botany)|leaf stems]], which attract a different set of insects: [[Halictidae|sweat bees]], [[flies]], [[wasp]]s, and [[ant]]s.<ref>{{Illinois Wildflowers|prairie/plantx/part_peax|Partridge Pea}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | It thrives in areas that have been burned recently before declining in number in the following years.<ref name="feis"/> It is considered an excellent choice for planting in disturbed areas, as it will quickly cover an area, preventing erosion, while still allowing other plants to become established.<ref name="feis"/> It is also grown as an ornamental or for honey production.<ref name="feis"/> |
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| ⚫ | It thrives in areas that have been burned recently before declining in number in the following years.<ref name="feis"/> It is a [[pioneer species]], growing densely in depleted sites that cannot support other plants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haragan |first1=Patricia Dalton |title=Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States |date=1991 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |page=114}}</ref> It is considered an excellent choice for planting in disturbed areas, as it will quickly cover an area, preventing erosion, while still allowing other plants to become established.<ref name="feis"/> It is also grown as an ornamental or for honey production.<ref name="feis"/> |
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== Description == |
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The leaves consist of 10 to 15 pairs of small, narrow leaflets that are somewhat delicate to the touch. Like other legumes, the plant displays [[nyctinasty]], which is a [[circadian rhythm|circadian rhythmic]] [[nastic]] movement wherein the leaves open and close in response to day and night cycles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hollenbach |first1=Charles B. |date=1951 |title=A Biological Study: A General Study of the Two Species from Different Localities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44093831 |journal=Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science |volume= 25 |pages=36 |publisher=Penn State University Press |jstor=44093831 |access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref> The showy yellow flowers, about {{convert|1|in}} across, grow 2 to 4 together in clusters on the stem. Flowers normally bloom July-September. The fruit is a straight, narrow pod {{convert|1.5|to|2.5|in}} long, which splits along 2 sutures as it dries; the pod sides spiral to expel the seeds some distance from the parent plant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=PARTRIDGE PEA|url=https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_chfa2.pdf|last=|first=|date=|website=Plants.udsa.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920124015/http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_chfa2.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-20 |access-date=}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> |
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== Wildlife == |
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The seed is one of the major food items of [[northern bobwhite]] and other quail species because it remains in sound condition throughout the winter and early spring. Partridge pea was found to be one of the most important fall and winter foods of bobwhite quail in Alabama. Partridge pea seeds are high in phosphorus content and protein value, and low in crude fiber and lignin making digestibility generally high. Seeds of this legume are also eaten by the greater and lesser prairie-chicken, ring-necked pheasant, mallard, grassland birds, and field mice. Partridge pea often grows in dense stands, producing litter and plant stalks that furnish cover for upland game birds, small mammals, small non-game birds, and waterfowl. Partridge pea is considered an important honey plant, often occurring where few other honey plants are found. Nectar is not available in the flowers of showy partridge pea but is produced by small orange glands at the base of each leaf. Ants often seek the nectar and are frequent visitors. The [[common sulfur]] butterfly lays its eggs on the leaves, and the larvae use the leaves as a food source.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{cite |
*{{cite journal | title = Gene flow in ''Chamaecrista fasciculata'' (Leguminosae) I. Gene dispersal | author = Charles B. Fenster | url = http://www.clfs.umd.edu/biology/fensterlab/PDF/PDF-3.pdf | journal = Evolution |date= 1991 |volume=45 |number=2 |pages=398–409 | doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04413.x| pmid = 28567876 | s2cid = 21171645 | doi-access = free }} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q5069341}} |
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[[Category:Chamaecrista|fasciculata]] |
[[Category:Chamaecrista|fasciculata]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:27, 16 January 2024
| Chamaecrista fasciculata | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Genus: | Chamaecrista |
