View source for Voiceless glottal fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨h⟩ in IPA}}
{{For|consonants followed by the superscript ʰ|Aspirated consonant}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiceless glottal fricative
|ipa symbol=h
|ipa symbol2=h͈
|ipa number=146
|decimal1=104
|x-sampa=h
|braille=h
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0068.svg
}}

{{Infobox IPA
||above=Voiceless glottal phonation
|ipa symbol=h
|braille=h
|sound=no
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0068.svg
}}

The '''voiceless glottal fricative''', sometimes called '''voiceless glottal transition''' or the '''aspirate''',<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Smyth|1920|loc=[http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/smyth_1a_uni.htm#16 §16]: description of stops and ''h''}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wright|Wright|1925|loc=§7h: initial ''h''}}</ref> is a type of sound used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s that patterns like a [[fricative]] or [[approximant]] [[consonant]] ''[[phonology|phonologically]]'', but often lacks the usual ''[[phonetics|phonetic]]'' characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|h}}. However, {{IPA|[h]}} has been described as a [[voiceless]] [[phonation]] because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant, as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:

{{Quote|[{{IPA|h}} and {{IPA|ɦ}}] have been described as voiceless or breathy voiced counterparts of the vowels that follow them [but] the shape of the vocal tract [...] is often simply that of the surrounding sounds. [...] Accordingly, in such cases it is more appropriate to regard {{IPA|h}} and {{IPA|ɦ}} as segments that have only a laryngeal specification, and are unmarked for all other features. There are other languages [such as Hebrew and Arabic] which show a more definite displacement of the formant frequencies for {{IPA|h}}, suggesting it has a [glottal] constriction associated with its production.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=325–326}}</ref>}}

An effort undertaken at the Kiel Convention in 1989 attempted to move glottal fricatives, both voiceless and voiced, to [[approximants]].{{sfnp|Ladefoged|1990|p=24–25}}{{sfnp| Garellek|Yuan|Yaqian|van Doren|2021}} The fricative may be represented with the [[extIPA]] diacritic for strong articulation, {{angbr IPA|h͈}}.

The [[Shanghainese]] language, among others, contrasts [[Voiced glottal fricative|voiced]] and voiceless glottal fricatives.<ref>Qian 2003, pp.14-16.</ref>

==Features==
Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":

* In some languages, it has the constricted [[manner of articulation]] of a [[fricative consonant|fricative]]. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis or an [[approximant]], with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians{{who|date=June 2013}} no longer consider {{IPA|[h]}} to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
* It may have a [[glottal consonant|glottal]] [[place of articulation]]. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation {{IPA|[h]}}, and {{IPA|[h]}} has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central-lateral}}
{{pulmonic}}

