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{{Short description|Ongoing military conflict in Eastern Europe}}
{{Redirect|Russian invasion of Ukraine|previous invasions|List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine infobox}}
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On 24 February 2022, {{not a typo|[[Russia]] invaded [[Ukraine]]}}<!--Do NOT remove the two links of this clause; read the message above. --> in a major escalation of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], which began in 2014. The [[invasion]] has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides. It has caused Europe's [[List of largest refugee crises|largest refugee crisis]] since [[World War&nbsp;II]]. An estimated 8 million Ukrainians were [[Internally displaced person|displaced within their country]] by late May and 7.8 million [[2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis|fled the country]] by 8 November 2022, while Russia, within five weeks of the invasion, experienced [[Russian emigration following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine|its greatest emigration]] since the 1917 [[October Revolution]].

Following the 2014 [[Revolution of Dignity|Ukrainian Revolution]], Russia [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed Crimea]], and [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|Russian-backed paramilitaries]] seized part of the [[Donbas]] region of south-eastern Ukraine, which consists of [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]] and [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]] [[oblast]]s, sparking [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|a&nbsp;regional war]]. In March 2021, Russia began [[Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|a&nbsp;large military build-up]] along its border with Ukraine, eventually amassing up to 190,000 troops and their equipment. Despite the build-up, denials of plans to invade or attack Ukraine were issued by various Russian government officials up to the day before the invasion. On 21 February 2022, [[Address concerning the events in Ukraine|Russia recognised]] the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]], two self-proclaimed breakaway [[quasi-state]]s in the Donbas. The next day, the [[Federation Council of Russia]] authorised the use of military force and Russian troops entered both territories.

The invasion began on the morning of 24 February 2022, when Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] announced a "special military operation" aiming for the "[[demilitarisation]]" and "[[Denazification#Russian invasion of Ukraine|denazification]]" of Ukraine. In [[On conducting a special military operation|his address]], Putin espoused [[Russian irredentism|irredentist]] views, challenged Ukraine's [[right to statehood]], and falsely [[Russian allegations of fascism against Ukraine|claimed]] Ukraine was governed by [[Neo-Nazism in Ukraine|neo-Nazis]] who persecuted the [[Russians in Ukraine|ethnic Russian minority]]. Minutes later, Russian strikes and a large ground invasion were launched on a [[Kyiv offensive (2022)|northern front]] from [[Belarus]] towards [[Kyiv]], [[Northeastern Ukraine offensive|a&nbsp;north-eastern front]] towards [[Kharkiv]], [[Southern Ukraine offensive|a&nbsp;southern front]] from [[Crimea]], and [[Eastern Ukraine offensive|a&nbsp;south-eastern front]] from [[Luhansk]] and [[Donetsk]]. Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] enacted [[martial law]] and a [[general mobilisation]]. Russian troops retreated from the northern front by April. On the southern and south-eastern fronts, Russia captured [[Kherson]] in March and then [[Mariupol]] in May after a [[Siege of Mariupol|siege]]. On 18 April, Russia launched [[Battle of Donbas (2022)|a&nbsp;renewed attack]] on the Donbas region. Russian forces continued to bomb both military and [[Attacks on civilians in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|civilian targets]] far from the frontline, [[2022 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure|including electrical and water systems]]. In late 2022, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives in [[2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive|the south]] and in [[2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive|the east]]. Soon after, Russia announced the [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|illegal annexation of four partially occupied oblasts]]. In November, Ukraine [[Liberation of Kherson|retook]] the city of Kherson.

The invasion has received [[Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|widespread international condemnation]]. The [[United Nations General Assembly]] passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|a&nbsp;resolution]] condemning the invasion and demanding a full withdrawal of Russian forces. The [[International Court of Justice]] ordered Russia to suspend military operations and the [[Council of Europe]] expelled Russia. Many countries [[International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|imposed sanctions]] on Russia, as well as on its ally [[Belarus]], which have [[Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|affected the economies]] of Russia and the world, and provided [[List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine]], totaling over $80 billion from 40 countries as of August 2022. [[Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Protests occurred]] around the world; [[2022 anti-war protests in Russia|those in Russia]] were met with mass arrests and increased [[Censorship in Russia|media censorship]], including a ban on the words "war" and "invasion". Over 1,000 [[Corporate responses to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|companies have pulled out of Russia and Belarus]] in response to the invasion. The [[International Criminal Court]] has opened [[International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine|an investigation]] into [[crimes against humanity]] in Ukraine since 2013, including [[War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|war crimes in the 2022 invasion]].

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== Background ==
{{Main|Russo-Ukrainian War}}

{{Further|Orange Revolution|Revolution of Dignity|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}}
[[File:Euromaidan 01.JPG|thumb|Protesters in [[Kyiv]] during [[Euromaidan]], November 2013]]

After the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved]] in 1991, the newly independent republics of Ukraine and Russia maintained ties. Ukraine agreed in 1994 to sign the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] and dismantle the [[nuclear weapons in Ukraine]] left by the USSR.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Budjeryn |first=Mariana |title=Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Issue%20Brief%20No%203--The%20Breach--Final4.pdf |access-date=6 March 2022 |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]}}</ref> In return, Russia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) agreed in the [[Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances|Budapest Memorandum]] to uphold the territorial integrity of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasylenko |first=Volodymyr |date=15 December 2009 |title=On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document' |work=The Day |url=https://www.day.kiev.ua/en/article/close/assurances-without-guarantees-shelved-document |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harahan |first=Joseph P. |year=2014 |title=With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs |url=https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/History/With%20Courage%20and%20Persistence%20CTR.pdf?ver=2016-05-09-102902-893 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228153820/https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/History/With%20Courage%20and%20Persistence%20CTR.pdf?ver=2016-05-09-102902-893 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=DTRA History Series |publisher=Defense Threat Reduction Agency |asin=B01LYEJ56H}}</ref> In 1999, Russia signed the [[Charter for European Security]], which "reaffirm[ed] the inherent right of each and every participating state to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 1999 |title=Istanbul Document 1999 |url=https://www.osce.org/node/39569 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601124042/https://www.osce.org/node/39569 |archive-date=1 June 2014 |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] |page=[https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/6/5/39569.pdf#page=10 3]}}</ref> After the Soviet Union collapsed, several former [[Eastern Bloc]] countries joined [[NATO]], partly due to regional security threats such as the [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis]], the [[War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)|War in Abkhazia]] (1992–1993) and the [[First Chechen War]] (1994–1996).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Gavin E. L. |date=14 February 2022 |title=Ukraine: the history behind Russia's claim that Nato promised not to expand to the east |url=https://theconversation.com/ukraine-the-history-behind-russias-claim-that-nato-promised-not-to-expand-to-the-east-177085 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> Russian leaders claimed [[Western powers]] had pledged that NATO would not expand eastward, although this is disputed.<ref name="Wiegrefe 2022"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=9 January 2022 |title=In Ukraine Conflict, Putin Relies on a Promise That Ultimately Wasn't |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/09/us/politics/russia-ukraine-james-baker.html |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the [[2008 Bucharest summit]], Ukraine and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] sought to join NATO.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine-Georgia NATO membership a 'direct threat to Russia' |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-04-05/ukraine-georgia-nato-membership-a-direct-threat-to/2393800 |last=Bevan |first=Scott |date=5 April 2008}}</ref> The response among existing members was divided, with Western European countries concerned about antagonising Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Colin |date=3 April 2008 |title=EU allies unite against Bush over Nato membership for Georgia and Ukraine |page=24 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> NATO ultimately refused to offer Ukraine and Georgia membership, but also issued a statement agreeing that "these countries will become members of NATO". Vladimir Putin voiced strong opposition to the NATO membership bids,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Evans |first=Michael |date=5 April 2008 |title=President tells summit he wants security and friendship |page=46 |work=[[The Times]] |quote=President Putin, in a bravura performance before the world's media at the end of the Nato summit, warned President Bush and other alliance leaders that their plan to expand eastwards to Ukraine and Georgia "didn't contribute to trust and predictability in our relations.}}</ref> and Russian foreign minister [[Sergey Lavrov|Sergei Lavrov]] said Russia would do everything it could to prevent their admittance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia army vows steps if Georgia and Ukraine join NATO |author=Reuters Staff |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-nato-steps/russia-army-vows-steps-if-georgia-and-ukraine-join-nato-idUSL1143027920080411 |date=11 April 2008 |location=Moscow |editor-last=Dick |editor-first=Charles}}</ref>

[[File:Map of Ukraine with Cities.png|thumb|Ukraine, with the annexed [[Crimea]] in the south and two Russia-backed separatist republics in [[Donbas]] in the east]]
In November 2013, Ukrainian president [[Viktor Yanukovych]] refused to sign an [[EU–Ukraine Association Agreement|association agreement]] with the [[European Union]] (EU), overruling the [[Verkhovna Rada]] and instead choosing closer ties with the Russian-led [[Eurasian Economic Union]]. Russia had put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The European Union in Crisis |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |editor-last=Dinan |editor-first=Desmond |pages=3, 274 |editor-last2=Nugent |editor-first2=Neil}}</ref> This triggered a wave of pro-EU protests known as [[Euromaidan]], culminating in the [[Revolution of Dignity|removal of Yanukovych]] in February 2014 and subsequent [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|pro-Russian unrest]] in eastern and southern parts of Ukraine. Russian [[Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)|soldiers without insignia]] took control of strategic positions and infrastructure in the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, and [[Capture of the Crimean Parliament|seized the Crimean Parliament]]. In March, Russia organized [[2014 Crimean status referendum|a controversial referendum]] and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed Crimea]]. This was followed by the outbreak of the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]], which began in April 2014 with the formation of two Russia-backed separatist [[quasi-state]]s: the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Grytsenko |first1=Oksana |last2=Vlasova |first2=Anastasia |date=12 April 2014 |title=Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |publisher=Businessgroup LLC |location=Luhansk |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412131249/https://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/armed-pro-russian-insurgents-in-luhansk-say-they-are-ready-for-police-raid-343167.html |archive-date=12 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ragozin |first=Leonid |date=16 March 2019 |title=Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/16/annexation-of-crimea-a-masterclass-in-political-manipulation |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230534/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/16/annexation-of-crimea-a-masterclass-in-political-manipulation/ |archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref> Russian troops were involved in the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Charap |first1=Samuel |last2=Boston |first2=Scott |date=21 January 2022 |title=U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine: A Silver Bullet? |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/01/us-military-aid-to-ukraine-a-silver-bullet.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Shaun |last2=Grytsenko |first2=Oksana |last3=Ragozin |first3=Leonid |date=3 September 2014 |title=Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/03/ukraine-soldier-youre-better-clueless-because-truth-horrible-moscow-ilovaysk |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/03/ukraine-soldier-youre-better-clueless-because-truth-horrible-moscow-ilovaysk |archive-date=1 March 2022 |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2014 |title=Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-tanks-exclusive-idUSKCN0IC1GE20141023 |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-tanks-exclusive-idUSKCN0IC1GE20141023 |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> The [[Minsk agreements]] signed in September 2014 and February 2015 were a bid to stop the fighting, but ceasefires repeatedly failed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2020 |title=Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/29/ukraine-ceasefire-violated-more-than-100-times-within-days-osce |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/29/ukraine-ceasefire-violated-more-than-100-times-within-days-osce |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> A dispute emerged over the role of Russia: [[Normandy Format]] members France, Germany, and Ukraine saw Minsk as an agreement between Russia and Ukraine, whereas Russia insisted Ukraine should negotiate directly with the two [[separatist]] republics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2021 |title=France says Russia refused to hold ministerial meeting on Ukraine |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-says-russia-refused-hold-normandy-format-meeting-ukraine-2021-11-09/ |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2021 |title=Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians' |url=https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219001954/https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=[[President of Russia]] |quote=...{{nbsp}}the outcome of both Minsk‑1 and Minsk‑2 which give a real chance to peacefully restore the territorial integrity of Ukraine by coming to an agreement directly with the DPR and LPR with Russia, Germany and France as mediators, contradicts the entire logic of the anti-Russia project.}}</ref>

