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Tarka Sastra
'''Tarka Shastra''' ({{lang|sa|तर्कशास्त्र}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|tarkaśāstra}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] term for the philosophy of [[dialectics]], [[logic]] and [[reasoning]], and art of [[debate]] that analyzes the nature and source of [[knowledge]] and its [[Validity (logic)|validity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-01-29 |title=Tarkashastra, Tarka-shastra, Tarkaśāstra: 9 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/tarkashastra |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Shastra]]'' in Sanskrit means that which gives teaching, instruction or command. ''Tarka'' means debate or an [[argument]]. According to one reckoning, there are six shastras. [[Vyākaraṇa]] is one of them. Four of the shastras are particularly important: [[Vyākaraṇa]], [[Mīmāṃsā]], Tarka, and [[Vedanta]].


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Tarka shastra has concepts called ''[[purva paksha]]'' and ''apara paksha''. When one raises a point (purva paksha) the other party criticizes it (apara paksha). Then the debate starts. Each one tries to support his point of view by getting various references. The meaning of the word ''tarka'' also is specific, in that it does not imply a pure logical analysis but a complex activity of discourse guided by strict definitions and goals.
Sastra in Sanskrit means that which gives teaching, instruction or command. Tarka means debate or an arguement. According to one reckoning, there are six sastras. Vyakarana is one of them. Four of the sastras are particularly important Vyakarana, Mimamsa, Tarka , and Vedanta.


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''[[Tarka-Sangraha]]'' is a foundational text followed as guidelines for logic and discourse ever since it was composed in the second half of 17th century CE. ''Tarka'' may be translated as "hypothetical argument". Tarka is the process of questioning and cross-questioning that leads to a particular conclusion. It is a form of supposition that can be used as an aid to the attainment of valid knowledge.
Tarka Sastra -- "the science of dialetics, logic and reasoning, the art of debate", this system analyzes the nature and source of knowledge and its validity and nonvalidity. The author of Tarka-sastra is Gautama Maharsi.


There are several scholars renowned as well-versed in Tarka shastra: [[Adi Shankara]] (sixth century CE), [[Udyotakara]] (''Nyāyavārttika'', 6th–7th century), [[Vācaspati Miśra]] (''Tatparyatika'', 9th century), [[Ramanujacharya]] (9th century), [[Udayanacharya]] (''Tātparyaparishuddhi'', 10th century), [[Jayanta Bhatta]] (''Nyāyamanjari'', 9th century), [[Madhvacharya]] (13th century), Visvanatha (''Nyāyasūtravṛtti'', 17th century), Rādhāmohana Gosvāmī (''Nyāyasūtravivarana'', 18th century), and [[Kumaran Asan]] (1873–1924). Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri (1842–1911) and [[Sengalipuram Anantarama Dikshitar]] (1903–1969) specialized in Vyākaraṇa, Mīmāṃsā and Tarka shastra.
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The sastra has concepts called "poorva paksha" and "uttara paksha". When one raises a point (poorva paksha) the other one criticizes it (uttara paksha). Then the debate starts. Each one tries to support his point of view by getting various references. The meaning of the word tarka also is specific, in that it does not imply a pure logical analysis but a complex activity of discourse guided by strict definitions and goals so as to have. This concept is referred in [[ Bhagawad Gita ]] as "vAdaH pravadatAmasmi" (vibhooti yOga).
==References==
{{Reflist}}


==Bibliography==
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Tarkasamgraha which is the foundational text of logic and discourse was al the text followed as a Guidelines for discourses. Tarka may be translated as "hypothetical argument." Tarka is the process of questioning and cross-questioning that leads to a particular conclusion. It is a form of supposition that can be used as an aid to the attainment of valid knowledge.
[[JSTOR]]:
*{{cite journal|last=Tucci|first=Giuseppe |authorlink=Giuseppe Tucci |title=Buddhist Logic before Diṅnāga (Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, Tarka-śāstras) |journal=[[The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] |date=July 1929|volume=61|issue=3 |pages=451–488 |jstor=25193933|publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00151524 |oclc=729532565}}
*{{cite journal|last=Vassiliev|first=Boris |title='Ju-shih Lun': A Logical Treatise Ascribed to Vasubandhu |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |year=1937 |volume=8|issue=4|pages=1013–1037 |jstor=3488492|publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00082367}}


