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{{Short description|Formula in condensed matter physics}} |
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The SP formula for the depahsing rate <math>\Gamma_{\varphi}</math> of a particle that moves in a fluctuating environment, unifies various results that have been obtained, notably in condensed matter physics with regard to the motion of electrons in a metal |
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{{italic title|string=SP}} |
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<ref>B. Altshuler, A. Aronov, and D. Khmelnitskii, J. Phys. C 15, 7367 (1982)</ref> |
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{{Use American English|date = April 2019}} |
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<ref>H. Fukuyama and E. Abrahams, Phys. Rev. B 27, 5976 (1983)</ref> |
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The '''''SP'' formula''' for the [[dephasing]] rate <math>\Gamma_{\varphi}</math> of a particle that moves in a fluctuating environment unifies various results that have been obtained, notably in [[condensed matter physics]], with regard to the motion of electrons in a metal.<ref name="AltshulerAronov1982">{{cite journal|last1=Altshuler|first1=B L|last2=Aronov|first2=A G|last3=Khmelnitsky|first3=D E|title=Effects of electron-electron collisions with small energy transfers on quantum localisation|journal=Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics|volume=15|issue=36|year=1982|pages=7367–7386|issn=0022-3719|doi=10.1088/0022-3719/15/36/018|bibcode=1982JPhC...15.7367A}}</ref><ref name="FukuyamaAbrahams1983">{{cite journal|last1=Fukuyama|first1=Hidetoshi|last2=Abrahams|first2=Elihu|title=Inelastic scattering time in two-dimensional disordered metals|journal=Physical Review B|volume=27|issue=10|year=1983|pages=5976–5980|issn=0163-1829|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.27.5976|bibcode=1983PhRvB..27.5976F}}</ref><ref name="ChakravartySchmid1986">{{cite journal|last1=Chakravarty|first1=Sudip|last2=Schmid|first2=Albert|title=Weak localization: The quasiclassical theory of electrons in a random potential|journal=Physics Reports|volume=140|issue=4|year=1986|pages=193–236|issn=0370-1573|doi=10.1016/0370-1573(86)90027-X|bibcode=1986PhR...140..193C}}</ref><ref name="SternAharonov1990">{{cite journal|last1=Stern|first1=Ady|last2=Aharonov|first2=Yakir|last3=Imry|first3=Yoseph|title=Phase uncertainty and loss of interference: A general picture|journal=Physical Review A|volume=41|issue=7|year=1990|pages=3436–3448|issn=1050-2947|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.41.3436|pmid=9903511|bibcode=1990PhRvA..41.3436S}}</ref> The general case requires to take into account not only the temporal correlations but also the spatial correlations of the environmental fluctuations.<ref name="Cohen1997">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Doron|title=Unified model for the study of diffusion localization and dissipation|journal=Physical Review E|volume=55|issue=2|year=1997|pages=1422–1441|issn=1063-651X|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.55.1422|arxiv=chao-dyn/9611013|bibcode=1997PhRvE..55.1422C|s2cid=51749412}}</ref><ref name="Cohen1997a">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Doron|title=Quantum Dissipation versus Classical Dissipation for Generalized Brownian Motion|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=78|issue=15|year=1997|pages=2878–2881|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2878|arxiv=chao-dyn/9704016|bibcode=1997PhRvL..78.2878C|s2cid=51786519}}</ref> These can be characterized by the spectral form factor <math>\tilde{S}(q,\omega)</math>, while the motion of the particle is characterized by its power spectrum <math>\tilde{P}(q,\omega)</math>. Consequently, at finite temperature the expression for the dephasing rate takes the following form that involves ''S'' and ''P'' functions:<ref name="Cohen1998">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Doron|title=Quantal Brownian motion - dephasing and dissipation|journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General|volume=31|issue=40|year=1998|pages=8199–8220|issn=0305-4470|doi=10.1088/0305-4470/31/40/013|arxiv=cond-mat/9805023|bibcode=1998JPhA...31.8199C|s2cid=11609074}}</ref><ref name="CohenImry1999">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Doron|last2=Imry|first2=Yoseph|title=Dephasing at low temperatures|journal=Physical Review B|volume=59|issue=17|year=1999|pages=11143–11146|issn=0163-1829|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.59.11143|arxiv=cond-mat/9807038|bibcode=1999PhRvB..5911143C|s2cid=51856292}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Yoseph Imry|title=Introduction to Mesoscopic Physics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0198507380}}</ref> |