In 2021, Putin refused offers from Zelenskyy to hold high-level talks, and the Russian government subsequently endorsed an article by former president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] arguing it was pointless to deal with Ukraine while it remained a "vassal" of the US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2021 |title=Russia Shouldn't Negotiate With 'Vassal' Ukraine, Ex-President Medvedev Says |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/11/russia-shouldnt-negotiate-with-vassal-ukraine-ex-president-medvedev-says-a75263 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=[[Moscow Times]]}}</ref> The annexation of Crimea led to a new wave of Russian nationalism, with much of the Russian [[Rashism|neo-imperial movement]] aspiring to annex more Ukrainian land, including the unrecognized [[Novorossiya (confederation)|Novorossiya]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Michael |first=Casey |date=19 June 2015 |title=Pew Survey: Irredentism Alive and Well in Russia |publisher=[[The Diplomat]] |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/pew-survey-irredentism-alive-and-well-in-russia/}}</ref> Analyst [[Vladimir Socor]] argued that Putin's 2014 speech after the annexation of Crimea was a ''de facto'' "manifesto of [[Russian irredentism|Greater-Russia Irredentism]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Socor |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Socor |date=24 March 2014 |title=Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism |volume=11 |publisher=[[Eurasia Daily Monitor]] |issue=56 |url=https://jamestown.org/program/putins-crimea-speech-a-manifesto-of-greater-russia-irredentism/}}</ref> In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled "[[On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians]]", reaffirming that Russians and Ukrainians were "[[All-Russian nation|one people]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Putin |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Putin |date=12 July 2021 |title=Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians' |url=https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125053520/https://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=[[The Kremlin]] |publisher=[[Government of Russia]]}}</ref> {{anchor|putinsEssay}} American historian [[Timothy Snyder]] described Putin's ideas as [[imperialism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Snyder |first=Timothy D. |author-link=Timothy D. Snyder |date=18 January 2022 |title=How to think about war in Ukraine |url=https://snyder.substack.com/p/how-to-think-about-war-in-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119065436/https://snyder.substack.com/p/how-to-think-about-war-in-ukraine |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=Thinking about... (newsletter) |publisher=[[Substack]] |quote=Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism.}}</ref> British journalist [[Edward Lucas (journalist)|Edward Lucas]] described it as [[historical revisionism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Edward |date=15 September 2020 |title=Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-putins-history-essay-requires-a-rewrite-6nzjzbqjb |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143913/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-putins-history-essay-requires-a-rewrite-6nzjzbqjb |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> Other observers have noted that the Russian leadership has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Andrew |date=7 December 2021 |title=Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/putins-ukraine-rhetoric-driven-by-distorted-view-of-neighbour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207180813/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/putins-ukraine-rhetoric-driven-by-distorted-view-of-neighbour |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]] |publication-place=Moscow |quote=But that fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dickinson |first1=Peter |last2=Haring |first2=Melinda |last3=Lubkivsky |first3=Danylo |last4=Motyl |first4=Alexander |last5=Whitmore |first5=Brian |last6=Goncharenko |first6=Oleksiy |last7=Fedchenko |first7=Yevhen |last8=Bonner |first8=Brian |last9=Kuzio |first9=Taras |date=15 July 2021 |title=Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putins-new-ukraine-essay-reflects-imperial-ambitions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715191212/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putins-new-ukraine-essay-reflects-imperial-ambitions/ |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |publisher=[[Atlantic Council]] |quote=Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Andrew |date=23 December 2021 |title=Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims? |url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russia-and-ukraine-one-people-putin-claims |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124130721/https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russia-and-ukraine-one-people-putin-claims/ |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]] |quote=Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th–13th centuries AD.}}</ref>

== Prelude and declaration of military operations ==
{{Main|Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|On conducting a special military operation}}
{{further|Disinformation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|NATO open door policy|Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)}}
{{See also|Russian opposition to Ukrainian NATO membership|War in Donbas|Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas}}

[[File:2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade depart Aviano Air Base, Italy, Feb. 24, 2022.jpg|thumb|US paratroopers of [[2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment]] depart Italy's [[Aviano Air Base]] for Latvia, 23 February 2022. Thousands of US troops were deployed to Eastern Europe amid Russia's military build-up.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=173rd Airborne Brigade battalion heads to Latvia as Ukraine comes under Russian attack |last=Montgomery |first=Nancy |location=Vicenza, Italy |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/europe/2022-02-24/173rd-Airborne-Brigade-Ukraine-Latvia-Russia-5128627.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.stripes.com/theaters/europe/2022-02-24/173rd-Airborne-Brigade-Ukraine-Latvia-Russia-5128627.html |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>]]
In March and April 2021, Russia began a major military build-up near the Russo-Ukrainian border. A second build-up followed from October 2021 to February 2022, in both Russia and Belarus.<ref name="Zsymbol">{{cite web |last=Schogol |first=Jeff |date=22 February 2022 |title=Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/analysis/russian-military-equipment-white-markings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://taskandpurpose.com/analysis/russian-military-equipment-white-markings/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[Task & Purpose]] |publisher=North Equity |quote=[B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents.}}</ref> Members of the Russian government repeatedly denied having plans to invade or attack Ukraine;<ref name="denials">{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |others=Photograph by [[Evgeniy Maloletka]] ([[Associated Press]]) |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/ukraine-russia-denials/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220224205233/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/ukraine-russia-denials/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |quote=On Sunday{{nbsp}}... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Putin attacked Ukraine after insisting for months there was no plan to do so. Now he says there's no plan to take over. |publisher=[[CBS News]] |location=Kharkiv |publication-date=22 February 2022 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-ukraine-putin-invasion-after-denials-now-says-no-occupation-plan |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-ukraine-putin-invasion-after-denials-now-says-no-occupation-plan |archive-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> including government spokesman [[Dmitry Peskov]] on 28 November 2021, Deputy Foreign Minister [[Sergei Ryabkov]] on 19 January 2022,<ref name="Deny">{{cite news |last1=Farley |first1=Robert |last2=Kiely |first2=Eugene |others=Photograph by Aris Messinis ([[Agence-France Presse]]) |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack Against Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |publisher=[[Annenberg Public Policy Center]] |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2022/02/russian-rhetoric-ahead-of-attack-against-ukraine-deny-deflect-mislead/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.factcheck.org/2022/02/russian-rhetoric-ahead-of-attack-against-ukraine-deny-deflect-mislead/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |quote=Nov. 28 –{{nbsp}}... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said.{{nbsp}}... 19 Jan –{{nbsp}}... Ryabkov{{nbsp}}... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.'}}</ref> [[Russian ambassador to the United States|Russian ambassador to the US]] [[Anatoly Antonov]] on 20 February 2022,<ref name="denials"/> and Russian ambassador to the Czech Republic Alexander Zmeevsky on 23 February 2022.<ref name="Czech">{{cite news |last=Fořtová |first=Klára |date=8 March 2022 |title=Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný' |language=cs |trans-title=Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible' |work=[[Mladá fronta DNES]] |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/jevhen-perebyjnis-alexandr-zmejevskij-velvyslanec-rusko-ukrajina.A220307_095550_domaci_klf |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308092951/https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/jevhen-perebyjnis-alexandr-zmejevskij-velvyslanec-rusko-ukrajina.A220307_095550_domaci_klf |archive-date=8 March 2022 |quote=Zmejevský{{nbsp}}... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. |trans-quote=Zmeevsky{{nbsp}}... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Levchenko |first=Grigory |date=22 April 2021 |title='A path towards destroying relations' Czech Republic to limit Russian Embassy staff in Prague amid escalating diplomatic tensions |url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2021/04/22/a-path-towards-destroying-relations |website=[[Meduza]]}}</ref>

Putin's chief national security adviser, [[Nikolai Patrushev]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Troianovski |first=Anton |date=30 January 2022 |title=The Hard-Line Russian Advisers Who Have Putin's Ear |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/world/europe/putin-top-advisers-ukraine.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201012801/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/world/europe/putin-top-advisers-ukraine.html |archive-date=1 February 2022}}</ref> believed that the West had been in an undeclared war with Russia for years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Galeotti |first=Mark |date=5 July 2021 |title=New National Security Strategy Is a Paranoid's Charter |work=[[Moscow Times]] |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/07/05/new-national-security-strategy-is-a-paranoids-charter-a74424 |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> Russia's updated [[national security]] strategy, published in May 2021, said that Russia may use "forceful methods" to "thwart or avert unfriendly actions that threaten the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation".<ref>{{cite news |date=31 May 2021 |title=Russia's security strategy envisages 'forceful methods' |publisher=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/russias-security-strategy-envisages-forceful-methods-78002786 |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2022 |title=Putin's inner circle: Who has the Russian president's ear on the war in Ukraine? |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |last=Sherwin |first=Emily |editor-last=Paulick |editor-first=Jane |url=https://www.dw.com/en/putins-inner-circle-who-has-the-russian-presidents-ear-on-the-war-in-ukraine/a-61102576 |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> Sources say the decision to invade Ukraine was made by Putin and a small group of [[war hawk]]s in Putin's inner circle, including Patrushev and [[Minister of Defence (Russia)|minister of defence]] [[Sergei Shoigu]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2022 |title=Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-20/putin-s-war-in-ukraine-has-russian-elites-fearing-global-isolation}}</ref>