== Occurrence ==

=== Fricative or transition ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]]|| {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''х'''ыгь]]}}/khyg' ||{{IPA|[həɡʲ]}} || 'now' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[x]}} in other dialects.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || {{lang|sq|[[Albanian alphabet|'''h'''ire]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhiɾɛ]}}{{fix|text=stress?|date=September 2015}} || 'the graces' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Aleut language|Aleut]]
|'''''h'''anix̂''
|{{IPA|[ˈhaniχ]}}
|'lake'
|
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]<ref name="Thelwall">{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990|p=38}}</ref> || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|هائل]]|rtl=yes}}/haa'il ||{{IPA|[ˈhaːʔɪl]}} || 'enormous' || See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Aramaic|Assyrian]] |||[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Eastern]] || ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ '''h'''èmanūta ||{{IPA|[heːmaːnuːta]}} || 'faith' ||
|-
| [[Turoyo|Western]] || ܗܪܟܗ '''h'''arcë || {{IPA|[hεrcɪ]}} || 'here' ||
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}}</ref> || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''հ'''այերեն]]}}/hayeren ||{{Audio-IPA|hɑjɛɾɛn.ogg|[hɑjɛɾɛn]}} || 'Armenian language' || 
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Asturian language|Asturian]]
|[[:ast:Asturianu central|South-central dialects]]
|[[Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese|'''''ḥ'''uerza'']]||{{IPA|[ˈhweɾθɐ]}}|| 'force' || F- becomes [h] before -ue/-ui in south-central dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
|-
|[[:ast:Asturianu oriental|Eastern dialects]]
|[[Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese|'''''ḥ'''acer'']]
|[haˈθeɾ]
|"to do"
|F- becomes [h] in oriental dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
|-
|All dialects
|[[Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese|''gua'''ḥ'''e''<br>
'''''ḥ'''ispiar'']]
|[ˈgwahɪ]<br>
[hisˈpjaɾ]
|"kid" <br>
"to steal small quantities of something"
|Some words use ḥ in all dialects.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Avar language|Avar]] || {{lang|av-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''гь'''а]]}} || {{IPA|[ha]}} || 'oath' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] 
| [[Latin script|'''h'''in]] 
| {{IPA|[hɪn]}} || 'chicken coop' ||
|-
| colspain="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]] || North-Eastern dialects<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|p=24}}</ref> || {{lang|eu|'''h'''irur|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hiɾur]}} || 'three' || Can be voiced {{IPAblink|ɦ}} instead.
|- 
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''হা'''ওয়া]]}}/haoua ||{{IPA|[hao̯a]}} || 'wind' ||
|- 
| colspan="2" | [[Berber language|Berber]] || {{lang|ber-Latn|a'''h'''erkus|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ahərkus]}} || 'shoe' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Cantabrian dialect|Cantabrian]]
|''mu'''ḥ'''er''
|[muˈheɾ]
|'woman'
|F- becomes [h]. In most dialects, -LJ- and -C'L- too. May be also realized as {{IPA|[ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]}}.
|- 
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|e'''h'''em]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[eˈhẽm]}} || 'ha!' || Found in loanwords and interjections. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''хӏ'''ара]]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''h'''ara}} || {{IPA|[hɑrɐ]}} || 'this' || 
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Cantonese]] || {{lang|yue-Hani|[[Chinese characters|海]]}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|'''h'''ói]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Yue-hoi2.ogg|[hɔːi̯˧˥]|help=no}} ||rowspan=2| 'sea' || See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
| [[Taiwanese Mandarin]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|海]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|'''h'''ǎi]]}} || {{IPA|[haɪ̯˨˩˦]}} || A velar fricative {{IPAblink|x}} for [[Standard Chinese]]. See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Danish language|Danish]]<ref name="gr125">{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=125}}</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|'''h'''us]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhuːˀs]}} || 'house' || Often voiced {{IPAblink|ɦ}} when between vowels.<ref name="gr125"/> See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[English language|English]] || [[English orthography|'''h'''igh]] || {{IPA|[haɪ̯]}} || 'high' || See [[English phonology]] and [[H-dropping]]
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Esperanto]] || {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|'''h'''ejmo]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhejmo]}}|| 'home'|| See [[Esperanto phonology]]
|-
| [[Eastern Lombard language|Eastern Lombard]] || [[Val Camonica]] || {{lang|lmo|Bre'''s'''a}} || {{IPA|[ˈbrɛha]}} || '[[Brescia]]' || Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|'''h'''ammas]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhɑmˑɑs]}} || 'tooth' || See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || {{lang|fo|'''h'''on|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hoːn]}} || 'she' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|'''h'''ammas]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhɑmːɑs]}} || 'tooth' || See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| [[French language|French]]|| [[Belgian French|Belgian]] || {{lang|fr|[[French alphabet|'''h'''otte]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hɔt]}} || 'pannier' || Found in the region of [[Liège]]. See [[French phonology]]
|-
|[[Galician language|Galician]]
|Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects
|[[Galician phonology|'''g'''ato]]
|[ˈhätʊ]
|'cat'
|Realization of [g] in some dialects. May be also realized as {{IPA|[ɦ, ʕ, x, χ, ʁ, ɡʰ]}}. See [[gheada]]. 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}}</ref> || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ჰ'''ავა]]}}/hava ||{{IPA|[hɑvɑ]}} || 'climate' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[German language|German]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kohler|1999|pp=86–87}}</ref> || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''H'''ass]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[has]}} || 'hatred' || See [[Standard German phonology]] 
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Arvaniti|1999|p=175}}</ref> || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|μα'''χ'''αζί]]}}/mahazi ||{{IPA|[mahaˈzi]}} || 'shop' || Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} before {{IPA|/a/}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=139}}</ref> || {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiian alphabet|'''h'''aka]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhɐkə]}} || 'shelf' || See [[Hawaiian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|הַר]]|rtl=yes}}/har ||{{IPA|[häʁ̞]}}|| 'mountain' || See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||Standard<ref name="Thelwall"/> || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagri|हम]]}}/ham ||{{IPA|[ˈhəm]}} || 'we' || See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hmong language|Hmong]] || {{lang|hmn|[[Romanized Popular Alphabet|'''h'''awm]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[haɨ̰]}} || 'to honor' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|'''h'''elyes]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhɛjɛʃ]}} || 'right' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Irish orthography|'''''sh'''roich'']] || {{IPA|[hɾˠɪç]}} || 'reached' || Appears as the [[lenited]] form of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as grammatical pre-aspiration of vowels, & occasionally word-initial as 'h' in borrowed words. See [[Irish phonology]].
