View source for Zhong Shan Da Xue Ji Di

{{short description|Chinese research vessel}}
{{about|research vessel operated by the Sun Yat-sen University|similarly-named State Oceanic Administration North Sea Branch research vessel|Ji Di}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin
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{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=
|Ship image size=
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{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Canada
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Canada}}
|Ship name=*''Ikaluk'' (1983–1995)
*''Canmar Ikaluk'' (1995–1998)
|Ship namesake=[[Inupiaq language|Inupiaq]] for "fish"
|Ship owner=* [[BeauDril]] ([[Gulf Canada Resources]]) (1983–1993)
* [[Canadian Marine Drilling|Canadian Marine Drilling Ltd.]] (1993–1998)
|Ship registry=[[Vancouver, British Columbia]]
|Ship ordered=December 1979
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[JFE Holdings|Nippon Kōkan K. K.]] Tsurumi Shipyard, Japan
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=1007<ref name="seaweb">{{csr|register=SEAWEB|id=8130693|shipname=Ikaluk|accessdate=2017-10-29}}</ref>
|Ship laid down=20 September 1982
|Ship launched=15 November 1982
|Ship completed=27 April 1983
|Ship in service=1983–1998
|Ship fate=Sold to Russia
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country=Russia
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Russia}}
|Ship name=* ''Ikalu'' (1998–1999)
* ''Smit Sibu'' (1999–2012)
* ''Ikaluk'' (2012–2018)
|Ship owner=* [[Smit International]] (1998–2009)
* [[FEMCO Management]] (2009–2018)<ref name="seaweb" />
|Ship registry=[[Kholmsk]], [[Russia]]<ref name="seaweb" />
|Ship in service=1998–2018
|Ship identification=
|Ship fate=Sold to China
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country=China
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|China}}
|Ship name=* ''Beijing Ocean Leader'' (2018–2021)
* ''Zhong Shan Da Xue Ji Di'' (2021–present)
|Ship owner=* Cozy Marine (2018–2021)
* [[Sun Yat-sen University]] (2021–present)<ref name="seaweb" />
|Ship registry=[[Monrovia]], {{LBR}}
|Ship in service=
|Ship identification=* [[Maritime call sign|Call sign]]: D5JB2
* {{IMO number|8130693}}<ref name="equasis">{{csr|register=E|id=8130693|shipname=Ikaluk|accessdate=2017-10-29}}</ref>
* {{MMSI|636017048}}<ref name="shipxy">[http://www.shipxy.com/Home/Ship/636017048 Beijing Ocean Leader]. Shipxy.com. {{retrieved|accessdate=2018-10-07}}</ref>
|Ship status=In service
|Ship fate=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as built)<ref name="harborandshipping">Class 4 Ice-breaker Delivered. Harbor & Shipping, August 1983: 15–23.</ref><ref name="canship1983">VanShip deliver Miscaroo. Canadian Shipping and Marine Engineering, October 1983.</ref>
|Ship type=[[Icebreaker]], [[AHTS]]
|Ship tonnage=* {{GT|3227}}
*{{NetT|968}}<ref name="rs">{{csr|register=RS|id=835863|shipname=Ikaluk|accessdate=2017-10-29}}</ref>
*{{DWT|1,200}} (design draught)
|Ship displacement=5,050 tons
|Ship length={{convert|78.85|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|17.22|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught={{convert|7.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (design)
|Ship depth={{convert|9.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship ice class=CASPPR Arctic Class 4
|Ship power=4{{nbsp}}×{{nbsp}}[[Wärtsilä]] Vasa 8R32 (4{{nbsp}}×{{nbsp}}3,725{{nbsp}}hp)
|Ship propulsion=Two shafts; [[controllable pitch propeller]]s
|Ship speed=* {{convert|15.5|kn}} (4 engines)
* {{convert|12.5|kn}} (2 engines)
* {{convert|3|-|4|kn}} in {{convert|1.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ice
|Ship range=
|Ship endurance=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship crew=*6 officers
* 16 crew
* 12 passengers
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
{{Infobox Chinese|p=Zhōngshān Dàxué jídì|t={{linktext|中山|大學|極地}}|s={{Linktext|中山|大学|极地}}|mi={{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|.|sh|an|1|-|d|a|4|.|xue|2|-|j|i|2|.|d|i|4}}|l=[[Sun Yat-sen University]] Polar |s2=北京号破冰船|t2={{Linktext|北京|號|破冰船}}|p2=Běijīng hào pòbīngchuán|l2=[[Beijing]]-named [[icebreaker ship]]}}
'''''Zhong Shan Da Xue Ji Di''''' ({{zh|s=中山大学极地|t=中山大學極地|p=Zhōngshān Dàxué jídì|l=Sun Yat-sen University Polar}}) is a Chinese [[icebreaker]] owned by the [[Sun Yat-sen University]]. She was built in 1983 as an icebreaking [[anchor handling tug supply vessel]] (AHTS) '''''Ikaluk''''' for [[BeauDril]], the drilling subsidiary of [[Gulf Canada|Gulf Canada Resources]], to support offshore oil exploration in the [[Beaufort Sea]]. In the 1990s, the vessel was acquired by [[Canadian Marine Drilling]] (Canmar) and renamed '''''Canmar Ikaluk'''''. In 1998, she was purchased by [[Smit International]] and served in the [[Sakhalin]] oil fields as '''''Smit Sibu'''''. In 2009, she was acquired by [[FEMCO Management]] and in 2012 given back her original name. ''Ikaluk'' was sold to China in February 2018 and renamed '''''Beijing Ocean Leader''''' ({{zh|北京号破冰船}}). In late 2021, the vessel was acquired by its current owner.<ref name="seaweb" /><ref name="equasis" />