During the second build-up, Russia demanded that the US and NATO enter into a legally binding arrangement preventing Ukraine from ever joining NATO, and remove multinational forces from NATO's Eastern European member states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tétrault-Farber |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Balmforth |first2=Tom |date=17 December 2021 |title=Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222081106/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/ |archive-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> Russia threatened an unspecified military response if NATO followed an "aggressive line".<ref>{{cite news |last=MacKinnon |first=Mark |date=21 December 2021 |title=Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line' |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-warns-of-unspecified-military-response-if-us-and-nato-continue/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115165246/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-putin-warns-of-unspecified-military-response-if-us-and-nato-continue/ |archive-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> These demands were widely seen as non-viable; new NATO members in [[Central and Eastern Europe]] had joined the alliance because they preferred the safety and economic opportunities offered by NATO and the EU, and their governments sought protection from Russian irredentism.<ref>{{cite web |last=Szayna |first=Thomas S. |date=29 October 1997 |title=The Enlargement of NATO and Central European Politics |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/142-the-enlargement-nato-and-central-european-politics |access-date=14 March 2022 |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]}}</ref> A formal treaty to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO would contravene the treaty's "[[NATO open door policy|open door]]" policy, despite NATO's unenthusiastic response to Ukrainian requests to join.<ref>{{cite news |last=Coyer |first=Cassandre |date=25 February 2022 |title=Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article258774458.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329021337/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article258774458.html |archive-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> [[Emmanuel Macron]] and [[Olaf Scholz]] made respective efforts to prevent the war in February. Macron met with Putin but failed to convince him not to go forward with the attack. Scholz warned Putin about heavy sanctions that would be imposed should he invade Ukraine. Scholz, in trying to negotiate a settlement, also told Zelenskyy to renounce aspirations to join NATO and declare neutrality; however, Zelenskyy said Putin could not be trusted to uphold such an agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first=Michael R. |last2=Pancevski |first2=Bojan |last3=Bisserbe |first3=Noemie |last4=Walker |first4=Marcus |date=1 April 2022 |title=Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vladimir-putins-20-year-march-to-war-in-ukraineand-how-the-west-mishandled-it-11648826461 |access-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[File:Обращение Президента Российской Федерации 2022-02-24.webm|thumb|Putin's address to the nation on 24 February 2022. Minutes after Putin's announcement, the invasion began.]]
On 24 February, before 5:00&nbsp;a.m. Kyiv time,<ref>{{cite web |author=[[The Kyiv Independent]] news desk |date=24 February 2022 |title=Putin declares war on Ukraine |url=https://kyivindependent.com/national/putin-declares-war-on-ukraine |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=[[The Kyiv Independent]]}}</ref> Putin announced a "special military operation" in the country and "effectively declared war on Ukraine."<ref name="Meduza_Putin_announces_invasion"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Haltiwager |first=John |date=23 February 2022 |title=Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/russian-president-vladimir-putin-announces-military-assault-against-ukraine-in-surprise-speech/ar-AAUebpI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064559/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/russian-president-vladimir-putin-announces-military-assault-against-ukraine-in-surprise-speech/ar-AAUebpI |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=[[MSN]]}}</ref> In [[On conducting a special military operation|his speech]], Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukrainian territory and that he supported the right of the Ukrainian people to [[self-determination]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine |work=[[The Spectator]] |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/full-text-putin-s-declaration-of-war-on-ukraine}}</ref> He said the purpose of the "operation" was to "protect the people" in the predominantly Russian-speaking region of Donbas who he falsely claimed that "for eight years now, [had] been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime".<ref>{{cite news |last=Hinton |first=Alexander |date=25 February 2022 |title=Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |url=https://theconversation.com/putins-claims-that-ukraine-is-committing-genocide-are-baseless-but-not-unprecedented-177511}}</ref> Putin said that Russia sought for the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration<!-- different from current title, please do not change --> |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60503037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064553/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60503037 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Within minutes of Putin's announcement, explosions were reported in Kyiv, [[Kharkiv]], [[Odesa]], and the Donbas region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sheftalovich |first=Zoya |date=24 February 2022 |title=Putin announces 'special military operation' in Ukraine |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/putin-announces-special-military-operation-in-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064603/https://www.politico.eu/article/putin-announces-special-military-operation-in-ukraine/ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> An alleged leaked report from within the [[Federal Security Service|FSB]] claimed that the intelligence agency was not aware of Putin's plan to invade Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ball |first=Tom |date=7 March 2022 |title=This war will be a total failure, FSB whistleblower says |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/this-war-will-be-a-total-failure-fsb-whistleblower-says-wl2gtdl9m |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Immediately following the attack, Zelenskyy declared [[martial law in Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lock |first=Samantha |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/feb/23/ukraine-russia-news-crisis-latest-live-updates-putin-biden-europe-sanctions-russian-invasion-border-troops |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224054309/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/feb/23/ukraine-russia-news-crisis-latest-live-updates-putin-biden-europe-sanctions-russian-invasion-border-troops |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The same evening, he ordered a [[general mobilisation]] of all Ukrainian males between 18 and 60 years old<ref name="Interfax 2022">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225113724/https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801769.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]}}</ref> who were prohibited from leaving the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gilbert |first=Asha C. |date=25 February 2022 |title=Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/02/25/russia-invasion-ukraine-bans-male-citizens-leaving/6936471001/ |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> Russian troops entered Ukraine from the north in Belarus (towards Kyiv); from the north-east in Russia (towards Kharkiv); from the east in the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic; and from the south in Crimea.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peltz |first1=Jennifer |last2=Lederer |first2=Edith |date=23 February 2022 |title='It's too late': Russian move roils UN meeting on Ukraine |url=https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-general-assembly-russia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-nations-31c5af31d2a72163676459d317269b35 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=[[AP News]]}}</ref> Russian equipment and vehicles were marked with a white [[Z military symbol|''Z'' military symbol]] (a non-[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic letter]]), believed to be a measure to prevent [[friendly fire]].<ref name="Zsymbol"/>

== Invasion and resistance ==
{{for timeline|Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{main list|List of military engagements during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{further|Kyiv offensive (2022)|Northeastern Ukraine campaign|Eastern Ukraine offensive|Southern Ukraine campaign|2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive|2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive}}
{{See also|Order of battle for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Z (military symbol)}}
[[File:Battle of Kyiv (2022).svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Military control around Kyiv on 2 April 2022]]
<!-- Placeholder for inserting a recap of the timeline below. See discussion at [[Talk:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine#Day by day – too much]] -->

The invasion began at dawn of 24 February,<ref name="Meduza_Putin_announces_invasion"/> with infantry divisions and armoured and air support in Eastern Ukraine, and dozens of missile attacks across both Eastern Ukraine and Western Ukraine.<ref name="CriticalThreats"/><ref name="ISW 4MAR"/> The first fighting took place in Luhansk Oblast near Milove village on the border with Russia at 3:40&nbsp;am Kyiv time.<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web |title=Олексій Данілов: Росія розпадеться ще при нашому житті |trans-title=Alexei Danilov: Russia will fall apart during our lifetime |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2022/04/22/7341267/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |language=uk}}</ref> The main infantry and tank attacks were launched in four spearhead incursions, creating a northern front launched towards Kyiv, a southern front originating in Crimea, a south-eastern front launched at the cities of Luhansk and Donbas, and an eastern front.<ref name="CBS-2022-03-20">{{Cite news |date=20 March 2022 |title=Ukraine rejects Russian demand to surrender port city of Mariupol in exchange for safe passage |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-mariupol-russia-surrender-reject/ |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="CBC-2022-03-21">{{Cite news |date=21 March 2022 |title=Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ukraine-russia-war-march21-1.6391709 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>

Dozens of missile strikes across Ukraine reached as far west as [[Lviv]].<ref name="Dutton-2022-02-25">{{Cite news |last=Dutton |first=Jack |date=25 February 2022 |title=Russian Military Base Blown Up as Ukraine Fights Back |work=[[Newsweek]] |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russian-military-base-blown-ukraine-fights-back-1682558 |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225075915/https://www.newsweek.com/russian-military-base-blown-ukraine-fights-back-1682558 |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Rostov-Gazeta-2022-02-25">{{Cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U |work=[[Rostov Gazeta]] |url=https://rostovgazeta.ru/news/politics/25-02-2022/vooruzhennye-sily-ukrainy-atakovali-millerovo-tochkoy-u |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225073113/https://rostovgazeta.ru/news/politics/25-02-2022/vooruzhennye-sily-ukrainy-atakovali-millerovo-tochkoy-u |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> [[Wagner Group]] mercenaries and [[Chechens|Chechen]] forces reportedly made [[Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy|several attempts to assassinate Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]. The Ukrainian government said these efforts were thwarted by anti-war officials in Russia's [[Federal Security Service]] (FSB), who shared intelligence of the plans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rana |first=Manveen |date=3 March 2022 |title=Volodymyr Zelensky survives three assassination attempts in days |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/zelensky-survives-three-assassination-attempts-in-days-xnstdfdfc |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> The Russian invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce Ukrainian resistance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russian-offensive-unexpectedly-slowed-fierce-ukrainian-resistance-rcna17703 |date=26 February 2022 |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> In Kyiv, Russia failed to take the city as its attacks were repulsed at the suburbs during the battles of [[Battle of Irpin|Irpin]], [[Battle of Hostomel|Hostomel]] and [[Battle of Bucha|Bucha]]. The Russian army tried to encircle the capital but Ukrainian forces managed to hold ground and put to effective use Western arms, including Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles, stretching thin Russian supply lines and stalling the offensive.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-battle-for-kyiv-dc559574ce9f6683668fa221af2d5340 |date=7 April 2022 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>

On 9 March, a column of Russian tanks and armoured vehicles was [[Battle of Brovary|ambushed in Brovary]], suffered heavy losses and was forced to retreat.<ref>{{cite news |title=How a Line of Russian Tanks Became an Inviting Target for Ukrainians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/world/europe/ukraine-kyiv-russia-fighting.html |first=Andrew E. |last=Kramer |date=15 March 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> On the northern front, the Russian army adopted siege tactics to the key cities of Chernihiv, Sumy and Kharkiv but failed to capture them due to stiff resistance and logistical setbacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian advance slowed by Ukrainian resistance and logistical setbacks, U.S. defense official says |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-invasion-russia-resistance-slowed-advance |date=28 February 2022 |work=[[CBS]] |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> On the southern front, Russian forces captured the major city of [[Kherson]] on 2 March. In [[Mykolaiv Oblast]], it advanced as far as [[Battle of Voznesensk|Voznesensk]] but was repelled to south of Mykolaiv. On 25 March, the [[Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation|Russian Defence Ministry]] said the first stage of the "military operation" in Ukraine was "generally complete", that the Ukrainian military forces had suffered serious losses, and the Russian military would now concentrate on the "liberation of [[Donbas]]".<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=Operation in Ukraine proceeds as planned, first stage goals complete |agency=TASS |url=https://tass.com/politics/1427617 |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=Russia targets east Ukraine, says first phase over |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60872358 |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref> The "first stage" of the invasion was conducted on four fronts<ref>{{Cite news |last=Varner |first=Joe |date=28 March 2022 |title=It's been one month since Russia began its invasion of Ukraine. Here's where we stand |work=The Hub |url=https://thehub.ca/2022-03-28/the-state-of-the-russian-ukrainian-war-one-month-in/ |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=Russian invasion of Ukraine lacks a battlefield commander, U.S. officials say |url=https://news.yahoo.com/russian-invasion-ukraine-lacks-battlefield-202615350.html |access-date=3 April 2022 |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref> including one towards western [[Kyiv]] from Belarus, conducted by the Russian [[Eastern Military District]], comprising the [[29th Combined Arms Army|29th]], [[35th Combined Arms Army|35th]], and [[36th Combined Arms Army|36th Combined Arms Armies]]. A second axis deployed towards eastern Kyiv from Russia by the [[Central Military District]] (north-eastern front), comprised the [[41st Combined Arms Army]] and [[2nd Guards Combined Arms Army]].<ref name="auto"/>

A third axis deployed towards [[Kharkiv]] by the [[Western Military District]] (eastern front), with the [[1st Guards Tank Army]] and [[29th Combined Arms Army|20th Combined Arms Army]]. A fourth, southern, front originating in occupied Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards [[Odesa]] and a western area of operations toward [[Mariupol]] was opened by the [[Southern Military District]], including the [[58th Combined Arms Army|58th]], [[49th Combined Arms Army|49th]], and [[8th Guards Combined Arms Army|8th Combined Arms Army]], the latter also commanding the 1st and 2nd Army Corps of the [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Bielieskov |first=Mykola |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/russian-and-ukrainian-spring-2021-war-scare |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=[[Center for Strategic & International Studies]]}}</ref> By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front by the Russian Eastern Military District pulled back from the Kyiv offensive, apparently to resupply and then redeploy to the Donbas region to reinforce the renewed invasion of south-eastern Ukraine. The north-eastern front, including the [[Central Military District]], was similarly withdrawn for resupply and redeployment to south-eastern Ukraine.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="news.yahoo.com">{{Cite news |last1=Epstein |first1=Jake |last2=Haltiwanger |first2=John |date=6 April 2022 |title=NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region |url=https://news.yahoo.com/nato-chief-says-putin-still-144125043.html |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> By 8 April, General [[Alexander Dvornikov]] was placed in charge of military operations during the invasion.<ref name="hindustannewshub.com"/>