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || [[Tuscan language|Tuscan]]<ref name="hall">{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1944|p=75}}</ref> || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|i '''c'''apitani]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iˌhäɸiˈθäːni]}} || 'the captains' || Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/k/}}.<ref name="hall"/> See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || {{lang|ja|[[Kana|すはだ]]}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|su'''h'''ada]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[sɨᵝhada]}} || 'bare skin' || See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || [[Javanese script|ꦩꦲ]]/Maha || {{IPA|[mɔhɔ]}} || The expert, Almighty one ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|тхылъ'''х'''э]]}}/ tkhyl"khė ||{{IPA|[tχɪɬhɑ]}} || 'books' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazak language|Kazakh]] ||ша'''һ'''ар / şa'''h'''ar ||{{IPA|[ʃahɑr]}} || 'city' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ហឹរ]]}} / {{transl|km|[[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|'''h'''œ̆r]]}}<br />{{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ចាស់]]}} / {{transl|km|[[Romanization of Khmer#UNGEGN|chă'''s''']]}} || {{IPA|[hər]}}<br />{{IPA|[cah]}} || 'spicy'<br />'old' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|허리]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''h'''eori]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hʌɾi]}} || 'waist' || See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lakota language|Lakota]] || {{lang|lkt|[[Lakota language|ho]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ho]}} || 'voice' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lao language|Lao]] || {{lang|lo|[[Lao script|ຫ້າ]]}}/haa ||{{IPA|[haː˧˩]}} || 'five' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Leonese language|Leonese]] || {{lang|ast|gua'''j'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈwahe̞]}} || 'boy' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] || {{lang|lez-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''гь'''ек]]}}/hek ||{{IPA|[hek]}} || 'glue' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67–68}}</ref> || {{lang|lb|'''h'''ei|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hɑ̝ɪ̯]}} || 'here' || See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malay language|Malay]] || {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|'''h'''ari]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hari]}} || 'day' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mutsun language|Mutsun]] || {{lang|css|'''h'''učekniš|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hut͡ʃɛkniʃ]}} || 'dog' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Navajo language|Navajo]] || {{lang|nv-Latn|'''h'''astiin}} || {{IPA|[hàsd̥ìːn]}} || 'mister' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''h'''att]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hɑtː]}} || 'hat' || See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || {{lang|ps|[[Nasta'liq script|هو]]|rtl=yes}}/ho ||{{IPA|[ho]}} || 'yes' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]] || {{lang|fa|[[Persian alphabet|هفت]]|rtl=yes}}/haft ||{{IPA|[hæft]}} || 'seven' || See [[Persian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] || {{lang|myp-Latn|'''h'''i|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hì]}} || 'he' || 
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Many [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] dialects<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Barbosa|Albano|2004|pp=5–6}}</ref> || {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|ma'''rr'''eta]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[maˈhetɐ]}} || 'sledgehammer' || rowspan=2 | Allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. {{IPA|[h, ɦ]}} are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See [[Portuguese phonology]].
|-
| Most dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''H'''onda]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhõ̞dɐ]}}|| '[[Honda]]'
|-
| Minas Gerais (mountain dialect) || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|a'''r'''te]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈahtʃ]}}|| 'art' ||
|-
| Colloquial [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] (some dialects)<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.ufpa.br/alipa/realato_arlon1.htm Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707081516/http://www.ufpa.br/alipa/realato_arlon1.htm |date=2013-07-07 }}</ref><ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/SantosDR.pdf Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215182241/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/SantosDR.pdf |date=2017-12-15 }}</ref> || ''{{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|chuvi'''s'''co]]}}'' || {{IPA|[ɕuˈvihku]}} || 'drizzle' || Corresponds to either {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
|-
|[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]
|Standard
|'''''h'''atun''
| {{IPA|[hatuŋ]}}
|'big'
|The elderly still maintain the pronunciation of {{IPA|/h/}}, but the young changed the pronunciation to {{IPA|/x/}}.
See [[Quechuan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''h'''ăț]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[həts]}} || 'bridle'|| See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic]] || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic orthography|ro-'''sh'''eòl]]}}|| {{IPA-gd|ɾɔˈhɔːɫ|}}||'[[topsail]]'<ref>{{cite web |title=ro-sheòl |url=https://www.faclair.com/ViewEntry.aspx?ID=DBF5C892A8B9DE086B55C93DDA51B77B |website=www.faclair.com |access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref>|| Lenited form of /t/, /s/, see [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
|-
| [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] || [[Croatian language|Croatian]]<ref name="Landau68">{{Harvcoltxt|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=68}}</ref> || {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''h'''melj]]}} || {{IPA|[hmê̞ʎ̟]}} || 'hops' || Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} when it is initial in a consonant cluster.<ref name="Landau68"/> See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}}</ref> || [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]], [[Canarian Spanish|Canarian]], and [[Castúo|Extremaduran]] Spanish || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''h'''igo]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhiɣo̞]}} || 'fig' || Corresponds to [[Old Spanish]] /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects.
|-
| Many dialects || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|obi'''s'''po]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞]}} || 'bishop' || Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} at the end of a syllable. See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| Some dialects || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''j'''aca]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhaka]}} || 'pony' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/x/}} in other dialects.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]]|| {{lang|se|[[Swedish alphabet|'''h'''att]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhatː]}} || 'hat' || See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] || {{lang|syl|[[Sylheti Nagari|ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ]]}}/hamukh ||{{IPA|[hamux]}} || 'snail' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|ta'''h'''imik]]}} || {{IPA|[tɐˈhimɪk]}} || 'quiet' || See [[Tagalog phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tatar language|Tatar]] || {{lang|tt|[[Tatar alphabet|'''һ'''ава/'''h'''awa]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hawa]}} || 'air' || See [[Tatar alphabet#Letter names and pronunciation|Tatar phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|అం'''తః'''పురం}} || {{IPA|[ant̪ahpuram]}} || 'Women's quarters'/ 'Harem' || See [[Visarga]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{lang|th|[[Thai script|ห้า]]}}/haa ||{{IPA|[haː˥˩]}}|| 'five'|| 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''h'''alı]]}} || {{IPA|[häˈɫɯ]}}|| 'carpet'|| See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || align="center" | дуаха
|[dwaha]|| 'prayer' || See [[Ubykh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|| {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|кі'''г'''ті]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkiht⁽ʲ⁾i]}}|| 'claws' || Sometimes when {{IPAblink|ɦ}} is devoiced. See [[Ukrainian phonology]].
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]] ||Standard<ref name="Thelwall" /> || {{lang|ur|[[Nasta'liq|ہم]]|rtl=yes}}/ham ||{{IPA|[ˈhəm]}} || 'we' || See [[Hindi-Urdu phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}</ref>|| {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''h'''iểu]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hjew˧˩˧]}} || 'understand' || See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Welsh language|Welsh]] || {{lang|cy|[[Welsh orthography|'''h'''aul]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhaɨl]}} || 'sun' || See [[Welsh orthography]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]|| {{lang|fy|'''h'''oeke|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhukə]}}|| 'corner'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yi language|Yi]] ||{{lang|ii-Yiii|[[Yi script|ꉐ]]}} / {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|'''hx'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ha˧]}}|| 'hundred'||
|}