== History ==

=== Development and construction ===

In the mid-1970s, oil companies began drilling in the Canadian part of the [[Beaufort Sea]].<ref>{{citation|last1=Timco|first1=G. W.|last2=Federking|first2=R.|title=Overview of Historical Canadian Beaufort Sea Information|url=http://www.restco.ca/NRC%20CHC%20Beaufort%20Sea%20History%20Feb%202009%20%2099%20pp.pdf|journal=NRC Canadian Hydraulics Centre Technical Report CHC-TR-057|year=2009}}</ref> In order to overcome the relatively short operating window of [[drillship]]s during the ice-free season (100 to 110 days a year) and the water depth limitations of artificial dredged islands, [[Gulf Canada|Gulf Canada Resources]] began developing an Arctic drilling system consisting of two mobile drilling units: a Mobile Arctic Caisson (MAC) that could be submerged and filled with gravel to form an artificial drilling island in waters up to {{convert|40|m|ft}} in depth and a floating Conical Drilling Unit (CDU) designed for drilling in water depths between {{convert|40|and|60|m|ft}} while afloat. These units, each capable of completing one exploration well per year, would be supported by four Arctic Class 4 vessels: two large icebreakers providing 24-hour [[ice management]] and standby services on the drilling site and two smaller icebreaking vessels responsible for anchor handling and supply runs between the drilling rigs and coastal bases. By 1982, both drilling units and all four icebreaking vessels were under construction in Canada and Japan for [[BeauDril]], Gulf Canada's drilling subsidiary, and the company had committed itself to a billion-dollar exploration program between 1983 and 1988.<ref name="marks1982">{{Citation|last=Marks|first=Adams|title=Gulf's Proposed Drilling Systems for the Beaufort Sea|journal=APOA Review|volume=5|issue=2|pages=9–12|year=1982}}</ref>