On 18 April, retired Lieutenant General [[Douglas Lute]], the former US ambassador to NATO, reported in a ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'' interview that Russia had repositioned its troops to initiate a new assault on Eastern Ukraine which would be limited to Russia's original deployment of 150,000 to 190,000 troops for the invasion, though the troops were being well supplied from adequate weapon stockpiles in Russia. For Lute, this contrasted sharply with the vast size of the Ukrainian conscription of all-male Ukrainian citizens between 16 and 60 years of age, but without adequate weapons in Ukraine's highly limited stockpiles of weapons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2022 |title=Russia's battle for the east has begun, Zelenskyy says |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/russian-invasion-1650309065/ |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> On 26 April, delegates of the US and 40 allied nations met at [[Ramstein Air Base]] in Germany to discuss forming a coalition to provide economic support and military supplies and refitting to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vandiver |first1=John |last2=Svan |first2=Jennifer H. |location=Ramstein Air Base, Germany |date=26 April 2022 |title=US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia's 'unjust invasion' |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/europe/2022-04-26/austin-ukraine-ramstein-air-base-russia-5804405.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504174341/https://www.stripes.com/theaters/europe/2022-04-26/austin-ukraine-ramstein-air-base-russia-5804405.html |archive-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> Following Putin's [[Victory Day (9 May)#In Russia|Victory Day]] speech in early May, US Director of National Intelligence [[Avril Haines]] said no short term resolution to the invasion should be expected.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=10 May 2022 |title=The U.S. intelligence chief says Putin is preparing for a prolonged conflict |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/us/avril-haines-putin-russia-ukraine-war.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510154153/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/10/us/avril-haines-putin-russia-ukraine-war.html |archive-date=10 May 2022 |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522}}</ref>
[[File:Робоча поїздка Президента України на Миколаївщину та Одещину 50.jpg|thumb|President Zelenskyy with members of the Ukrainian army on 18 June 2022]]
Russian forces improved their focus on protecting their supply lines by advancing more slowly, and more methodically. They also benefited from centralising command under General Dvornikov.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=The Russians may be learning from the mistakes of the Ukraine war. But are they adapting fast enough? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-31/russia-ukraine-war-learning-from-mistakes-adapting-enough/101110070 |website=ABC}}</ref> Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained it, as Western countries feared that Ukraine would use it to strike targets in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/biden-will-not-supply-ukraine-with-long-range-rockets-that-can-hit-russia |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Military experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine to trade territory for peace,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Champion |first1=Marc |last2=Kudrytski |first2=Aliaksandr |date=28 May 2022 |title=Russian Wins in Eastern Ukraine Spark Debate Over Course of War |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-27/russian-wins-in-eastern-ukraine-spark-debate-over-course-of-war |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> while others assessed that Ukraine could sustain its resistance to the invasion, due to the Russian losses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atlamazoglou |first=Stavros |date=30 May 2022 |title=War in Ukraine, Day 96 Update: Russia's Military Losses are 'Unsustainable' |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/05/war-in-ukraine-day-96-update-russias-military-losses-are-unsustainable/ |website=19fortyfive.com}}</ref> On 26 May 2022, the [[Conflict Intelligence Team]], citing Russian soldiers, reported that [[Colonel General]] [[Gennady Zhidko]] had been put in charge of Russian forces during the invasion, replacing Army General Dvornikov.<ref name=":1">{{Cite tweet |number=1529780946509209603 |user=CITeam_en |title=Also reportedly, Russia's command in the battle for Donbas has undergone another shakeup — the overall commander is now said to be Colonel General Gennady Zhidko. Like Dvornikov, he once commanded operations in Syria and also headed the Eastern Military District. |author=Conflict Intelligence Team}}</ref><ref name=":0a">{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=General Dvornikov 'no longer in command' of Russian Army in Ukraine |url=https://english.nv.ua/nation/general-dvornikov-dismissed-from-command-of-russian-army-in-ukraine-russia-news-russia-invasion-50247453.html |website=The New Voice of Ukraine}}</ref>{{efn|A report of 5 June placed Dvornikov still in command.<ref name="ordersev">{{cite news |date=5 June 2022 |title=Kremlin orders army commander Dvornikov to take Severodonetsk by June 10 — regional governor |publisher=Yahoo! |agency=The New Voice of Ukraine |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kremlin-orders-army-commander-dvornikov-165600423.html}}</ref>}}

By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent with Ukrainian artillery being vastly outgunned by range and number.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |date=31 May 2022 |title=Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/30/biden-will-not-supply-ukraine-with-long-range-rockets-that-can-hit-russia |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin indicated that Russia would expand its invasion front to include new cities in Ukraine and in apparent retribution ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking the city for several weeks.<ref>CBS News Videos. "Russia bombards Kyiv, vows to strike new targets if U.S. sends long-range missiles to Ukraine". 6 June 2022. [https://news.yahoo.com/russia-bombards-kyiv-vows-strike-123428279.html?fr=yhssrp_catchall]</ref> On 10 June 2022, Vadym Skibitsky, deputy head of Ukraine's military intelligence, stated during the Severodonetsk campaign that the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: "This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have."<ref name="iktgvs">{{Cite news |last=Koshiw |first=Isobel |date=10 June 2022 |title=We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/10/were-almost-out-of-ammunition-and-relying-on-western-arms-says-ukraine}}</ref>

On 29 June, Reuters reported that Director of National Intelligence [[Avril Haines]], updating U.S. intelligence assessment of the Russian invasion, said that U.S. intelligence agencies agree that the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time&nbsp;... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alper |first1=Alexandra |last2=Freifeld |first2=Karen |last3=Landay |first3=Jonathan |date=29 June 2022 |title=Putin still wants most of Ukraine, war outlook grim -U.S. intelligence chief |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-still-wants-most-ukraine-war-outlook-grim-us-intelligence-chief-2022-06-29/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the Russian invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's reconstruction economy stating: "Ukraine needs $750bn for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute to the cost, Ukrainian Prime Minister [[Denys Shmyhal]] has told a reconstruction conference in Switzerland."<ref>Sarah Rainford. "Ukraine war: Putin presses on after Lysychansk capture". BBC. 5 July 2022. [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62033619]</ref>

On 8 October 2022, the [[Russian Defence Ministry]] named Air Force General [[Sergei Surovikin]] as the overall commander of Russian forces fighting in Ukraine without naming who Surovikin was replacing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-names-air-force-general-lead-its-forces-ukraine-2022-10-08/|title=Russia names air force general to lead its forces in Ukraine|date=8 October 2022}}</ref>

=== First phase: Invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April) ===
{{for timeline|Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: phase 1}}

[[File:2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine Phase 1 animated.gif|thumb|upright=2.1|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine phase 1 from 24 February to 7 April 2022]]
The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk.<ref name="CBS-2022-03-20"/><ref name="CBC-2022-03-21"/>

==== Northern front ====
[[File:50 днів активного спротиву окупанту 02.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Antonov An-225 Mriya]], the largest aircraft ever built, was destroyed during the [[Battle of Antonov Airport]]]]
{{Further|Capture of Chernobyl|Battle of Kyiv (2022)|Bucha massacre}}
<!-- Paragraph 1 for high level overview and summary of main events in February. -->
Russian efforts to capture [[Kyiv]] included a probative spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the [[Dnipro River]], apparently to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack from Russia along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at [[Chernihiv]], and the eastern at [[Sumy]]. These were likely intended to encircle Kyiv from the north-east and east.<ref name="ISW 4MAR">{{cite web |last1=Kagan |first1=Frederick |last2=Barros |first2=George |last3=Stepanenko |first3=Kateryna |date=4 March 2022 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-4 |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[Institute for the Study of War]]}}</ref><ref name="CriticalThreats">{{cite news |last1=Kagan |first1=Frederick |last2=Barros |first2=George |last3=Stepanenko |first3=Kateryna |date=5 March 2022 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4 |work=CriticalThreats |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-4 |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>

Russia apparently tried to rapidly seize Kyiv, with [[Spetsnaz]] infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web |last=Roblin |first=Sebastien |date=27 February 2022 |title=At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/02/at-vasylkiv-ukrainians-repel-russias-paratroopers-and-commandos-in-frantic-night-battle/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=19FortyFive}}</ref><ref name="wapo20220320">{{cite news |last1=Sly |first1=Liz |last2=Lamothe |first2=Dan |date=20 March 2022 |title=Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/20/russia-ukraine-military-offensive/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320093229/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/20/russia-ukraine-military-offensive/ |archive-date=20 March 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Boot |first=Max |date=21 March 2022 |title=Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/03/21/ukraine-is-winning-war-russia-offensive-putin/ |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kemp |first=Richard |date=22 March 2022 |title=The Russian army has run out of time |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2022/03/22/russian-army-has-run-time/ |access-date=24 March 2022 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref>
Russian forces advancing on Kyiv from Belarus [[Battle of Chernobyl|gained control]] of the ghost towns of [[Chernobyl]] and [[Pripyat]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukraine loses control of Chernobyl nuclear site, amid battles in Kyiv outskirts |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ukraine-troops-battle-invading-russian-army-in-kyiv-outskirts/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225030412/https://www.timesofisrael.com/ukraine-troops-battle-invading-russian-army-in-kyiv-outskirts/ |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2022 |script-title=uk:Українські військові під Києвом зупинили колону російських танків |title=Ukrayinsʹki viysʹkovi pid Kyyevom zupynyly kolonu rosiysʹkykh tankiv |trans-title=The Ukrainian military stopped a column of Russian tanks near Kyiv |url=https://gazeta.ua/articles/np/_ukrayinski-vijskovi-pid-kiyevom-zupinili-kolonu-rosijskih-tankiv/1072503 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225100628/https://gazeta.ua/articles/np/_ukrayinski-vijskovi-pid-kiyevom-zupinili-kolonu-rosijskih-tankiv/1072503 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Gazeta.ua|Gazeta]] |language=uk}}</ref> [[Russian Airborne Forces]] attempted to seize two key airfields near Kyiv, launching an [[Battle of Antonov Airport|airborne assault on Antonov Airport]],<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Battle Underway for Airbase on Kyiv Outskirts |work=[[Moscow Times]] |agency=[[AFP (news agency)|AFP]] |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/24/battle-underway-for-airbase-on-kyiv-outskirts-a76573 |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225043724/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/24/battle-underway-for-airbase-on-kyiv-outskirts-a76573 |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia claims to take control of Hostomel airport just outside Kyiv |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/russia-claims-to-take-control-of-hostomel-airport-just-outside-kyiv/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225143618/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/russia-claims-to-take-control-of-hostomel-airport-just-outside-kyiv/ |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> and a similar [[Battle of Vasylkiv|landing at Vasylkiv]], near [[Vasylkiv Air Base]], on 26 February.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=uk:Окупанти намагаються висадити десант у Василькові, йдуть бої |title=Okupanty namahayutʹsya vysadyty desant u Vasylʹkovi, ydutʹ boyi |language=uk |trans-title=The occupiers are trying to land in Vasylkiv, fighting is going on |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3413199-okupanti-namagautsa-visaditi-desant-u-vasilkovi-jdut-boi.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226004532/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3413199-okupanti-namagautsa-visaditi-desant-u-vasilkovi-jdut-boi.html |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=uk:У Василькові збили винищувач та два гвинтокрили окупантів |title=U Vasylʹkovi zbyly vynyshchuvach ta dva hvyntokryly okupantiv |language=uk |trans-title=A fighter and two helicopters of the occupiers were shot down in Vasylkiv |agency=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] |url=https://www.unian.ua/war/u-vasilkovi-zbili-vinishchuvach-ta-dva-gvintokrili-okupantiv-trivayut-vazhki-boji-novini-donbasu-11718652.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226003258/https://www.unian.ua/war/u-vasilkovi-zbili-vinishchuvach-ta-dva-gvintokrili-okupantiv-trivayut-vazhki-boji-novini-donbasu-11718652.html |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>

<!-- Paragraph 2 and forward for summary of current situation. -->
By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences.<ref name="ISW 4MAR"/><ref name="CriticalThreats"/> As of 5 March, [[Russian Kyiv Convoy|a&nbsp;large Russian convoy]], reportedly {{Convert|64|km|mi}} long, had made little progress toward Kyiv.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stern |first=David L. |date=5 March 2022 |title=After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/05/ukraine-military-battlefield-kyiv-mariupol/ |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> The London-based [[think tank]] [[Royal United Services Institute]] (RUSI) assessed Russian advances from the north and east as "stalled".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1po2OdNnIc |title=How is the war in Ukraine going for Russia? |date=6 March 2022 |last=Arnold |first=Edward |others=Interviewed by [[Rebecca Ritters]] |at=3:26 |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314020335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1po2OdNnIc |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live |via=YouTube |work=[[DW News]]}}</ref> Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a [[siege of Chernihiv|siege began there]]. Russian forces continued to advance on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing [[Bucha, Kyiv Oblast|Bucha]], [[Hostomel]], and [[Vorzel]] by 5 March,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Pennington |first2=Josh |last3=McGee |first3=Luke |last4=Gigova |first4=Radina |date=7 March 2022 |title='A family died{{nbsp}}... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/06/europe/ukraine-russia-invasion-sunday-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2022 |title=Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3422872-bucha-vorzel-hostomel-under-enemys-control-situation-remains-critical.html |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> though [[Irpin]] remained [[Battle of Irpin|contested]] as of 9 March.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Voitovych |first2=Olga |date=8 March 2022 |title="Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-08-22/h_e09d49888fcb2a07b8f1a95d6f2b0faa |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Paul |date=11 March 2022 |title=Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-11-22/h_1b9599f9b4bf3b17110242404180ffec |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive to repel Russian forces.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cullison |first1=Alan |last2=Coles |first2=Isabel |last3=Trofimov |first3=Yaroslav |date=16 March 2022 |title=Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-mounts-counteroffensive-to-drive-russians-back-from-kyiv-key-cities-11647428858 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316111106/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-mounts-counteroffensive-to-drive-russians-back-from-kyiv-key-cities-11647428858 |archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched their strategy to [[Indiscriminate attack|indiscriminate bombing]] and [[siege]] warfare.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Michael R. |last2=Leary |first2=Alex |date=21 March 2022 |title=The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive {{!}} Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B' |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-failing-to-achieve-early-victory-in-ukraine-is-seen-shifting-to-plan-b-11647824374 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Idrees |last2=Stewart |first2=Phil |date=27 February 2022 |title=Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putins-nuclear-move-could-make-situation-much-much-mtore-dangerous-us-official-2022-02-27/ |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>