==See also==
* [[Voiced glottal fricative]]
* [[Voiceless nasal glottal fricative]]
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
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 |first   = Amalia
 |year    = 1999
 |title   = Cypriot Greek
 |journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association
 |volume  = 29
 |issue   = 2
 |pages   = 173–178
 |url     = http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti.JIPA_CY.pdf
 |doi     = 10.1017/S002510030000654X
 |s2cid   = 163926812
}}
* {{citation
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|volume=34
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|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001756
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
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* {{citation
|last1=Gilles
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|year=2013
|title=Luxembourgish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=67–74
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Grønnum
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* {{cite journal
|last=Hall
|first=Robert A. Jr.
|year=1944
|title=Italian phonemes and orthography
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|year= 1999
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|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet 
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}}
*{{Citation
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|year=2005
|title=Vowels and Consonants
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|publisher=Blackwell
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*{{SOWL}}
*{{citation
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|last3=Horga
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|year=1999
|chapter=Croatian
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
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|pages=66–69
}}
*{{citation
|last = Laufer
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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=21
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}}
*{{citation
|last1 = Martínez-Celdrán
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|year= 2003
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|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373
|doi-access= free
}}
*{{citation
|last1=Shosted
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|last2=Chikovani
|first2=Vakhtang
|year=2006
|title=Standard Georgian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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|issue=2
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|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002659
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*{{cite book
|last=Smyth
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|date=1920
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*{{citation
|last = Thelwall
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* {{citation
|last=Thompson
|first=Laurence
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* {{cite book
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|date=1925
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|publisher=Oxford University Press
|edition=3rd
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|h}}

{{IPA navigation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Glottal consonants]]
[[Category:Approximant-fricative consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless approximants]]