The smaller icebreakers were designed by the Canadian naval architecture company [[Robert Allan Ltd.|Robert Allan Ltd]] and the construction of one vessel was awarded to the Japanese [[JFE Holdings|Nippon Kōkan K. K.]] Tsurumi Shipyard in December 1979. The keel of the vessel [[keel laying|was laid]] on 20 September 1982 and she was launched only few months later on 15 November 1982 as ''Ikaluk''.<ref name="seaweb" /> The name, [[Inupiaq language|Inupiaq]] for "fish", had been chosen in a naming contest by Northern Territories school children.<ref name="mortimore">Specialisation in diversity - the West Coast demonstrates what Canadian yards do best. G. E. Mortimore, Canadian Shipping and Marine Engineering, October 1983: 16–17.</ref> She was completed on 27 April 1983 and immediately headed for the Beaufort Sea.<ref name="seaweb" /><ref name="harborandshipping" />

''Ikaluk''{{'}}s sister ship, ''[[Miscaroo]]'', was built at [[Seaspan ULC|Vancouver Shipyards]] in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]] and delivered in July 1983.<ref>{{csr|register=SEAWEB|id=8127830|shipname=Smit Sakhalin|accessdate=2017-10-28}}</ref> Despite having been built at two different shipyards on the opposite sides of the world, the two vessels were nearly identical with most of the major components being supplied by Gulf Canada to both shipyards. These vessels were the first Canadian Arctic vessels powered by diesel engines manufactured by [[Wärtsilä]].<ref name="harborandshipping" />

=== ''Ikaluk'' and ''Canmar Ikaluk'' (1983–1998) ===

Between 1983 and 1990, BeauDril's mobile drilling units drilled a total of nineteen exploratory wells in the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea with the support of ''Ikaluk'' and other icebreaking vessels: nine with the Mobile Arctic Caisson ''[[Molikpaq]]'' and ten with the Conical Drilling Unit ''[[Kulluk]]''. Twelve wells alone were drilled in the Amauligak prospect, the most significant oil and gas field discovered in the region, but the high expectations for the Beaufort Sea were not met: the area was characterized by a large number of small, widely scattered resources. ''Molikpaq'' was mothballed after completing the last well in 1990.<ref>Callow, L. (2013): [http://www.beaufortrea.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/NCR-5358624-v4-BREA_-_FINAL_UPDATE_-_EXPLORATION_AND_ACTIVITY_FORECAST-__MAY_2013.pdf Oil and Gas Exploration & Development Activity Forecast - Canadian Beaufort Sea 2013–2028]. LTLC Consulting and Salmo Consulting Inc.</ref><ref>Timco, G. W. and Frederking, R. (2009): [http://www.restco.ca/NRC%20CHC%20Beaufort%20Sea%20History%20Feb%202009%20%2099%20pp.pdf Overview of Historical Canadian Beaufort Sea Information]. NRC Canadian Hydraulics Centre Technical Report CHC-TR-057, February 2009.</ref> However, ''Kulluk'' was used to drill a total of four wells in 1992 and 1993 for [[ARCO|ARCO Alaska]] on the American part of the Beaufort Sea before being cold-stacked at [[Tuktoyaktuk]].<ref name="boemwells">[https://www.boem.gov/Exploration-Wells-Beaufort-Sea/ Beaufort Sea Exploration Wells]. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. {{retrieved|accessdate=2015-11-02}}</ref>

In 1993, BeauDril's flotilla of drilling rigs, icebreakers and support vessels was purchased by [[Canadian Marine Drilling]] (Canmar). The drilling subsidiary of [[Dome Petroleum]] (later [[Amoco|Amoco Canada]]) had been BeauDril's main competitor in the Beaufort Sea for more than a decade and the merger of two former rivals created the world's largest fleet of commercial Arctic vessels. Despite declining activity in the Canadian Arctic, Amoco saw Canmar and its expertise as a long-term asset and tried to find work for ''Ikaluk'' (''Canmar Ikaluk'' since 1995), from other areas such as the [[North Sea]].<ref name="mckenzie-brown">{{cite book |last=McKenzie-Brown |first=Peter |date=2006 |title=The Richness of Discovery - Amoco's First 50 Years in Canada 1948–1998 |url=http://www.24hgold.com/english/contributor.aspx?article=1966854554G10020&contributor=Peter+McKenzie-Brown|publisher=Amoco Canada Petroleum Company Ltd.|isbn=0-9684022-0-8}}</ref>