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<ref>S. Chakravarty and A. Schmid, Phys. Rep. 140, 193 (1986) </ref> |
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<ref>A. Stern, Y. Aharonov, and Y. Imry, Phys. Rev. A 41, 3436 (1990)</ref>. |
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The general case requires to take into account not only the temporal correlations but also the spatial correlations of the environmental fluctuations |
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<ref>D. Cohen, Phys. Rev. E 55, 1422 (1997); Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2878 (1997)</ref>. |
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These can be characterized by the spectral form factor <math>\tilde{S}(q,\omega)</math>, while the motion of the particle is characterized by its power spectrum <math>\tilde{P}(q,\omega)</math>. Consequently at finite temperature the expression for the dephasing rate takes the form |
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<ref>D. Cohen, J. Phys. A 31, 8199 (1998)</ref> |
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<ref>D. Cohen and Y. Imry, Phys. Rev. B 59, 11143 (1999)</ref> |
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<ref>Y. Imry, Introduction to Mesoscopic Physics (Oxford University Press, 2002)</ref>, |
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<math> |
<math> |
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</math> |
</math> |
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Due to inherent limitations of the semiclassical (stationary phase) approximation the physically correct procedure is to use the |
Due to inherent limitations of the semiclassical (stationary phase) approximation, the physically correct procedure is to use the non-symmetrized quantum versions of <math>\tilde{S}(q,\omega)</math> and <math>\tilde{P}(q,\omega)</math>. The argument is based on the analogy of the above expression with the [[Fermi's golden rule|Fermi-golden-rule]] calculation of the transitions that are induced by the system-environment interaction. |
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==Derivation== |
==Derivation== |
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It is most illuminating to understand the SP formula in the context of [[Dissipation model for extended environment|the DLD model]], which describes motion in dynamical disorder. In order to derive the dephasing rate formula from first principles, a purity-based definition of the dephasing factor can be adopted.<ref name="CohenHorovitz2007">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Doron|last2=Horovitz|first2=Baruch|title=Dephasing of a particle in a dissipative environment|journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical|volume=40|issue=41|year=2007|pages=12281–12297|issn=1751-8113|doi=10.1088/1751-8113/40/41/002|arxiv=0708.0965|bibcode=2007JPhA...4012281C|s2cid=51854975}}</ref><ref name="CohenHorovitz2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=D.|last2=Horovitz|first2=B.|title=Decoherence of a particle in a ring|journal=EPL (Europhysics Letters)|volume=81|issue=3|year=2008|pages=30001|issn=0295-5075|doi=10.1209/0295-5075/81/30001|arxiv=0707.1993|bibcode=2008EL.....8130001C|s2cid=14378056}}</ref> The purity <math>P(t)=e^{-F(t)}</math> describes how a quantum state becomes mixed due to the entanglement of the system with the environment. Using perturbation theory, one recovers at finite temperatures at the long time limit <math>F(t)=\Gamma_{\varphi}t</math>, where the decay constant is given by the dephasing rate formula with non symmetrized spectral functions as expected. There is a somewhat controversial possibility to get power law decay of <math>P(t)</math> at the limit of zero temperature.<ref name="GolubevZaikin1998">{{cite journal|last1=Golubev|first1=Dmitrii|last2=Zaikin|first2=Andrei|title=Quantum Decoherence in Disordered Mesoscopic Systems|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=81|issue=5|year=1998|pages=1074–1077|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1074|arxiv=cond-mat/9710079|bibcode=1998PhRvL..81.1074G|s2cid=119497043}}</ref> The proper way to incorporate Pauli blocking in the many-body dephasing calculation,<ref name="Marquardtvon Delft2007">{{cite journal|last1=Marquardt|first1=Florian|last2=von Delft|first2=Jan|last3=Smith|first3=R. A.