White-browed bulbul: Difference between revisions

White-browed bulbul
	P. l. luteolus; Maharashtra, India
	P. l. insulae, Sri Lanka
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Pycnonotidae
Genus:	Pycnonotus
Species:	P. luteolus
Binomial name
	Pycnonotus luteolus; (Lesson, 1841)
Synonyms
	Haematornis luteolus;

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The white-browed bulbul (Pycnonotus luteolus) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is a resident breeder in Sri Lanka and peninsular India. Largely olive coloured above with whitish underparts, it has a pale supercilium and a yellow vent. They are found in dense scrub habitats, where they skulk within vegetation and can be difficult to see although their loud and distinct burst of calls is distinctive.

Taxonomy and systematics

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized:^[2]

P. l. luteolus - (Lesson, 1841): Found in central and southern India
P. l. insulae - Whistler & Kinnear, 1932: Found in Sri Lanka

Description

The white-browed bulbul is about 20 cm (7.9 in) long, with a moderately long (8 centimetres or 3 inches) tail. It has olive-grey upperparts and whitish underparts. This species is identifiable by the white supercilium, white crescent below the eye, and dark eyestripe and moustachial stripe. The vent is yellowish and there is some yellow on the chin and moustache. The throat is, however, largely whitish unlike in the similar looking and sounding yellow-throated bulbul, which is found in rockier habitats. Three or four hair-like filoplumes are present on the nape. Sexes are similar in plumage. It is usually detected by the burst of song that it produces from the top of a bush and often dives into the bush becoming difficult to see. The song is a rich, spluttering warble and the bird is more often heard than seen. P. l. insulae is slightly darker and has a shorter wing than the nominate race.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Distribution and habitat

This species is endemic to southern India and Sri Lanka. The northern boundary occurs across Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and western West Bengal (near Midnapur^[8]). It is found in dry open scrub country mainly on the plains and also occurs in gardens and woodlands with dense shrubbery.^[4]

Behaviour and ecology

A pair in a cashew tree (Goa, India)

Song recorded at Bangalore, India

White-browed bulbuls are usually seen singly or in pairs. They forage within bushes for fruit, nectar and insects. The breeding season is spread out from March to September and they may possibly breed twice a year. Peaks in breeding occur in February and again in September. The dry season of May to July appears to be avoided for breeding in the Point Calimere region. They build a nest, a loose cup made of twigs, cobwebs and hair placed low in a thick bush and usually on the periphery. Two eggs form the typical clutch.^[4]^[7] Individuals may live for more than 11 years.^[4]^[9]^[10]

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pycnonotus luteolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22712728A94345997. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712728A94345997.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ "Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
^ Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 341.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ali, S & SD Ripley (1996). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 6 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 98–100.
^ Whistler, H (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). London: Gurney and Jackon. pp. 76–77.
^ Oates, EW (1889). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 290–291.
^ ^a ^b Baker, EC Stuart (1922). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 417–418.
^ Law, SC (1936). "Extension of the range of the White-browed Bulbul (Pycnonotus luteolus Less.)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 38 (3): 620–621.
^ Vijayan, VS (1978). "Breeding biology of Bulbuls, Pycnonotus cafer and Pycnonotus luteolus (Class: Aves, Family: Pycnonotidae) with special reference to their ecological isolation". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75: 1090–1117.
^ Hume, AO (1889). The nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: R. H. Porter. pp. 189–190.

Other sources

Vijayan, VS. (1975) Ecological isolation of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae, Class Aves) with special reference to Pycnonotus cafer cafer (Linn.) and Pycnonotus luteolus luteolus (Lesson) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay.

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Pycnonotus luteolus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22712728A94345997. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712728A94345997.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[2] "Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-03-30.

[pcr-3] Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 341.

[hbk-4] Ali, S & SD Ripley (1996). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 6 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 98–100.

[5] Whistler, H (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). London: Gurney and Jackon. pp. 76–77.

[fbi1-6] Oates, EW (1889). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 290–291.

[fbi2-7] Baker, EC Stuart (1922). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 417–418.

[8] Law, SC (1936). "Extension of the range of the White-browed Bulbul (Pycnonotus luteolus Less.)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 38 (3): 620–621.

[9] Vijayan, VS (1978). "Breeding biology of Bulbuls, Pycnonotus cafer and Pycnonotus luteolus (Class: Aves, Family: Pycnonotidae) with special reference to their ecological isolation". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75: 1090–1117.