On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook several towns to the east and west of Kyiv, including [[Makariv]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60847188 |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian220325">{{Cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Joanna |last2=Bartholomew |first2=Jem |last3=Belam |first3=Martin |last4=Lock |first4=Samantha |date=25 March 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/mar/25/ukraine-war-latest-news-sanctions-a-little-late-zelenskiy-tells-european-council-biden-to-visit-poland-live |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north at the end of March. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudenko |first=Olga |date=2 April 2022 |title=Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (Graphic Images) |url=https://kyivindependent.com/national/hundreds-of-murdered-civilians-discovered-as-russians-withdraw-from-towns-near-kyiv-graphic-images/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403022637/https://kyivindependent.com/national/hundreds-of-murdered-civilians-discovered-as-russians-withdraw-from-towns-near-kyiv-graphic-images/ |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=[[The Kyiv Independent]]}}</ref> Ukraine said it had recaptured the entire region around Kyiv, including Irpin, Bucha, and Hostomel, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in [[Bucha massacre|Bucha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-60949706 |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> On 6 April, NATO secretary-general [[Jens Stoltenberg]] said that the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of their troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for Ukraine, by redeploying and concentrating his forces on Eastern Ukraine.<ref name="news.yahoo.com"/> Kyiv was generally left free from attack apart from isolated missile strikes. One did occur while UN Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] was [[iron diplomacy|visiting Kyiv]] on 28 April to discuss with Zelenskyy the survivors of the siege of Mariupol.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tebor |first1=Celina |last2=Miller |first2=Ryan W. |last3=Hayes |first3=Christal |last4=Santucci |first4=Jeanine |date=30 April 2022 |title=Ukraine in 'a fight for life' in Donbas region, Zelenskyy says in nightly address; Russian strike kills at least 1 in Kyiv: Live updates |work=[[Yahoo News]] |url=https://news.yahoo.com/biden-seeks-33-billion-aid-070001472.html |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

==== North-eastern front ====
{{Further|Siege of Chernihiv|Battle of Sumy}}
{{See also|Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast}}
Russian forces advanced into [[Chernihiv Oblast]] on 24 February and [[Siege of Chernihiv|besieged its administrative capital]]. The next day [[Battle of Konotop (2022)|Russian forces attacked and captured Konotop]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ward |first=Alexander |date=25 February 2022 |title='Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://politi.co/3LWSyC5 |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226175146/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2022/02/25/almost-not-possible-for-ukraine-to-win-00011969 |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/93554a7e-f974-49fc-85ba-c111d253b002 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226151541/https://www.ft.com/content/93554a7e-f974-49fc-85ba-c111d253b002 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |issn=0307-1766}}</ref> A [[Battle of Sumy|separate advance]] into [[Sumy Oblast]] the same day attacked the city of [[Sumy]], just {{convert|35|km|mi}} from the Russo-Ukrainian border. The advance bogged down in [[urban fighting]], and Ukrainian forces successfully held the city, claiming more than 100 Russian armoured vehicles were destroyed and dozens of soldiers were captured.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=uk:Бои под Сумами: артиллерия и "Байрактары" уничтожили 100 танков и 20 "Градов" оккупантов |title=Boi pod Sumami: artilleriya i "Bayraktary" unichtozhili 100 tankov i 20 "Gradov" okkupantov |language=uk |trans-title=Battles near Sumy: Artillery and Bayraktars destroyed 100 tanks and 20 "Grad" of invaders |url=https://apostrophe.ua/news/society/2022-02-28/boi-pod-sumami-artilleriya-i-bayraktaryi-unichtojili-100-tankov-i-20-gradov-okkupantov/260916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228222555/https://apostrophe.ua/news/society/2022-02-28/boi-pod-sumami-artilleriya-i-bayraktaryi-unichtojili-100-tankov-i-20-gradov-okkupantov/260916 |date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |trans-work=Apostrophe |work=Апостроф |last=Недилько |first=Владимир}}</ref> Russian forces [[Battle of Okhtyrka|also attacked Okhtyrka]], deploying [[thermobaric weapon]]s.<ref name="unianberdyansk">{{cite news |last=Polyakovskaya |first=Tanya |date=26 February 2022 |script-title=ru:Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет |title=Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet |language=ru |trans-title=Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council |publisher=[[Berdyansk City Council]] |agency=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] |url=https://www.unian.net/war/rossiyskaya-voennaya-tehnika-zanyala-territoriyu-byvshego-aeroporta-berdyansk-gorsovet-novosti-donbassa-11719648.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226195413/https://www.unian.net/war/rossiyskaya-voennaya-tehnika-zanyala-territoriyu-byvshego-aeroporta-berdyansk-gorsovet-novosti-donbassa-11719648.html |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref>

On 4 March, [[Frederick Kagan]] wrote that the Sumy axis was then "the most successful and dangerous Russian avenue of advance on Kyiv", and commented that the geography favoured mechanised advances as the terrain "is flat and sparsely populated, offering few good defensive positions".<ref name="CriticalThreats"/> Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached [[Brovary]], an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March.<ref name="ISW 4MAR"/><ref name="CriticalThreats"/> [[The Pentagon]] confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast, but Sumy Oblast remained contested.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2022 |title=Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv |last1=Demirjian|first1=Karoun|last2=Lamthoe|first2=Dan|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/04/06/pentagon-russia-withdraws-kyiv-chernihiv/ |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> On 7 April, the governor of Sumy Oblast said that Russian troops were gone, but left behind rigged explosives and other hazards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalatur |first=Anastasiya |date=8 April 2022 |title=Sumy region liberated from Russian troops |work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/04/8/7338013/ |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

==== Southern front ====
{{Further|Siege of Mariupol|2022 bombing of Odesa|Battle of Kherson|Battle of Enerhodar}}
{{See also|Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast|Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast}}
[[File:Destruction of Russian tanks by Ukrainian troops in Mariupol (4).jpg|thumb|A destroyed Russian [[BMP-3]] near Mariupol, 7 March]]
On 24 February, Russian forces took control of the [[North Crimean Canal]]. Troops used [[Military explosive|explosives]] to destroy the [[dam]] that was blocking the river, allowing Crimea to obtain water from the [[Dnieper]] which had been cut off since 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marrow |first1=Alexander |last2=Ostroukh |first2=Andrey |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-forces-unblock-water-flow-canal-annexed-crimea-moscow-says-2022-02-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-forces-unblock-water-flow-canal-annexed-crimea-moscow-says-2022-02-24/ |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> On 26 February, the [[siege of Mariupol]] began as the attack moved east linking to separatist-held Donbas.<ref name="unianberdyansk"/><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1497605510887100420 |user=nexta_tv |title=The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. https://t.co/jwsIoORzH0 |author=NEXTA |author-link=Nexta |date=26 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227062037/https://twitter.com/nexta_tv/status/1497605510887100420 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> En route, Russian forces entered [[Berdiansk]] and [[Battle of Berdiansk|captured it]].<ref name="CNN-Berdyansk">{{cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Alkhaldi |first2=Celine |last3=Voitovych |first3=Olga |last4=Mezzofiore |first4=Gianluca |date=24 March 2022 |title=Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/24/europe/ukraine-russian-warship-berdyansk-intl/index.html |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> On 1 March, Russian forces [[Battle of Melitopol|attacked]] [[Melitopol]] and nearby cities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zadorozhnaya |first=Anastasia |date=1 March 2022 |script-title=ru:Войска оккупанта готовят наступление на Мелитополь |title=Voyska okkupanta gotovyat nastupleniye na Melitopol' |trans-title=Invader's troops are preparing an attack on Melitopol |url=https://ria-m.tv/news/279120/voyska_okkupanta_gotovyat_nastuplenie_na_melitopol.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302054411/https://ria-m.tv/news/279120/voyska_okkupanta_gotovyat_nastuplenie_na_melitopol.html |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=[[RIA Melitopol]] |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Korobova |first=Marina |date=1 March 2022 |script-title=ru:"Мелитополь не сдался, Мелитополь – временно оккупирован" – городской голова о ситуации на 1 марта |title="Melitopol' ne sdalsya, Melitopol' – vremenno okkupirovan" – gorodskoy golova o situatsii na 1 marta |trans-title="Melitopol did not surrender, Melitopol is temporarily occupied" – the mayor on the situation on March 1 |url=https://www.mv.org.ua/news/264014-melitopol_ne_sdalsja_melitopol_-_vremenno_okkupirovan_-_gorodskoi_golova_o_situacii_na_1_marta.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302054418/https://www.mv.org.ua/news/264014-melitopol_ne_sdalsja_melitopol_-_vremenno_okkupirovan_-_gorodskoi_golova_o_situacii_na_1_marta.html |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=[[Mestnyye Vesti]] |language=ru}}</ref> On 25 February, Russian units from the DPR moves on [[Mariupol]] and were defeated near [[Pavlopil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fierce battles raging in all directions near Mariupol – mayor |url=https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801883.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226011040/https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801883.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Richárd |first=Jabronka |date=25 February 2022 |title=Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret |trans-title=This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked |url=https://ellenszel.hu/2022/02/25/igy-all-most-a-haboru-ukrajnaban-tobb-nagyvarosban-harcok-dulnak-megtamadtak-egy-orosz-repuloteret/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226011052/https://ellenszel.hu/2022/02/25/igy-all-most-a-haboru-ukrajnaban-tobb-nagyvarosban-harcok-dulnak-megtamadtak-egy-orosz-repuloteret/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Ellenszél]] |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412585-battle-ongoing-near-mariupol-mayor.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225110919/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412585-battle-ongoing-near-mariupol-mayor.html |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> By evening, the [[Russian Navy]] reportedly began an [[amphibious assault]] on the coast of the [[Sea of Azov]] {{convert|70|km|mi}} west of Mariupol. A US defence official said that Russian forces might be deploying thousands of [[Russian Naval Infantry|marines]] from this [[beachhead]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title="Amphibious assault" underway west of Mariupol on the Sea of Azov, senior US defense official says |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-25-22/h_622a8b21dd1cf52845090a96c9c6513b |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225220827/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-25-22/h_622a8b21dd1cf52845090a96c9c6513b |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Navy Carries Out Amphibious Assault Near Mariupol |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-carries-out-amphibious-assault-near-mariupol |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225220846/https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-carries-out-amphibious-assault-near-mariupol |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=The Maritime Executive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2022 |title=Russian forces are about 31 miles outside southeastern Ukrainian city of Mariupol, US defense official says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-27-22/h_32a28d1a9ec40e68486a3526f035dc6f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227223234/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-27-22/h_32a28d1a9ec40e68486a3526f035dc6f |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