|last4=Ambegaokar|first4=Vinay|title=Decoherence in weak localization. I. Pauli principle in influence functional|journal=Physical Review B|volume=76|issue=19|year=2007|page=195331|issn=1098-0121|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.76.195331|arxiv=cond-mat/0510556|bibcode=2007PhRvB..76s5331M|s2cid=51755629}}</ref> within the framework of the SP formula approach, has been clarified as well.<ref name="Cohenvon Delft2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Doron|last2=von Delft|first2=Jan|last3=Marquardt|first3=Florian|last4=Imry|first4=Yoseph|title=Dephasing rate formula in the many-body context|journal=Physical Review B|volume=80|issue=24|year=2009|page=245410|issn=1098-0121|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.80.245410|arxiv=0909.1441|bibcode=2009PhRvB..80x5410C|s2cid=51754321}}</ref> |
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It is most illuminating to understand the SP formula in the context of [[quantum_dissipation#The_DLD_model|the DLD model]] which describes motion in dynamical disorder. In order to derive the dephasing rate formula from first principles a purity based definition of the dephasing factor can been adopted |
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<ref>D. Cohen and B. Horovitz, J. Phys. A 40, 12281 (2007); Europhys. Lett. 81, 30001 (2008)</ref>. |
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==Example== |
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The purity <math>P(t)=e^{-F(t)}</math> describes how a quantum state becomes mixed due to the entanglement of the system with the environment. Using perturbation theory one recovers at finite temperatures at the long time limit <math>F(t)=\Gamma_{\varphi}t</math> where the decay constant is given by the dephasing rate formula with non symmetrized spectral functions as expected. There is a somewhat controversial possibility to get power law decay of <math>P(t)</math> at the limit of zero temperature |
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<ref>D.S. Golubev and A.D. Zaikin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1074 (1998).</ref>. |
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For the standard 1D [[Caldeira-Leggett model|Caldeira-Leggett]] Ohmic environment, with temperature <math>T</math> and friction <math>\eta</math>, the spectral form factor is |
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The proper way to incorporate Pauli blocking in the many-body dephasing calculation |
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<ref>F. Marquardt, J. von Delft, R.A. Smith, and V. Ambegaokar, Phys. Rev. B 76, 195331 (2007)</ref>, |
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:<math>\tilde{S}(q,\omega) \ = \ \frac{(2\pi)\delta(q)}{q^2} \, \left[\frac{2\eta\omega}{1-e^{-\omega/T}}\right]</math> |
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within the framework of the SP formula approach, has been clarifies as well |
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<ref>D. Cohen, J. von Delft, F. Marquardt and Y. Imry, Phys. Rev. B 80, 245410 (2009)</ref>. |
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This expression reflects that in the classical limit the electron experiences "white temporal noise", which means force that is not correlated in time, but uniform is space (high <math>q</math> components are absent). In contrast to that, for diffusive motion of an electron in a 3D metallic environment, which is created by the rest of the electrons, the spectral form factor is |
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:<math> |
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\tilde{S}(q,\omega) \ = \ |
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\frac{1}{\nu Dq^2} |
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\left[\frac{2\omega}{1-e^{-\omega/T}}\right]. |
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</math> |
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This expression reflects that in the classical limit the electron experiences "white spatio-temporal noise", which means force that is neither correlated in time nor in space. The power spectrum of a single diffusive electron is |
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:<math> |
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\tilde{P}(q,\omega) \ \ = \ \ \frac{2Dq^2}{\omega^2+(Dq^2)^2} |
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</math> |