| Species: | C. fasciculata
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| Binomial name | |
| Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene
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| Synonyms | |
| |
Chamaecrista fasciculata, the partridge pea, is a species of legume native to most of the eastern United States.[2] It is an annual which grows to approximately 0.5 meters (1 ft 8 in) tall.[2] It has bright yellow flowers from early summer until first frost,[3] with flowers through the entire flowering season if rainfall is sufficient.[2]
The flowers are hermaphroditic, although a fraction of plants, less than 5%, do not produce sufficient pollen to reproduce as males. This phenomenon has been studied in a variety of plants as a possible evolutionary step towards dioecy, in which male and female flowers occur on separate plants.[3] C. fasciculata is pollinated only by bees.[4]
The flowers have yellow anthers that produce reproductive pollen, and purple anthers that produce food pollen, but no nectar.[2] Long-tongued bees such as bumblebees, honey bees, long-horned bees, and leafcutting bees pollinate the flowers. There are extrafloral nectaries on the leaf stems, which attract a different set of insects: sweat bees, flies, wasps, and ants.[5]
It thrives in areas that have been burned recently before declining in number in the following years.[2] It is a pioneer species, growing densely in depleted sites that cannot support other plants.[6] It is considered an excellent choice for planting in disturbed areas, as it will quickly cover an area, preventing erosion, while still allowing other plants to become established.[2] It is also grown as an ornamental or for honey production.[2]
Description
[edit]The leaves consist of 10 to 15 pairs of small, narrow leaflets that are somewhat delicate to the touch. Like other legumes, the plant displays nyctinasty, which is a circadian rhythmic nastic movement wherein the leaves open and close in response to day and night cycles.[7] The showy yellow flowers, about 1 inch (25 mm) across, grow 2 to 4 together in clusters on the stem. Flowers normally bloom July-September. The fruit is a straight, narrow pod 1.5 to 2.5 inches (38 to 64 mm) long, which splits along 2 sutures as it dries; the pod sides spiral to expel the seeds some distance from the parent plant.[8]
Wildlife
[edit]The seed is one of the major food items of northern bobwhite and other quail species because it remains in sound condition throughout the winter and early spring. Partridge pea was found to be one of the most important fall and winter foods of bobwhite quail in Alabama. Partridge pea seeds are high in phosphorus content and protein value, and low in crude fiber and lignin making digestibility generally high. Seeds of this legume are also eaten by the greater and lesser prairie-chicken, ring-necked pheasant, mallard, grassland birds, and field mice. Partridge pea often grows in dense stands, producing litter and plant stalks that furnish cover for upland game birds, small mammals, small non-game birds, and waterfowl. Partridge pea is considered an important honey plant, often occurring where few other honey plants are found. Nectar is not available in the flowers of showy partridge pea but is produced by small orange glands at the base of each leaf. Ants often seek the nectar and are frequent visitors. The common sulfur butterfly lays its eggs on the leaves, and the larvae use the leaves as a food source.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tesky, Julie L. (1992). "Chamaecrista fasciculata". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
- ^ a b Holly L. Williams and Charles B. Fenster (1998). "Ecological and genetic factors contributing to the low frequency of male sterility in Chamaecrista Fasciculata (Fabaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 85 (9). Botanical Society of America: 1243–1250. doi:10.2307/2446634. JSTOR 2446634. PMID 21685010.
- ^ TD Lee, FA Bazzaz (1982). "Regulation of fruit and seed production in an annual legume, Cassia fasciculata". Ecology. 63 (5). Ecology, 1982: 1363–1373. Bibcode:1982Ecol...63.1363L. doi:10.2307/1938864. JSTOR 1938864.
- ^ Hilty, John (2020). "Partridge Pea". Illinois Wildflowers.
- ^ Haragan, Patricia Dalton (1991). Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 114.
- ^ Hollenbach, Charles B. (1951). "A Biological Study: A General Study of the Two Species from Different Localities". Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. 25. Penn State University Press: 36. JSTOR 44093831. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ a b "PARTRIDGE PEA" (PDF). Plants.udsa.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-09-20.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
External links
[edit]
- Charles B. Fenster (1991). "Gene flow in Chamaecrista fasciculata (Leguminosae) I. Gene dispersal" (PDF). Evolution. 45 (2): 398–409. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04413.x. PMID 28567876. S2CID 21171645.