The [[22nd Army Corps (Russian Federation)|Russian 22nd Army Corps]] approached the [[Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant]] on 26 February<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant |work=[[National Post]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/ukraine-official-says-russian-troops-approaching-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=The Russians paused the invasion, but aren't losing |url=https://www.afr.com/policy/foreign-affairs/the-russians-have-paused-the-invasion-but-aren-t-losing-20220228-p5a09f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228023541/https://www.afr.com/policy/foreign-affairs/the-russians-have-paused-the-invasion-but-aren-t-losing-20220228-p5a09f |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Australian Financial Review]]}}</ref> and [[siege of Enerhodar|besieged Enerhodar]] in order to assume control.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |title=Ukraine nuclear plant on fire after Russia shelling |work=[[News.com.au]] |url=https://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/ukraine-pounded-and-exodus-mounts-as-russia-seizes-key-city/news-story/4c2bd269029008ba09ab2cab3a5a32b7 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> A fire began,<ref>{{cite web |date=3 March 2022 |title=Russian forces attacking Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in Ukraine, per multiple reports |url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/russian-forces-attacking-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-ukraine-ap-2022-3 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=[[Business Insider]] Australia}}</ref> but the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) stated that essential equipment was undamaged.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title=Russian forces strike Ukraine from multiple fronts, including at power plant |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-04/latest-on-where-fighting-is-happening-in-ukraine/100881052 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> Despite the fires, the plant recorded no radiation leaks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |title=Russian troops take Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant |work=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/russia-attacks-ukraine-nuclear-plant-invasion-advances-83245801 |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> A third Russian attack group from Crimea moved northwest and captured bridges over the Dnieper.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412906-ukraine-loses-control-over-crossing-to-kherson.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225155031/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3412906-ukraine-loses-control-over-crossing-to-kherson.html |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> On 2 March, Russian troops won [[Battle of Kherson|a battle at Kherson]]; this was the first major city to fall to Russian forces in the invasion.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schwirtz |first1=Michael |last2=Pérez-Peña |first2=Richard |date=2 March 2022 |title=First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/world/europe/kherson-ukraine-russia.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303000108/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/world/europe/kherson-ukraine-russia.html |archive-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Russian troops moved on [[Mykolaiv]], [[Battle of Mykolaiv|attacking it two days later]]. They were repelled by Ukrainian forces.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |title=Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3420336-ukrainian-defenders-repelled-attack-on-mykolaiv-city-fighting-continues-on-outskirts.html |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> On 2 March, Ukrainian forces initiated [[Horlivka offensive|a counter-offensive]] on [[Horlivka]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title=First in 7 days of war Ukrainian units go on offensive advancing to Horlivka – Arestovych |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/805456.html |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=[[Interfax Ukraine]]}}</ref> controlled by the DPR since 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Huijboom |first=Stefan |date=22 June 2015 |title=Resident of Russian-held Horlivka: 'We have nothing' |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv-post-plus/resident-of-russian-held-horlivka-we-have-nothing-391727.html |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

After renewed missile attacks on 14 March in Mariupol, the Ukrainian government said more than 2,500 had died.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Kesa |first2=Julia |date=14 March 2022 |title=Ukraine puts death toll in Mariupol bombardment at more than 2,500 |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-14-22/h_3db1542de366d188c4e7979e7b5ecc95 |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> By 18 March, [[Siege of Mariupol|Mariupol was completely encircled]] and fighting reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Boffey |first1=Daniel |last2=Tondo |first2=Lorenzo |date=18 March 2022 |title=Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/18/russia-missile-lviv-mariupol-ukraine-war |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> On 20 March, an art school sheltering around 400 people, was [[Mariupol art school bombing|destroyed by Russian bombs]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2022 |title=Russian forces bomb school sheltering 400 people in Mariupol, city council says |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-20-22/h_b1c1cd7201927da836d75f3e95f324f9 |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref> The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused.<ref name="CBS-2022-03-20"/><ref name="CBC-2022-03-21"/> On 24 March, Russian forces entered central Mariupol.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title=Ukraine war in maps: Tracking the Russian invasion |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60506682 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister [[Olha Stefanishyna]] said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scully |first=Rachel |date=27 March 2022 |title=Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore' |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/sunday-talk-shows/599917-ukrainian-official-mariupol-simply-does-not-exist-anymore |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

Putin told [[Emmanuel Macron]] in a phone call on 29 March that the bombardment of Mariupol would only end when the Ukrainians surrendered.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2022 |title=Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60926470 |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> On 1 April Russian troops refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the United Nations to evacuate civilians, as peace talks continued in Istanbul.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails |work=[[UN News]] |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115282 |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on Southern Ukraine further west, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2022 |title=Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa |work=[[The Straits Times]] |publisher=[[SPH Media Trust]] |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/missiles-hit-critical-infrastructure-at-ukrainian-port-of-odessa |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2022 |title=Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/11/1085427380/ukraine-nuclear-power-plant-zaporizhzhia |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

==== Eastern front ====
{{Further|Battle of Kharkiv (2022)|Battle of Izium (2022)|Millerovo air base attack}}
{{See also|Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast}}
[[File:Russian bombardment on the outskirts of Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|Russian bombardment on the outskirts of Kharkiv, 1 March]]
In the east, Russian troops [[Battle of Kharkiv (2022)|attempted to capture Kharkiv]], less than {{convert|35|km|mi}} from the Russian border,<ref>{{cite web |last=Losh |first=Jack |date=25 February 2022 |title=Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/24/russia-ukraine-war-resistance-kharkiv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225044904/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/24/russia-ukraine-war-resistance-kharkiv/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=uk:Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої |title=Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi |language=uk |trans-title=Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place |url=https://24tv.ua/rosiya-atakuvala-ukrayinski-mista-de-vidbulisya-boyi_n1877474 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225025620/https://24tv.ua/rosiya-atakuvala-ukrayinski-mista-de-vidbulisya-boyi_n1877474 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[Channel 24 (Ukraine)|Channel 24]]}}</ref> and met strong Ukrainian resistance. On 25 February, the [[Millerovo air base attack|Millerovo air base was attacked]] by Ukrainian military forces with [[OTR-21 Tochka]] missiles, which according to Ukrainian officials, destroyed several [[Russian Air Force]] planes and started a fire.<ref name="Dutton-2022-02-25"/><ref name="Rostov-Gazeta-2022-02-25"/> On 28 February, missile attacks killed several people in Kharkiv.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine War: What to know on Day 7 of Russian assault |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-united-nations-general-assembly-state-of-the-union-address-kyiv-business-1fc732f01985f1b57e8dc5e7e411805f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302184211/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-united-nations-general-assembly-state-of-the-union-address-kyiv-business-1fc732f01985f1b57e8dc5e7e411805f |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=[[AP News]]}}</ref> On 1 March, [[Denis Pushilin]], head of the DPR, announced that DPR forces had almost completely surrounded the city of [[Volnovakha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Voitovych |first2=Olya |date=1 March 2022 |title=Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-01-22/h_0e3d20b474aa007bb1e4acc0d0fba984 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> On 2 March, Russian forces were repelled from [[Sievierodonetsk]] during [[Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)|an attack against the city]].<ref>{{cite web |script-title=uk:Новини України: Російське вторгнення: поточна ситуація на Луганщині |title=Novyny Ukrayiny: Rosiysʹke vtorhnennya: potochna sytuatsiya na Luhanshchyni |trans-title=News of Ukraine: Russian invasion: the current situation in Luhansk region |url=https://galinfo.com.ua/news/rosiyske_vtorgnennya_potochna_sytuatsiya_na_luganshchyni_381541.html |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=galinfo.com.ua |language=uk}}</ref> [[Izium]] was reportedly captured by Russian forces on 17 March,<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Pentagon says Russian advance is frozen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-60774819/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317013837/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-60774819 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> although fighting continued.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 18 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-18 |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=[[Institute for the Study of War]] |last1=Clark |first1=Mason |last2=Barros |first2=George |last3=Stepanenko |first3=Kateryna}}</ref>

On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in Eastern Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2022 |editor-last=Trevelyan|editor-first=Mark|title=Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass |location=London|agency=Reuters|publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/russia-says-first-phase-ukraine-134534902.html |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> On 31 March, the Ukrainian military confirmed Izium was under Russian control,<ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2022 |script-title=uk:На Київщині ЗСУ звільнили 15 населених пунктів – зведення Генерального штабу |title=Na Kyyivshchyni ZSU zvilʹnyly 15 naselenykh punktiv – zvedennya Heneralʹnoho shtabu |language=uk |trans-title=In the Kyiv region, the Armed Forces of Ukraine liberated 15 settlements – the building of the General Staff |work=[[Радіо Свобода]] |url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-kyivshchyna-zsu-henshtab/31781218.html |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=The Russians are controlling Izyum – General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces |work=Militarnyi |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/the-russians-are-controlling-izyum-general-staff-of-the-ukrainian-armed-forces/ |access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> and ''[[PBS News]]'' reported renewed shelling and missile attacks in Kharkiv, as bad or worse than before, as peace talks with Russia were to resume in Istanbul.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hewson |first1=Jack |last2=Ram |first2=Ed |last3=Frantsev |first3=Dmitri |date=30 March 2022 |title=Civilians endure intense suffering as Russian shelling reduces Kharkiv to 'a smoking ruin' |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/civilians-endure-intense-suffering-as-russian-shelling-reduces-kharkiv-to-a-smoking-ruin |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>

Amid the heightened Russian shelling of Kharkiv on 31 March, Russia reported a helicopter strike against an oil supply depot approximately {{convert|35|km|mi}} north of the border in [[Belgorod]], and accused Ukraine of the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=Russia alleges Ukrainian helicopters struck Belgorod fuel depot |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/1/russia-alleges-ukrainian-helicopters-struck-belgorod-fuel-depot |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> Ukraine denied responsibility.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=War in Ukraine: Russia accuses Ukraine of attacking oil depot |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60952125 |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian invasion troops and tank divisions around the towns of Izium, [[Sloviansk]], and [[Kramatorsk]] prompted Ukrainian government officials to advise the remaining residents near the eastern border of Ukraine to evacuate to western Ukraine within 2–3 days, given the absence of arms and munitions previously promised to Ukraine by then.<ref>{{cite news |last=Picheta |first=Rob |date=6 April 2022 |title=The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/06/europe/sloviansk-ukraine-russia-military-significance-intl/index.html |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Second phase: South-Eastern front (8 April – 5 September) ===
{{for timeline|Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: phase 2}}

[[File:2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine Phase 2 animated.gif|thumb|upright=2.1|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine phase 2 from 7 April to 5 September 2022.]]
By 17 April, Russian progress on the south-eastern front appeared to be impeded by opposing Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal steel mill and surrounding area in Mariupol.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/465439/ukraine-war-mariupol-defenders-will-fight-to-the-end-pm |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>

On 19 April, ''The New York Times'' confirmed that Russia had launched a renewed invasion front referred to as an "eastern assault" across a {{Convert|300|mi|km|adj=on}} front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv in the north and Lviv in Western Ukraine.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Arraf |first1=Jane |last2=Nechepurenko |first2=Ivan |last3=Landler |first3=Mark |date=19 April 2022 |title=Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/18/world/europe/ukraine-russia-missiles-lviv-donbas.html |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> As of 30 April, a NATO official described Russian advances as "uneven" and "minor".<ref>{{cite news |date=30 April 2022 |title=Russia bombards Kharkiv but Ukrainians having 'tactical successes', says Zelenskiy |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/30/russia-bombards-kharkiv-but-ukrainians-having-tactical-successes-says-zelenskiy}}</ref> An anonymous US Defence Official called the Russian offensive: "very tepid", "minimal at best", and "anaemic".<ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2022 |title=US official briefs on Russia's war effort |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-61295448}}</ref>
In June 2022 the chief spokesman for the [[Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation]] [[Igor Konashenkov]] revealed that Russian troops are divided between the Army Groups "Center" commanded by Colonel General [[Aleksandr Lapin (general)|Aleksander Lapin]] and "South" commanded by Army General [[Sergey Surovikin]].<ref name="Novaya">{{cite news |last=Cherkasov |first=Alexander |date=26 June 2022 |title=Люди, стрелявшие в наших отцов |agency=[[Novaya Gazeta]] |url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/06/26/liudi-streliavshie-v-nashikh-ottsov}}</ref> On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad as justifying the expansion of its special military operation to include objectives in both the [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]] and [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]] regions.<ref name="auto6">{{cite news |date=20 July 2022 |title=Ukraine News: Kyiv Intensifies Attacks on Russian Positions in South |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/07/20/world/ukraine-russia-war#russia-ukraine-territory-expansion-lavrov}}</ref>

