Large woodshrike: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bird}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{speciesbox |
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| name = Large |
| name = Large woodshrike |
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| image = Large Woodshrike (Tephrodornis pondicerianus) at Jayanti, Duars, WB W Picture 510.jpg |
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| image_caption = at [[Jayanti]] in [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]] in [[Jalpaiguri]] district of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. |
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| image_caption = At [[Manas National Park]] in [[Assam]], India. |
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| image2 = Large Woodshrike Barambubu Uttarakhand India 02.02.2015.jpg |
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| regnum = [[Animalia]] |
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| image2_caption = At [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]], [[Uttarakhand]], India. |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| status = LC |
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| ordo = [[Passeriformes]] |
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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 17 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Tephrodornis virgatus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T103703834A94145293 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103703834A94145293.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| familia = [[Prionopidae]] |
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| genus = |
| genus = Tephrodornis |
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| species = |
| species = virgatus |
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| synonyms = * ''Tephrodornis gularis'' <small>([[Thomas Stamford Raffles|Raffles]], 1822)</small> |
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The '''large woodshrike''' ('''''Tephrodornis virgatus''''') is found in south-eastern Asia, [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], and [[Borneo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/batises/|title=Batises, woodshrikes, bushshrikes & vangas « IOC World Bird List|website=www.worldbirdnames.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-11}}</ref> Its natural [[habitat]]s are [[temperate forest]], [[subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest]], subtropical or tropical [[mangrove forest]], and subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]]. |
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The '''Large Woodshrike''' (''Tephrodornis gularis'', the name ''T. virgatus'' provided as a substitute on insufficient grounds.<ref name="Dickinson2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Dickinson | first1 = E.C. | last2 = Dekker | first2 = R.W.R.J. | year = 2002 | title = Systematic notes on Asian birds 22: A preliminary review of the Campephagidae | url = http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46720 | journal = Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden | volume = 340 | issue = | pages = 7–30 }}</ref>) is a [[species]] in the helmetshrike [[family (biology)|family]] [[Prionopidae]]. The woodshrikes were formerly placed in the [[Campephagidae]] (cuckooshrikes) sometimes. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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It is found in [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]]. Its natural [[habitat]]s are temperate [[forest]]s, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]]s. The [[subspecies]] in south-west India is sometimes considered a separate species, the '''Malabar Woodshrike''' (''T. sylvicola''). |
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It is usually placed in the family [[Vangidae]]. The [[Malabar woodshrike]] is sometimes considered [[conspecific]] with the large woodshrike. |
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=== Subspecies=== |
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'''SCIENTIFIC NAME''' |
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Ten [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2023 | title=Batises, bushshrikes, boatbills, vangas (sensu lato) | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/batises/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=25 March 2023 }}</ref> |
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* ''T. v. pelvicus'' ([[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1837) – east Himalayas to north Myanmar |
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* ''T. v. jugans'' [[Herbert Girton Deignan|Deignan]], 1948 – east Myanmar, south China and north Thailand |
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* ''T. v. verneyi'' [[Norman Boyd Kinnear|Kinnear]], 1924 – southeast Myanmar, southwest Thailand and north [[Malay Peninsula]] |
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* ''T. v. annectens'' [[Herbert C. Robinson|Robinson]] & [[C. Boden Kloss|Kloss]], 1918 – central [[Malay Peninsula]] |
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* ''T. v. fretensis'' Robinson & Kloss, 1920 – south [[Malay Peninsula]] and north [[Sumatra]] |
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* ''T. v. virgatus'' ([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1824) – south [[Sumatra]], [[Java]] and [[Bali]] |
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* ''T. v. frenatus'' [[Johann Büttikofer|Büttikofer]], 1887 – [[Borneo]] |
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* ''T. v. mekongensis'' [[Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee|Meyer de Schauensee]], 1946 – southeast Thailand to south Vietnam |
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* ''T. v. hainanus'' [[William Robert Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]], 1910 – north Laos, north Vietnam and [[Hainan]] (off southeast China) |
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* ''T. v. latouchei'' Kinnear, 1925 – south China |