[10] Hume, AO (1889). The nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: R. H. Porter. pp. 189–190.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
-{{taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
- | image               = White-browed Bulbul ( Pycnonotus luteolus).JPG
+ | image               = White browed bulbul-4E_(cropped).jpg
- | image_caption       = White-browed Bulbul in Sri Lanka
+ | image_caption       = ''P. l. luteolus''<br />Maharashtra, India
-[[File:White browed bulbul-4E.jpg|thumb|White Browed Bulbul, Vasai, Maharashtra, India]]
+ | image2 = White-browed bulbul (Pycnonotus luteolus insulae).jpg
+ | image2_caption = ''P. l. insulae'', Sri Lanka
  | status              = LC
  | status_system       = IUCN3.1
- | status_ref          = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22712728 |title=''Pycnonotus luteolus'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2016.3 |year=2016 |accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref>
+ | status_ref          = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Pycnonotus luteolus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22712728A94345997 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712728A94345997.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
- | regnum              = [[Animal]]ia
+ | taxon            = Pycnonotus luteolus
+ | authority  = ([[Rene Primevere Lesson|Lesson]], 1841)
- | phylum              = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
- | classis             = [[bird|Aves]]
- | ordo                = [[Passeriformes]]
- | familia             = [[bulbul|Pycnonotidae]]
- | genus               = ''[[Pycnonotus]]''
- | species             = '''''P. luteolus'''''
- | binomial            = ''Pycnonotus luteolus''
- | binomial_authority  = ([[Rene Primevere Lesson|Lesson]], 1841)
  | range_map           = Pycnonotus luteolus distribution map.png
 | synonyms = * ''Haematornis luteolus''
 }}
-The '''white-browed bulbul''' (''Pycnonotus luteolus'') is a member of the [[bulbul]] family of [[passerine]] [[bird]]s. It is a resident breeder in Sri Lanka and peninsular India. Largely olive coloured above with whitish underparts, it has a pale supercilium and a yellow vent. They are found in dense scrub habitats, where they skulk within vegetation and can be difficult to see although their loud and distinct burst of calls is distinctive.
+The '''white-browed bulbul''' ('''''Pycnonotus luteolus''''') is a member of the [[bulbul]] family of [[passerine]] [[bird]]s. It is a resident breeder in Sri Lanka and peninsular India. Largely olive coloured above with whitish underparts, it has a pale supercilium and a yellow vent. They are found in dense scrub habitats, where they skulk within vegetation and can be difficult to see although their loud and distinct burst of calls is distinctive.
 ==Taxonomy and systematics==
@@ Line 28: / Line 23: @@
 ==Description==
-[[File:White-browed Bulbul (Pycnonotus luteolus) drinking water W IMG 7782.jpg|thumb|left|Drinking water ([[Shamirpet]], India)]]
-The white-browed bulbul is about {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with a moderately long ({{convert|8|cm|in|frac=2|disp=or}}) tail. It has olive-grey upperparts and whitish underparts. This species is identifiable by the white supercilium, white crescent below the eye, and dark eyestripe and moustachial stripe. The vent is yellowish and there is some yellow on the chin and moustache. The throat is however largely whitish unlike in the similar looking and sounding [[yellow-throated bulbul]] which is found in rockier habitats. Three or four hair-like {{birdgloss|filoplume}}s are present on the nape. Sexes are similar in plumage. It is usually detected by the burst of song that it produces from the top of a bush and often dives into the bush becoming difficult to see. The song is a rich, spluttering warble and the bird is more often heard than seen. The nominate form is from southern India while ''insulae'' from Sri Lanka is slightly darker and has a shorter wing.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author=Rasmussen PC|author2=JC Anderton|last-author-amp=yes|year=2005| title = Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|page=341}}</ref><ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author=Ali, S|author2=SD Ripley|last-author-amp=yes|year=1996| title= Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 6|edition=2nd| publisher=Oxford University Press|place= New Delhi|pages=98–100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n111/mode/2up/|pages=76–77|title=Popular handbook of Indian birds|author=Whistler, H|year=1949| edition=4th|publisher=Gurney and Jackon|place=London}}</ref><ref name=fbi1>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia01oaterich#page/290/mode/1up|author=Oates, EW| title= Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1|pages=290–291|publisher=Taylor and Francis| place=London|year=1889}}</ref><ref name=fbi2>{{cite book|author=Baker, EC Stuart|year=1922|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1|edition=2nd|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place= London|pages=417–418|url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin01bake#page/417/mode/1up}}</ref> Known as බැම සුදු කොන්ඩයා in Sinhala.