In 1995, ''Canmar Ikaluk'' was chartered by [[Cominco]] to shuttle supplies from [[Nanisivik]] to the [[Polaris mine]] when the cargo ships couldn't reach [[Little Cornwallis Island]]. In total, the vessel made five round trips.<ref>{{Citation| last    =Wright| first   =Christopher| year     =2016| title    =Arctic Cargo: A History of Marine Transportation in Canada's North| page  =190| publisher =Christopher Wright| isbn =978-0-9952525-0-9}}</ref>

=== ''Smit Sibu'' and ''Ikaluk'' (1998–2018) ===

In the end, Amoco could not make profit from maintaining Canmar and sold the company's remaining assets, including ''Canmar Ikaluk'', in 1997 to an international consortium of shipping companies.<ref name="mckenzie-brown" /><ref>[http://www.gasandoil.com/news/n_america/d192432921a2ccad96780488c629892a Amoco Canada puts marine drilling division for sale]. Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections, 15 January 1997. {{retrieved|accessdate=2017-03-05}}</ref> After having been reflagged to Bahamas and renamed ''Ikalu'' for a brief period of time, the vessel was first chartered and later purchased by the Dutch company [[Smit International]] in 1998.<ref name="seaweb" /> On the following year, she was named ''Smit Sibu''.<ref name="nb128">[http://www.wssrotterdam.nl/nieuwsbrief/nb128.pdf Nieuwsbrief 128]. World Ship Society Rotterdam Branch, 14 October 2006. {{retrieved|accessdate=2017-10-28}}</ref> At the same time, the company also purchased ''Ikaluk''{{'}}s sister ship, ''Miscaroo'', in 1998 and renamed her ''Smit Sakhalin''.

The two former Canadian offshore icebreakers were deployed together at the Vityaz Production Complex during the first phase of the [[Sakhalin-2]] project in the seasonally frozen [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. In addition to providing year-round supply services for the ''Piltun-Astokhskoye-A'' platform (the former ''Molikpaq''), they served as ice management and standby vessels for the floating storage and offloading (FSO) vessel ''Okha'' and its [[Single buoy mooring|single anchor leg mooring]] (SALM) buoy. The icebreakers were used to assist the raising and lowering of the SALM buoy and the beginning and end of the production season, and to support loading operations together with other icebreaking vessels until the ice conditions became too severe.<ref>Dunderdale, P. and Wright, B. (2005): [https://www.norskoljeoggass.no/Global/HMS-utfordringer%20i%20nordomr%C3%A5dene/Underlagsmateriale/Maritim%20logistikk,%20infrastruktur%20og%20beredskap/Noble%20Denton_Pack_Ice_Management_05.pdf Pack ice management on the Southern Grand Banks Offshore Newfoundland, Canada]. PERD/CHC Report 20-76, March 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-59/issue-5/departments/drilling-production/first-oil-to-newbuild-sakhalin-fso-slated-for-july.html First oil to newbuild Sakhalin FSO slated for July]. Offshore Magazine, 1 May 1999. {{retrieved|accessdate=2017-10-28}}</ref><ref>Reed, I. C. (2006): [http://www.sname.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=b25eab83-0b26-4aaa-8d88-5a3e0ca8a6ab Oil Exploration and Production Offshore Sakhalin Island]. ICETECH'06 proceedings. {{retrieved|accessdate=2017-10-28}}</ref> The management of ''Smit Sibu'' was transferred to the Russian company [[FEMCO Management]] in 2006 and, after having been relieved by her sister ship, headed to Singapore for conversion to a dedicated stand-by vessel at [[Keppel Corporation|Keppel Tuas]] shipyard.<ref name="nb128" /><ref name="sakhalin_standby">[https://www.norskoljeoggass.no/Global/HMS-utfordringer%20i%20nordomr%C3%A5dene/Seminar%206%20-%20Maritim%20logistikk,%20infrastruktur%20og%20iskontroll/1515%20Reed%20Stavanger%20ice%20workshop%20(updated%2012-05-2014).pdf Oil Exploration and Production Offshore Sakhalin Island - Ice Management and Marine Operations]. Ian Reed, Shell Oil, 12 May 2014. {{retrieved|accessdate=2017-10-28}}</ref> Her ownership was transferred to FEMCO in 2009 and she was given back her original name, ''Ikaluk'', in 2012.<ref name="seaweb" />