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But in the many body context this expression acquires a "Fermi blocking factor": |
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:<math>\tilde{P}(q,\omega) \ \ = \ \ |
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\frac{d}{d\omega} \left[\frac{\omega}{1-e^{-\omega/T}}\right] |
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\times \frac{2Dq^2}{\omega^2+(Dq^2)^2} |
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</math> |
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Calculating the SP integral we get the well known result <math>\Gamma_{\varphi} \propto T^{3/2}</math>. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 01:29, 4 October 2022
The SP formula for the dephasing rate of a particle that moves in a fluctuating environment unifies various results that have been obtained, notably in condensed matter physics, with regard to the motion of electrons in a metal.[1][2][3][4] The general case requires to take into account not only the temporal correlations but also the spatial correlations of the environmental fluctuations.[5][6] These can be characterized by the spectral form factor , while the motion of the particle is characterized by its power spectrum . Consequently, at finite temperature the expression for the dephasing rate takes the following form that involves S and P functions:[7][8][9]
Due to inherent limitations of the semiclassical (stationary phase) approximation, the physically correct procedure is to use the non-symmetrized quantum versions of and . The argument is based on the analogy of the above expression with the Fermi-golden-rule calculation of the transitions that are induced by the system-environment interaction.
Derivation
[edit]It is most illuminating to understand the SP formula in the context of the DLD model, which describes motion in dynamical disorder. In order to derive the dephasing rate formula from first principles, a purity-based definition of the dephasing factor can be adopted.[10][11] The purity describes how a quantum state becomes mixed due to the entanglement of the system with the environment. Using perturbation theory, one recovers at finite temperatures at the long time limit , where the decay constant is given by the dephasing rate formula with non symmetrized spectral functions as expected. There is a somewhat controversial possibility to get power law decay of at the limit of zero temperature.[12] The proper way to incorporate Pauli blocking in the many-body dephasing calculation,[13] within the framework of the SP formula approach, has been clarified as well.[14]
Example
[edit]For the standard 1D Caldeira-Leggett Ohmic environment, with temperature and friction , the spectral form factor is
![{\displaystyle {\tilde {S}}(q,\omega )\ =\ {\frac {(2\pi )\delta (q)}{q^{2}}}\,\left[{\frac {2\eta \omega }{1-e^{-\omega /T}}}\right]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/179c6c78742c55f1ef335c7945e13ca786602148)
This expression reflects that in the classical limit the electron experiences "white temporal noise", which means force that is not correlated in time, but uniform is space (high components are absent). In contrast to that, for diffusive motion of an electron in a 3D metallic environment, which is created by the rest of the electrons, the spectral form factor is
![{\displaystyle {\tilde {S}}(q,\omega )\ =\ {\frac {1}{\nu Dq^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2\omega }{1-e^{-\omega /T}}}\right].}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bc1e13a18ceccaf22f5186d349db48ecabbb93dd)
This expression reflects that in the classical limit the electron experiences "white spatio-temporal noise", which means force that is neither correlated in time nor in space. The power spectrum of a single diffusive electron is
But in the many body context this expression acquires a "Fermi blocking factor":
![{\displaystyle {\tilde {P}}(q,\omega )\ \ =\ \ {\frac {d}{d\omega }}\left[{\frac {\omega }{1-e^{-\omega /T}}}\right]\times {\frac {2Dq^{2}}{\omega ^{2}+(Dq^{2})^{2}}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/053c8a3ca230583859f686671cd9494a148ed679)
Calculating the SP integral we get the well known result .
References
[edit]- ^ Altshuler, B L; Aronov, A G; Khmelnitsky, D E (1982). "Effects of electron-electron collisions with small energy transfers on quantum localisation". Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics. 15 (36): 7367–7386. Bibcode:1982JPhC...15.7367A. doi:10.1088/0022-3719/15/36/018. ISSN 0022-3719.