+The white-browed bulbul is about {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, with a moderately long ({{convert|8|cm|in|frac=2|disp=or}}) tail. It has olive-grey upperparts and whitish underparts. This species is identifiable by the white {{birdgloss|supercilium}}, white crescent below the eye, and dark eyestripe and moustachial stripe. The vent is yellowish and there is some yellow on the chin and moustache. The throat is, however, largely whitish unlike in the similar looking and sounding [[yellow-throated bulbul]], which is found in rockier habitats. Three or four hair-like {{birdgloss|filoplume}}s are present on the nape. Sexes are similar in plumage. It is usually detected by the burst of song that it produces from the top of a bush and often dives into the bush becoming difficult to see. The song is a rich, spluttering warble and the bird is more often heard than seen. ''P. l. insulae'' is slightly darker and has a shorter wing than the nominate race.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author=Rasmussen PC|author2=JC Anderton|name-list-style=amp|year=2005| title = Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|page=341}}</ref><ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author=Ali, S|author2=SD Ripley|name-list-style=amp|year=1996| title= Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 6|edition=2nd| publisher=Oxford University Press|place= New Delhi|pages=98–100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n111/mode/2up/|pages=76–77|title=Popular handbook of Indian birds|author=Whistler, H|year=1949| edition=4th|publisher=Gurney and Jackon|place=London}}</ref><ref name=fbi1>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia01oaterich#page/290/mode/1up|author=Oates, EW| title= Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1|pages=290–291|publisher=Taylor and Francis| place=London|year=1889}}</ref><ref name=fbi2>{{cite book|author=Baker, EC Stuart|year=1922|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1|edition=2nd|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place= London|pages=417–418|url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin01bake#page/417/mode/1up}}</ref>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
-This species is endemic to southern India and Sri Lanka. The northern boundary is along Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and western West Bengal (near Midnapur<ref>{{cite journal|author= Law, SC |year=1936| title= Extension of the range of the White-browed Bulbul (''Pycnonotus luteolus'' Less.)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 38| issue=3| pages=620–621}}</ref>). It is found in dry open scrub country mainly on the plains and also occurs in gardens and woodlands with dense shrubbery.<ref name=hbk/>
+This species is endemic to southern India and Sri Lanka. The northern boundary occurs across Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and western West Bengal (near Midnapur<ref>{{cite journal|author= Law, SC |year=1936| title= Extension of the range of the White-browed Bulbul (''Pycnonotus luteolus'' Less.)|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 38| issue=3| pages=620–621|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47602990}}</ref>). It is found in dry open scrub country mainly on the plains and also occurs in gardens and woodlands with dense shrubbery.<ref name=hbk/>
 ==Behaviour and ecology==
-[[Image:White-browed Bulbul.ogv|thumb|160px|left|A pair in a Cashew tree (Goa, India)]]
+[[Image:White-browed Bulbul.ogv|thumb|160px|left|A pair in a cashew tree (Goa, India)]]
 [[File:PycnonotusLuteolus.ogg|thumb|Song recorded at Bangalore, India]]
-White-browed bulbuls are usually seen singly or in pairs. They forage within bushes for fruit, nectar and insects. The breeding season is spread out from March to September and may possibly breed twice a year. Peaks in breeding occur in February and again in September. The dry season of May to July appears to be avoided for breeding in the Point Calimere region. They build a nest, a loose cup made of twigs, cobwebs and hair placed low in a thick bush and usually on the periphery. Two eggs form the typical clutch.<ref name=hbk/><ref name=fbi2/>
+White-browed bulbuls are usually seen singly or in pairs. They forage within bushes for fruit, nectar and insects. The breeding season is spread out from March to September and they may possibly breed twice a year. Peaks in breeding occur in February and again in September. The dry season of May to July appears to be avoided for breeding in the Point Calimere region. They build a nest, a loose cup made of twigs, cobwebs and hair placed low in a thick bush and usually on the periphery. Two eggs form the typical clutch.<ref name=hbk/><ref name=fbi2/>
-Individuals may live for more than 11 years.<ref name=hbk/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Vijayan, VS |year=1978| title= Breeding biology of Bulbuls, ''Pycnonotus cafer'' and ''Pycnonotus luteolus'' (Class: Aves, Family: Pycnonotidae) with special reference to their ecological isolation| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=75| pages= 1090–1117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=189–190 | url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia01hume#page/189/mode/1up/|title=The nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 1|edition=2nd| publisher=R. H. Porter|place=London| year=1889| author=Hume, AO}}</ref>
+Individuals may live for more than 11 years.<ref name=hbk/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Vijayan, VS |year=1978| title= Breeding biology of Bulbuls, ''Pycnonotus cafer'' and ''Pycnonotus luteolus'' (Class: Aves, Family: Pycnonotidae) with special reference to their ecological isolation| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=75| pages= 1090–1117|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48297317}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=189–190 | url=https://archive.org/stream/nestseggsofindia01hume#page/189/mode/1up/|title=The nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 1|edition=2nd| publisher=R. H. Porter|place=London| year=1889| author=Hume, AO}}</ref>
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
 ==Other sources==
+{{Commons category|Pycnonotus luteolus}}
+{{Wikispecies|Pycnonotus luteolus}}
 * Vijayan, VS. (1975) Ecological isolation of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae, Class Aves) with special reference to ''Pycnonotus cafer cafer'' (Linn.) and ''Pycnonotus luteolus luteolus'' (Lesson) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay.
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q790718}}
-{{commons category|Pycnonotus luteolus}}
-{{wikispecies|Pycnonotus luteolus}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:bulbul, white-browed}}
 [[Category:Pycnonotus|white-browed bulbul]]
 [[Category:Birds of South Asia]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1841|white-browed bulbul]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by René Lesson]]
 [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]