''Ikaluk'' was reportedly sold for scrap in February 2018.<ref>[https://shipandbunker.com/news/features/risk-management/981966-weekly-vessel-scrapping-report-2018-week-8 Weekly Vessel Scrapping Report: 2018 Week 8]. Ship & Bunker, 22 February 2018. {{retrieved|accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref> Her sister ship, ''Smit Sakhalin'', had already been broken up in the previous year.<ref name="towingline">Smit Sakhalin scrapped. [http://newsletter.towingline.com/NewsLetterPage/GetNewsLetter/47!49138/ Tugs, Towing & Offshore Newsletter, 22 October 2017]. {{retrieved|accessdate=2017-10-28}}</ref>

=== ''Beijing Ocean Leader'' (2018–2021) ===

Instead of being broken up for scrap, ''Ikaluk'' was purchased by Zhang Xinyu and Liang Hong, the people associated with the Chinese reality show [[On the Road (Chinese reality show)|''On the Road'']], to serve as an unofficial research vessel and renamed ''Beijing Ocean Leader'' ({{zh|北京号破冰船}}). Following a 23 million yuan (US$3.3 million) refit in [[Zhoushan]], the vessel departed on a scientific mission to Antarctica on 16 January 2020 and reached [[Ross Sea]] on 23 February. After carrying out research activities and collecting air, water and soil samples, ''Beijing Ocean Leader'' returned to China on 21 April. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the vessel did not stop in foreign ports along the voyage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zhoushan.chinadaily.com.cn/2020-01/17/c_448714.htm|title=Unofficial scientific research vessel receives maritime services in Zhoushan|date=17 January 2020|publisher=China Daily|accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://detail.ptnet.cn/enurl/news/2020-01-16/1513-en.html|title=World-leading icebreaker departs for Antarctic from Pingtan|website=ptnet.cn|date=13 January 2020|accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://k.sina.com.cn/article_3263995385_vc28c9df901900tsih.html|title=天津大沽口海事局保障国内首艘民间科考破冰船"BEIJING OCEAN LEADER"轮靠妥天津港|language=Chinese|website=sina.com|date=21 April 2020|accessdate=3 June 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603173031/https://k.sina.com.cn/article_3263995385_vc28c9df901900tsih.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== ''Zhong Shan Da Xue Ji Di'' (2021–) ===

In late 2021, ''Beijing Ocean Leader'' was donated to [[Sun Yat-sen University]] and renamed ''Zhong Shan Da Xue Ji Di'' ({{zh|中山大学极地}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sysu.edu.cn/newsen/info/1691/51251.htm|title=2022 New Year's Message from Sun Yat-sen University|publisher=Sun Yat-sen University|date=31 December 2021|accessdate=5 August 2022}}</ref>