- ^ Fukuyama, Hidetoshi; Abrahams, Elihu (1983). "Inelastic scattering time in two-dimensional disordered metals". Physical Review B. 27 (10): 5976–5980. Bibcode:1983PhRvB..27.5976F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.27.5976. ISSN 0163-1829.
- ^ Chakravarty, Sudip; Schmid, Albert (1986). "Weak localization: The quasiclassical theory of electrons in a random potential". Physics Reports. 140 (4): 193–236. Bibcode:1986PhR...140..193C. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(86)90027-X. ISSN 0370-1573.
- ^ Stern, Ady; Aharonov, Yakir; Imry, Yoseph (1990). "Phase uncertainty and loss of interference: A general picture". Physical Review A. 41 (7): 3436–3448. Bibcode:1990PhRvA..41.3436S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.41.3436. ISSN 1050-2947. PMID 9903511.
- ^ Cohen, Doron (1997). "Unified model for the study of diffusion localization and dissipation". Physical Review E. 55 (2): 1422–1441. arXiv:chao-dyn/9611013. Bibcode:1997PhRvE..55.1422C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.55.1422. ISSN 1063-651X. S2CID 51749412.
- ^ Cohen, Doron (1997). "Quantum Dissipation versus Classical Dissipation for Generalized Brownian Motion". Physical Review Letters. 78 (15): 2878–2881. arXiv:chao-dyn/9704016. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..78.2878C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2878. ISSN 0031-9007. S2CID 51786519.
- ^ Cohen, Doron (1998). "Quantal Brownian motion - dephasing and dissipation". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. 31 (40): 8199–8220. arXiv:cond-mat/9805023. Bibcode:1998JPhA...31.8199C. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/31/40/013. ISSN 0305-4470. S2CID 11609074.
- ^ Cohen, Doron; Imry, Yoseph (1999). "Dephasing at low temperatures". Physical Review B. 59 (17): 11143–11146. arXiv:cond-mat/9807038. Bibcode:1999PhRvB..5911143C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.59.11143. ISSN 0163-1829. S2CID 51856292.
- ^ Yoseph Imry (2002). Introduction to Mesoscopic Physics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198507380.
- ^ Cohen, Doron; Horovitz, Baruch (2007). "Dephasing of a particle in a dissipative environment". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 40 (41): 12281–12297. arXiv:0708.0965. Bibcode:2007JPhA...4012281C. doi:10.1088/1751-8113/40/41/002. ISSN 1751-8113. S2CID 51854975.
- ^ Cohen, D.; Horovitz, B. (2008). "Decoherence of a particle in a ring". EPL (Europhysics Letters). 81 (3): 30001. arXiv:0707.1993. Bibcode:2008EL.....8130001C. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/81/30001. ISSN 0295-5075. S2CID 14378056.
- ^ Golubev, Dmitrii; Zaikin, Andrei (1998). "Quantum Decoherence in Disordered Mesoscopic Systems". Physical Review Letters. 81 (5): 1074–1077. arXiv:cond-mat/9710079. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..81.1074G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1074. ISSN 0031-9007. S2CID 119497043.
- ^ Marquardt, Florian; von Delft, Jan; Smith, R. A.; Ambegaokar, Vinay (2007). "Decoherence in weak localization. I. Pauli principle in influence functional". Physical Review B. 76 (19): 195331. arXiv:cond-mat/0510556. Bibcode:2007PhRvB..76s5331M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.195331. ISSN 1098-0121. S2CID 51755629.
- ^ Cohen, Doron; von Delft, Jan; Marquardt, Florian; Imry, Yoseph (2009). "Dephasing rate formula in the many-body context". Physical Review B. 80 (24): 245410. arXiv:0909.1441. Bibcode:2009PhRvB..80x5410C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.80.245410. ISSN 1098-0121. S2CID 51754321.