[[WorldCat]]:
There are several scholars well-versed in Tarka Sastras – [[Adi Shankara]], Uddyotkar (Nyayavartik, 6th-7th century), [[ Vācaspati Miśra ]] (Tatparyatika, 9th century), Udayanacharya (Tatparyaparishuddhi, 10th century), Jayanta Bhatta (Nyayamanjari), Vishwanath (Nyayasutravrtti, 17th century), and Radhamohan Goswami (Nyayasutravivaran, 18th century), [[ Kumaran Asan ]]. Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri specialized in Vyakarana, Mimamsa and Tarka Sastra. Krishna Sastri excelled all those scholars of his contemporary period in Tarka Sastra.
*Krishna Jain (2011). ''Tarka-śāstra: eka rūpa-rekhā'' (Raj Verma Sinha, translator) [''A textbook of logic: an introduction'']. Naī Dillī: Ḍī. Ke. Priṇṭavarlḍa. {{ISBN|9788124604274}}, {{ISBN|8124604274}},{{OCLC|769743700}} [language: Hindi, translated from 2007 English original {{ISBN|8124604266}}, {{ISBN|9788124604267}}, {{OCLC|636929116}}]
*Pavitra Kumāra Śarmā (2007). ''Tarka śāstra''. Jayapura: Haṃsā Prakāśana. {{OCLC|309717739}} [language: Hindi]
*Gulābarāya. ''Tarka śāstra''. Kāśī: Nāgarīpracāriṇī Sabhā. {{OCLC| 33938711}} [language: Hindi] (on Hindu logic)
*George William Brown (1915). ''Hindi logic''. Jubbulpore: Christian Mission Press. {{OCLC|82179416}} [language: Hindi]


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==External links==
*[http://www.shastranethralaya.org Tarka Shastra - Shastra Nethralaya]
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*[http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part16/chap1.htm Samskara - The Forty Samskaras]


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{{Indian philosophy}}


== Internal links==

* [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa ]
* [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyakarana ]
* [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta ]

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==External links==

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* [ http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part16/chap1.htm ]
* [ http://www.kamakoti.org/newlayout/print-it.php?content=L2hpbmR1ZGhhcm1hL3BhcnQxMy9jaGFwMS5odG0=&sendpagetitle=Science+of+Reasoning+from+the+Chapter+%26quot%3BNyaya%26quot%3B%2C+in+Hindu+Dharma ]



{{Indian Philosophy}}
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
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[[Category:Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:Hermeneutics]]
[[Category:Hermeneutics]]
[[Category:Ritual]]
[[Category:Ritual]]

Latest revision as of 09:03, 21 August 2023

Tarka Shastra (तर्कशास्त्र, IAST: tarkaśāstra) is a Sanskrit term for the philosophy of dialectics, logic and reasoning, and art of debate that analyzes the nature and source of knowledge and its validity.[1] Shastra in Sanskrit means that which gives teaching, instruction or command. Tarka means debate or an argument. According to one reckoning, there are six shastras. Vyākaraṇa is one of them. Four of the shastras are particularly important: Vyākaraṇa, Mīmāṃsā, Tarka, and Vedanta.

Tarka shastra has concepts called purva paksha and apara paksha. When one raises a point (purva paksha) the other party criticizes it (apara paksha). Then the debate starts. Each one tries to support his point of view by getting various references. The meaning of the word tarka also is specific, in that it does not imply a pure logical analysis but a complex activity of discourse guided by strict definitions and goals.

Tarka-Sangraha is a foundational text followed as guidelines for logic and discourse ever since it was composed in the second half of 17th century CE. Tarka may be translated as "hypothetical argument". Tarka is the process of questioning and cross-questioning that leads to a particular conclusion. It is a form of supposition that can be used as an aid to the attainment of valid knowledge.

There are several scholars renowned as well-versed in Tarka shastra: Adi Shankara (sixth century CE), Udyotakara (Nyāyavārttika, 6th–7th century), Vācaspati Miśra (Tatparyatika, 9th century), Ramanujacharya (9th century), Udayanacharya (Tātparyaparishuddhi, 10th century), Jayanta Bhatta (Nyāyamanjari, 9th century), Madhvacharya (13th century), Visvanatha (Nyāyasūtravṛtti, 17th century), Rādhāmohana Gosvāmī (Nyāyasūtravivarana, 18th century), and Kumaran Asan (1873–1924). Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri (1842–1911) and Sengalipuram Anantarama Dikshitar (1903–1969) specialized in Vyākaraṇa, Mīmāṃsā and Tarka shastra.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2014-01-29). "Tarkashastra, Tarka-shastra, Tarkaśāstra: 9 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2023-08-21.

Bibliography

[edit]

JSTOR:

WorldCat:

  • Krishna Jain (2011). Tarka-śāstra: eka rūpa-rekhā (Raj Verma Sinha, translator) [A textbook of logic: an introduction]. Naī Dillī: Ḍī. Ke. Priṇṭavarlḍa. ISBN 9788124604274, ISBN 8124604274,OCLC 769743700 [language: Hindi, translated from 2007 English original ISBN 8124604266, ISBN 9788124604267, OCLC 636929116]
  • Pavitra Kumāra Śarmā (2007). Tarka śāstra. Jayapura: Haṃsā Prakāśana. OCLC 309717739 [language: Hindi]
  • Gulābarāya. Tarka śāstra. Kāśī: Nāgarīpracāriṇī Sabhā. OCLC 33938711 [language: Hindi] (on Hindu logic)
  • George William Brown (1915). Hindi logic. Jubbulpore: Christian Mission Press. OCLC 82179416 [language: Hindi]
[edit]
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