== Design ==

=== General characteristics ===

''Zhong Shan Da Xue Ji Di'' is {{convert|78.85|m|ft|0}} [[length overall|long overall]] and {{convert|75.50|m|ft|0}} [[waterline length|at the waterline]]. She has a moulded beam of {{convert|17.22|m|ft|0}} at the widest point of the hull and {{convert|16.6|m|ft|0}} at the waterline. The vessel has a [[light displacement]] of 3,650 tons but when loaded to the design draught of {{convert|7.5|m|ft|0}}, she displaces 5,050 tons of water. Her icebreaking hull form, developed at the Hamburgische Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt (HSVA) ice tank in Hamburg, Germany, features a heavy forefoot wedge to deflect ice floes and large bossings to protect propellers and rudders from damage, and is strengthened to Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations (CASPPR) Arctic Class 4 requirements. The hull is made of high strength steel sourced from Japan, resistant to cold ambient temperatures down to {{convert|-50|C|F|abbr=on}}, and coated with the low-friction Inerta 160 epoxy paint.<ref name="harborandshipping" /><ref name="canship1983" />

As built, the vessel had accommodation for six officers and 16 crew members in single cabins. In addition, she was provided with two six-person cabins for 12 passengers commuting between oil rigs and coastal bases. Designed to provide the drilling units with bulk cement, fuel oil and drinking water, the vessel had cargo tanks and an open {{convert|450|m2|sqft|adj=on}} cargo deck abaft of the deckhouse. Her hydraulic quadruple-drum waterfall-type winch was used to tow ''Kulluk'', BeauDril's ice-strengthened drilling unit, as well as deploy and retrieve its anchors at the drilling site.<ref name="harborandshipping" /><ref name="canship1983" />

=== Power and propulsion ===

''Zhong Shan Da Xue Ji Di'' has a diesel-mechanical propulsion system with four medium-speed [[diesel engine]]s driving two shafts through twin input-single output gearboxes. The main engines are [[straight-8 engine|eight-cylinder]] [[Wärtsilä]] Vasa 8R32 medium-speed [[diesel engine]]s rated at {{convert|3750|hp|kW|abbr=on}} each. The flexible couplings in the Lohmann & Stolterfoht Model GVA 1400 SO single-stage reduction gearboxes allow choosing between fuel-saving cruise in open water using two engines or full icebreaking power with all four engines running. The four-bladed stainless steel [[controllable pitch propeller]]s, manufactured by LIPS Canada, have a diameter of {{convert|3.75|m|ft|0}} and are placed in fixed [[ducted propeller|nozzles]]. For maneuvering, the vessel has twin rudders, a {{convert|1200|hp|kW|abbr=on}} OmniThruster water jet thruster in the bow and an {{convert|800|hp|kW|abbr=on}} KaMeWa tunnel thruster in the stern. Onboard electricity is produced by two {{convert|395|kW|hp|abbr=on|disp=flip}} [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] auxiliary diesel generators or a smaller {{convert|100|kW|hp|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Caterpillar 3404 diesel generator which is intended to be used when the vessel is at dock. In addition, the gearboxes incorporate 1,200{{nbsp}}kVA shaft alternators.<ref name="harborandshipping" /><ref name="canship1983" />

At full power, the vessel is designed to break {{convert|1.2|m|ft|adj=on}} level ice with a speed of {{convert|3|-|4|kn}}. The icebreaking is further assisted by an active hull lubrication system incorporated to the OmniThruster unit: nozzles along the forward half-length of the vessel can be used to eject air/water mixture between the hull and the ice to prevent the vessel from becoming stuck in ice. In open water, the icebreaker can achieve a speed of {{convert|15.5|kn}} with four engines running and {{convert|12.5|kn}} in economic cruising with two engines.<ref name="harborandshipping" /><ref name="canship1983" />

== See also ==
[[History of the petroleum industry in Canada (frontier exploration and development)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Icebreakers of Canada}}

[[Category:Icebreakers of Canada]]
[[Category:Icebreakers of Russia]]
[[Category:Icebreakers of China]]
[[Category:1982 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Japan]]
[[Category:History of the petroleum industry in Canada]]