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The name '''''Lanius gularis''''' was described by Raffles in 1822 (''Transactions of the Linnean Society''). At about the same time (1824), Temminck published the name '''''Lanius virgatus''''' in his ''Planches Coloriees'' (pl. 256, f.1). These, among other related forms, were later placed in the genus '''''Tephrodornis''''' and each recognized as valid species. Richard Bowdler Sharpe (''Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum'', vol. III, p. 278) retained both as valid, and this treatment perpetuated as recently as 1981 (Smythies, ''Birds of Borneo''). |
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{{Reflist}} |
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Further review determined that both ''gularis'' and ''virgatus'' should be recognized as one species, with the former name designated as the nominate. Dickinson and Dekker <ref name="Dickinson2002" /> discussed the homonymy of Raffles' name, and on the premise that it was unavailable, supplanted it with Temminck's name as the authority. A more obscure ''Lanius gularis'' was published in Bechstein (''Kurze Uebersicht aller bekannten Vögel oder ihre kennzeichen der Art nach Latham’s'' General Synopsis of Birds ''und seinem'' Index ornithologicus, (1811)), eleven years prior to Raffles. |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q605571}} |
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Since the discovery of the homonymy in 2002, the name'' virgatus'' seems to have prevailed as the correct name for the large wood-shrike. However, the action to replace ''gularis'' was not justified. In the fourth edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) certain provisions were modified, including the adoption of "reversal of precedence." Article 23. 1 stipulates that priority in scientific names applies to "..the relative precedence of homonyms," among other conditions, and Article 23.9 details the "reversal of precendence," which requires that a substitution or replacement name be adopted if, among other conditions, "the senior synonym or homonym has not been used as a valid name after 1899." Since the discovery of the homonymy was published subsequent to the fourth edition of the Code, these requirements would need to be met prior to making such a change. Bechstein's name (the senior homonym) being so obscure—having only been cited once prior to Dickinson and Dekker (''Index Animalium'' of Sherborn (and its corresponding reverse index volume)--that the act to adopt ''virgatus'' was done on insufficient grounds. Further, it is uncertain as to which species Bechstein's name should be indicated as a synonym of. Therefore, the correct name of the large wood-shrike is ''Tephrodornis gularis.'' |
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{{reflist}} |
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* BirdLife International 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/51499/all Tephrodornis gularis]. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 27 July 2007. |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Large Woodshrike (Tephrodornis pondicerianus) at Jayanti, Duars, WB W Picture 507.jpg|at [[Jayanti]] in [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]] in [[Jalpaiguri]] district of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. |
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Image:Large Woodshrike (Tephrodornis pondicerianus) at Jayanti, Duars, WB W IMG 5224.jpg| at [[Jayanti]] in [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]] in [[Jalpaiguri]] district of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. |
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</gallery> |
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[[Category:Birds of Bangladesh]] |
[[Category:Birds of Bangladesh]] |
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[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]] |
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[[Category:Birds described in 1822|large woodshrike]] |
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[[ms:Burung Merbah Rimba]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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[[zh:钩嘴林鵙]] |
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Latest revision as of 18:05, 26 March 2023
| Large woodshrike | |
|---|---|
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| At Manas National Park in Assam, India. | |
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| At Ramnagar, Uttarakhand, India. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Vangidae |
| Genus: | Tephrodornis |
| Species: | T. virgatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Tephrodornis virgatus (Temminck, 1824)
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| Synonyms | |
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The large woodshrike (Tephrodornis virgatus) is found in south-eastern Asia, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.[2] Its natural habitats are temperate forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
Taxonomy
[edit]It is usually placed in the family Vangidae. The Malabar woodshrike is sometimes considered conspecific with the large woodshrike.
Subspecies
[edit]Ten subspecies are recognised:[3]
- T. v. pelvicus (Hodgson, 1837) – east Himalayas to north Myanmar
- T. v. jugans Deignan, 1948 – east Myanmar, south China and north Thailand
- T. v. verneyi Kinnear, 1924 – southeast Myanmar, southwest Thailand and north Malay Peninsula
- T. v. annectens Robinson & Kloss, 1918 – central Malay Peninsula
- T. v. fretensis Robinson & Kloss, 1920 – south Malay Peninsula and north Sumatra
- T. v. virgatus (Temminck, 1824) – south Sumatra, Java and Bali
- T. v. frenatus Büttikofer, 1887 – Borneo
- T. v. mekongensis Meyer de Schauensee, 1946 – southeast Thailand to south Vietnam
- T. v. hainanus Ogilvie-Grant, 1910 – north Laos, north Vietnam and Hainan (off southeast China)
- T. v. latouchei Kinnear, 1925 – south China
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Tephrodornis virgatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103703834A94145293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103703834A94145293.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ "Batises, woodshrikes, bushshrikes & vangas « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Batises, bushshrikes, boatbills, vangas (sensu lato)". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 March 2023.