[[Russian Ground Forces]] started recruiting volunteer battalions from the regions in June 2022 to create a new [[3rd Army Corps (Russia)|3rd Army Corps]] within the [[Western Military District]], with a planned strength estimated at 15,500–60,000 personnel.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 July 2022 |title=Russia prepares to deploy new strike force against Ukraine – Ukrainian Intelligence |newspaper=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/07/29/7360811/ |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="”ISW68”">{{cite news |title=Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3544612-russia-forming-3rd-army-corps-for-war-in-ukraine-isw.html |date=6 August 2022 |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref> Its units were deployed to the front around the time of Ukraine's 9 September [[2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive|Kharkiv oblast counteroffensive]], in time to join the Russian retreat, leaving behind tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, and personnel carriers: the 3AC "melted away" according to ''[[Forbes]]'', having little or no impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Axe |first=David |date=15 September 2022 |title=The Russians Spent Months Forming A New Army Corps. It Lasted Days in Ukraine. |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/the-russians-spent-months-forming-a-new-army-corps-it-lasted-days-in-ukraine/ar-AA11RjPK |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en-US |agency=MSN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-18 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}</ref>

==== Mykolaiv–Odesa front ====
{{Further|2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive|2022 bombing of Odesa|Battle of Mykolaiv|2022 Transnistria attacks}}
{{See also|Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast}}
Missile attacks and bombardment of the key cities of Mykolaiv and Odesa continued as the second phase of the invasion began.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 22 April, Russia's Brigadier General [[Rustam Minnekayev]] in a defence ministry meeting said that Russia planned to extend its Mykolayiv–Odesa front after the siege of Mariupol further west to include [[Transnistria conflict|the breakaway region]] of Transnistria on the Ukrainian border with Moldova.<ref name="dw">{{cite news |last=Hubenko |first=Dmytro |date=22 April 2022 |title=Russia eyes route to Trans-Dniester: What do we know? |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-eyes-route-to-trans-dniester-what-do-we-know/a-61559127}}</ref><ref name="aljr">{{cite news |date=22 April 2022 |title=Russia plans to seize Donbas, southern Ukraine: Military official |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/22/russia-says-it-plans-to-seize-donbas-southern-ukraine}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)|Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]] described this intention as [[imperialism]], saying that it contradicted previous Russian claims that it did not have territorial ambitions in Ukraine and that the statement was an admission that "the goal of the 'second phase' of the war is not victory over the mythical Nazis, but simply the occupation of eastern and southern Ukraine".<ref name="dw"/> Georgi Gotev, writing for Reuters on 22 April, noted that occupying Ukraine from Odesa to Transnistria would transform it into a [[landlocked nation]] without any practical access to the Black Sea.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gotev |first=Georgi |date=22 April 2022 |title=Russian general says Moscow aim is to leave Ukraine as a landlocked country |work=[[Euractiv]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/russian-general-says-moscow-aim-is-to-leave-ukraine-as-a-landlocked-country/}}</ref> On 24 April, Russia resumed its missile strikes on Odesa, destroying military facilities and causing two dozen civilian casualties.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 April 2022 |title=Russia renews Mariupol attack, missiles hit Odesa |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-704872}}</ref>

On 27 April, Ukrainian sources indicated that explosions had destroyed two Russian broadcast towers in Transnistria, primarily used to rebroadcast Russian television programming.<ref>{{cite news |last=Petrenko |first=Roman |date=26 April 2022 |title=New explosions in Transnistria: antennas broadcasting Russian radio channel destroyed |work=[[Ukrainian Pravda]] |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/04/26/7342125/}}</ref> At the end of April, Russia renewed missile attacks on runways in Odesa, destroying some of them.<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Arshani |first=Sarah |date=30 April 2022 |title=A Russian missile strike damaged the runway of an airport in Odesa, rendering it unusable, Ukraine says |work=[[Yahoo News]] |url=https://news.yahoo.com/russian-missile-strike-damaged-runway-185425783.html?fr=yhssrp_catchall}}</ref> During the week of 10 May, Ukrainian troops began to take military action to dislodge Russian forces installing themselves on [[Snake Island (Ukraine)|Snake Island]] in the Black Sea approximately {{convert|200|km|mi}} from Odesa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Latschan |first=Thomas |date=14 May 2022 |title=Ukraine and Russia fight intense battles for Snake Island |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-and-russia-fight-intense-battles-for-snake-island/a-61800180 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> On 30 June 2022, Russia announced that it had withdrawn troops from the island after objectives were completed.<ref name="RBC 30 June">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Минобороны объявило о выводе войск с острова Змеиный |title=Minoborony ob"yavilo o vyvode voysk s ostrova Zmeinyy |trans-title=The Ministry of Defense announced the withdrawal of troops from Snake Island |url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/30/06/2022/62bd60f99a794772a54cb7a8 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=РБК |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 June 2022 |first=Yuliya |last=Talmazan |work=[[NBC News]] |title=All eyes are on the battle for the east. But the south might hold the key to Ukraine's fate. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-withdraws-snake-island-ukraine-counteroffensive-south-kherson-rcna35874}}</ref>

On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on Ukrainian port Odesa stating that the action was swiftly condemned by world leaders, a dramatic revelation amid a recently [[Black Sea Grain Initiative|U.N. and Turkish-brokered deal]] that secured a sea corridor for grains and other foodstuff exports.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 2022 |title=Russia, Ukraine seal grain deal in Istanbul |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/07/22/russia-ukraine-seal-grain-deal-in-istanbul_5991090_4.html |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal |date=23 July 2022 |first=Amanda |last=Macias |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/23/world-leaders-slam-putins-attack-on-odesa-following-sea-corridor-deal.html}}</ref> On 31 July, CNN reported significant intensification of the rocket attacks and bombing of Mykolaiv by Russians also killing Ukrainian grain tycoon [[Oleksiy Vadaturskyi]] in the city during the bombing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Voitovych |first2=Olga |last3=Tarasova |first3=Darya |last4=Suri |first4=Manveena |last5=Khadder |first5=Kareem |last6=Pennington |first6=Josh |last7=Robertson |first7=Nic |date=31 July 2022 |title=Ukrainian grain tycoon killed in Mykolaiv shelling as Putin threatens 'lightning speed' response to interference |work=[[CNN News]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/31/europe/ukraine-russia-war-putin-intl/index.html |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>

==== Dnipro–Zaporizhzhia front ====
[[File:Shopping center in Kremenchuk after Russian shelling, 2022-06-27 (01).jpg|thumb|The Russian [[Kremenchuk shopping mall attack|missile attack on a shopping mall in Kremenchuk]] was called a "war crime" by French president Emmanuel Macron on 28 June 2022.]]

{{See also|Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant|Battle of Enerhodar}}
Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on the key cities of [[Dnipro]] and [[Zaporizhzhia]].<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 10 April, Russian missiles destroyed the [[Dnipro International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2022 |title=Dnipro airport in eastern Ukraine "completely destroyed" by new Russian military bombing: "And missiles continue to fly" |work=Tylaz |editor-last=Cojan |editor-first=Liviu |url=https://www.tylaz.net/2022/04/10/dnipro-airport-in-eastern-ukraine-completely-destroyed-by-new-russian-military-bombing-and-missiles-continue-to-fly/ |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2022 |title=Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/10/russian-rockets-destroy-airport-in-ukrainian-city-of-dnipro |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> On 2 May the UN reportedly evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege at Mariupol with the cooperation of Russian troops, to the village of [[Bezimenne, Novoazovsk Raion|Bezimenne]] near Donetsk, from whence they were to move to Zaporizhzhia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1=Arpan |last2=Bancroft |first2=Holly |date=2 May 2022 |title=Mariupol steelworks shelling resumes as doctors describe dire bunker conditions |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |url=https://news.yahoo.com/ukraine-news-live-un-conducting-025522315.html |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack was launched upon the city of Kremenchuk north-west or Zaporizhzhia detonating in a public mall and causing at least 18 deaths while drawing condemnation from France's Emmanuel Macron, among other world leaders, who spoke of it as being a "war crime".<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Simon |date=28 June 2022 |title=Dozens missing after Russian missile strike on mall kills 18 |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/rescuers-dig-survivors-russian-missile-strike-ukrainian-shopping-mall-2022-06-28/}}</ref> [[2022 July Dnipro missile strike]] killed four.

On 7 July, it was reported that after the Russians captured the nuclear plant at Zaporizhzhia earlier in the invasion, they installed heavy artillery and mobile missile launchers between the separate reactor walls of the nuclear installation, using it as a shield against possible Ukrainian counterattack. A counterattack against the installed Russian artillery sites would not be possible without the risk of radiation fallout in case of near misses.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=Russia accused of shelling from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220716-live-russia-accused-of-shelling-from-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=[[France 24]]}}</ref> On 19 August, Russia agreed to allow IAEA inspectors access to the Zaporizhzhia plant from Ukrainian-held territory, after a phone call between the [[President of France]], [[Emmanuel Macron]], and [[President of Russia|Russian president]], [[Vladimir Putin]]. A temporary ceasefire around the plant still needed to be agreed for the inspection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Matt |title=Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin |work=BBC News |date=19 August 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62613013 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=ft-20220819>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/07dab483-67a8-47df-bc84-fe3cddbebe30 |title=Putin and Macron agree IAEA mission to Ukraine nuclear plant |last1=Mallet |first1=Victor |last2=Olearchyk |first2=Roman |last3=Schwartz |first3=Felicia |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url-access=subscription |date=19 August 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>

Russia reported that 12 attacks with over 50 artillery shells explosions had been recorded at the plant and the staff town of [[Energodar]], by 18 August.<ref name=nei-20220822>{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsgrowing-concern-about-zaporizhzya-npp-sparks-international-diplomacy-9944011 |title=Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=22 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref> Also on 19 August, [[Tobias Ellwood]], chair of the UK's [[Defence Select Committee]], said that any deliberate damage to the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant that could cause radiation leaks would be a breach of [[North Atlantic Treaty#Article 5|Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty]], according to which an attack on a member state of [[NATO]] is an attack on all of them. The next day, United States congressman [[Adam Kinzinger]] said that any radiation leak would kill people in NATO countries, which would be an automatic activation of Article 5.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://charter97.org/en/news/2022/8/20/512116/ |title=UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP |publisher=[[Charter 97]] |date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/08/20/7364116/ |newspaper=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

Shelling hit [[coal ash]] dumps at the [[Zaporizhzhia thermal power station|neighbouring coal-fired power station]] on 23 August, and ash was on fire by 25 August. The 750 [[Kilovolt|kV]] transmission line to the Dniprovska substation, which was the only one of the four 750 kV transmission lines that had not yet been damaged and cut by military action, passes over the ash dumps. At 12:12&nbsp;p.m. on 25 August the line cut off due to the fire below, disconnecting the plant and its two operating reactors from the national grid for the first time since it started operating in 1985. In response, reactor 5's back-up generators and coolant pumps started up, and reactor 6 reduced generation.<ref name="auto8">{{cite news |title=Fitful Ukrainian nuclear plant stokes powerful fears |first=Peter |last=Fairley |date=26 August 2022 |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/ukraine-nuclear-power-plant-fears |newspaper=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

Incoming power was still available via the 330 kV line to the substation at the coal-fired station, so the diesel generators were not essential for cooling reactor cores and spent fuel pools. The 750 kV line and reactor 6 resumed operation at 12:29&nbsp;p.m., but the line was cut by fire again two hours later. The line, but not the reactors, resumed operation again later that day.<ref name="auto8"/> On 26 August, one reactor restarted in the afternoon and another in the evening, resuming electricity supplies to the grid.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian-held nuclear plant resumes power supply to Ukraine, two reactors connected |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-one-reactor-nuclear-plant-reconnects-its-grid-2022-08-26/ |date=26 August 2022 |access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref> On 29 August 2022, an IAEA team led by Rafael Grossi went to investigate the plant.<ref name="likpic">{{citation |last=IAEA Imagebank |title=Lydie Evrard (02011236) |date=29 August 2022 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/iaea_imagebank/52318815883/ |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> [[Lydie Evrard]] and [[Massimo Aparo]] were also in the leadership team. No leaks had been reported at the plant before their arrival but shelling had occurred days before.<ref name=aug292022>{{cite web |title=Grossi: IAEA mission heading to Ukraine's besieged nuclear plant – La Prensa Latina Media |url=https://www.laprensalatina.com/grossi-iaea-mission-heading-to-ukraines-besieged-nuclear-plant/ |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

==== Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk ====
{{Main|Battle of Donbas (2022)}}
{{Further|Battle of Kharkiv (2022)|Kramatorsk railway station attack|Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)|Battle of Lysychansk}}
{{See also|Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast}}
[[File:Map of the war in Donbass.svg|thumb|Military control around Donbas as of 6 November 2022]]
A Russian missile attack on [[Kramatorsk railway station]] in the city of [[Kramatorsk]] took place on 8 April, reportedly killing at least 52<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laizans |first1=Janis |last2=Piper |first2=Elizabeth |date=8 April 2022 |title=Ukraine and allies blame Russia for strike on station that killed over 50 |work=[[Reuters]] |publication-place=Kyiv |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-laments-tragedy-troop-deaths-ukraine-braces-major-offensive-2022-04-07/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407234619/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-laments-tragedy-troop-deaths-ukraine-braces-major-offensive-2022-04-07/ |archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> and injuring 87 to 300.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tebor |first1=Celina |last2=Lee |first2=Ella |date=8 April 2022 |title='An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/08/kraine-russia-invasion-live-updates/9507961002/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> On 11 April, Zelenskyy said that Ukraine expected a major new Russian offensive in the east.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2022 |title=Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/russia-ukraine-war-live-updates-zelenskyy-warns-offensive-east-rcna23809 |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> American officials said that Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere in Ukraine, and therefore was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment of infantry and tank divisions to the south-eastern Ukraine front.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bacon |first1=John |last2=Mansfield |first2=Erin |last3=Wadington |first3=Katie |last4=Santucci |first4=Jeanine |last5=Vanden Brook |first5=Tom |last6=Tebor |first6=Celina |date=10 April 2022 |title=EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/10/ukraine-russia-invasion-live-updates/9528799002/ |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410073616/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/10/ukraine-russia-invasion-live-updates/9528799002/ |archive-date=10 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Telford |first1=Taylor |last2=Timsit |first2=Annabelle |last3=Pietsch |first3=Bryan |last4=Duplain |first4=Julian |date=10 April 2022 |title=As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/04/10/ukraine-russia-war-zelensky/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411003557/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/04/10/ukraine-russia-war-zelensky/ |archive-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> Military satellites photographed extensive Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to [[Izium]] on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment of its north-eastern troops to the south-eastern front of the invasion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=10 April 2022 |title=Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |url=https://www.axios.com/photos-russia-convoy-donbas-3af345c4-c292-4181-abe5-80abbc303b8b.html}}</ref>

On 14 April, Ukrainian troops reportedly blew up a bridge between Kharkiv and Izium used by Russian forces to redeploy troops to Izium, impeding the Russian convoy.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2022 |title=Ukraine Military Claims It Blew Up A Bridge Destroying Russian Convoy |publisher=[[NDTV]] |editor-last=Chaturvedi |editor-first=Amit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/ukraine-military-claims-it-blew-up-a-bridge-destroying-russian-convoy-2888420 |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> On 18 April, with Mariupol almost entirely overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv regions had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying of the Donbas.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2022 |title=Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ukraine-says-battle-donbas-has-begun-russia-pushing-east-2022-04-18/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418205729/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ukraine-says-battle-donbas-has-begun-russia-pushing-east-2022-04-18/ |archive-date=18 April 2022}}</ref>

On 5 May, [[David Axe]] writing for ''Forbes'' stated that the Ukrainian army had concentrated its 4th and [[17th Tank Brigade (Ukraine)|17th Tank Brigade]]s and the [[95th Air Assault Brigade (Ukraine)|95th Air Assault Brigade]] around Izium for possible rearguard action against the deployed Russian troops in the area; Axe added that the other major concentration of Ukraine's forces around Kharkiv included the 92nd and [[93rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|93rd Mechanized Brigade]]s which could similarly be deployed for rearguard action against Russian troops around Kharkiv or link up with Ukrainian troops contemporaneously being deployed around Izium.<ref>{{cite news |last=Axe |first=David |date=5 May 2022 |title=The Ukrainian Army Is On The Attack. This Is How The War With Russia Could End. |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/05/05/an-advancing-ukrainian-army-just-showed-us-how-the-war-with-russia-could-end/?sh=587eee4e43c5 |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>

On 13 May, BBC reported that Russian troops in Kharkiv were being retracted and redeployed to other fronts in Ukraine following the advances of Ukrainian troops into surrounding cities and Kharkiv itself, which included the destruction of strategic [[pontoon bridge]]s built by Russian troops to cross over the [[Battle of Siverskyi Donets|Seversky Donets river]] and previously used for rapid tank deployment in the region.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sommerville |first=Quentin |date=11 May 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Russia pushed back from Kharkiv — report from front line |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61378196 |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511122005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61378196 |archive-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on [[Sievierodonetsk]], the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk province.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Matt |date=23 May 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Russian assault on key Donbas city intensifies |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61547756 |url-status=live |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523080849/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61547756 |archive-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>

On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering the city of [[Lyman, Ukraine|Lyman]], fully capturing the city by 26 May.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 May 2022 |title=Russia seeking to capture Ukraine's Lyman: separatist leader |work=[[The Australian]] |publisher=[[News Corp Australia]] |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/russia-seeking-to-capture-ukraines-lyman-separatist-leader/news-story/501ab08e54c87aeb68daa4e4dbe6e4ef |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526032910/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/russia-seeking-to-capture-ukraines-lyman-separatist-leader/news-story/501ab08e54c87aeb68daa4e4dbe6e4ef |archive-date=26 May 2022 |issn=1038-8761}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2022 |title=Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/26/ukraine-burying-civilians-mass-graves-russia-advances |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ukrainian forces were reported leaving [[Sviatohirsk]].<ref name="RID Rivista Italiana Difesa">{{cite web |last=Markic |first=Igor |title=Ucraina, Belgorod sotto attacco, ma i Russi stringono la morsa su Severodonetsk |trans-title=Ukraine, Belgorod under attack, but the Russians tighten their grip on Severodonetsk |url=https://www.rid.it/shownews/4938 |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=[[Rivista Italiana Difesa]] |publisher=[[Coop Giornalistica La Riviera]] |language=it}}</ref> By 24 May, Russian forces captured the city of [[Svitlodarsk]].<ref name="Svitlodarsk24522">{{Cite news |title=Donetsk region: occupying forces capture Svitlodarsk |url=https://news.yahoo.com/donetsk-region-occupying-forces-capture-133430234.html |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref> On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 May 2022 |title=Russian troops enter outskirts of key city in eastern Ukraine's Donbas |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ukraine-russia-battle-east-zelenskyy-visits-front-rcna31076 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> By 2 June, ''The Washington Post'' reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation to Russian occupation with over 80 per cent of the city in the hands of Russian troops.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thebault |first1=Reis |last2=Iati |first2=Marisa |last3=Timsit |first3=Annabelle |last4=Suliman |first4=Adela |last5=Pietsch |first5=Bryan |last6=Pannett |first6=Rachel |date=2 June 2022 |title=Russia, U.S. trade barbs over weapons pledge; Severodonetsk on the brink |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/01/russia-ukraine-war-news-live-updates/ |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref> On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2022 |title=Russia 'suffering huge casualties' as troops retreat: Ukraine |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/4/fighting-rages-in-two-key-eastern-ukrainian-cities |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>

On 12 June it was reported that possibly as many as 800 Ukrainian civilians (as per Ukrainian estimates) and 300–400 soldiers (as per Russian sources) were besieged at the [[Azot (Sievierodonetsk)|Azot]] chemical factory in Severodonetsk.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Chemical plant hit as fighting rages in Severodonetsk |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61773356 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=12 June 2022 |title=Fighting in eastern Ukraine rages as Sievierodonetsk chemical plant hit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/fighting-eastern-ukraine-rages-sievierodonetsk-chemical-plant-hit |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> With the Ukrainian defences of Severodonetsk faltering, Russian invasion troops began intensifying their attack upon the neighbouring city of [[Lysychansk]] as their next target city in the invasion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gibbons-Neff |first1=Thomas |last2=Stevis-Gridneff|first2=Matina|edition=Late, New York|url=https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/06/13/nytfrontpage/scan.pdf|date=13 June 2022 |title=Ukraine Allies Ponder Options As Cities Falter |page=1 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|volume=59,453}}</ref> On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Severodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages and hamlets surrounding the city, most recently the village of Metelkine.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hughes |first=Clyde |date=20 June 2022 |title=Russian troops capture key suburb near Severodonetsk after months of battle |work=[[United Press International|UPI]] |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2022/06/20/Ukraine-Severdonetsk-suburb-capture-Kharkiv/6931655722874/}}</ref>

On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid continuing scorched-earth tactics being applied by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate the city; they'd leave several hundred civilians seeking refuge in the Azot chemical plant in Severodenetsk, which has been compared to the civilian refugees left at the Azovstal steel works in Mariupol during May.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berlinger |first1=Joshua |last2=Lister |first2=Tim |date=24 June 2022 |title=Ukraine to withdraw from key city of Severodonetsk as Russia's advance grinds on |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/europe/severodonetsk-luhansk-russia-ukraine-intl/index.html}}</ref> On 3 July, CBS announced that the Russian defense ministry claimed that the city of Lysychansk had been captured and occupied by Russian forces.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2022 |title=Russia claims capture of pivotal city in eastern Ukraine |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-russia-war-lysychansk-luhansk-province-donbas/}}</ref> On 4 July, ''The Guardian'' reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, that Russian invasion troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of [[Sloviansk]] and [[Bakhmut]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=4 July 2022 |title=Putin declares victory in Luhansk after fall of Lysychansk |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/04/ukraine-donetsk-next-russian-target-after-capture-of-luhansk-says-governor}}</ref>

==== Fall of Mariupol ====
{{Further|Siege of Mariupol}}
On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the [[Azovstal iron and steel works]] in Mariupol, and the Ukrainian defence forces that remained there.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Luke |last2=Koshiw |first2=Isobel |last3=McKernan |first3=Bethan |date=13 April 2022 |title=Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition' |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/11/ukraine-last-marines-defending-mariupol-running-out-of-ammunition |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> By 17 April, Russian forces had surrounded the factory. Ukrainian prime minister [[Denys Shmyhal]] said that the Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the renewed ultimatum to surrender and to fight to the last soul.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] News |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/465439/ukraine-war-mariupol-defenders-will-fight-to-the-end-pm}}</ref> On 20 April, Putin said that the siege of Mariupol could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the [[Azovstal iron and steel works|Azovstal iron works]] and estimated 1,000 Ukrainian civilians were completely sealed off from any type of relief in their siege.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schreck |first=Adam |date=21 April 2022 |title=Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-kyiv-business-europe-f0e1cd893715eda1e6bef696d9c47db3}}</ref>

After consecutive meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN Secretary-General Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an emergency evacuation of survivors from Azovstal in accordance with assurances he had received from Putin on his visit to the Kremlin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Prentice |first=Alessandra |date=28 April 2022 |title=U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse' |work=[[Reuters]] |publication-place=Kyiv |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/un-doing-all-it-can-make-evacuation-ukrainian-steel-plant-possible-guterres-2022-04-28/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429105525/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/un-doing-all-it-can-make-evacuation-ukrainian-steel-plant-possible-guterres-2022-04-28/ |archive-date=29 April 2022}}</ref> On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2022 |title=Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N. |agency=[[Reuters]] |work=[[Yahoo News]] |url=https://news.yahoo.com/more-civilians-evacuated-around-azovstal-111331097.html?fr=yhssrp_catchall}}</ref> By 3 May, after allowing approximately 100 Ukrainian civilians to depart from the Azovstal steel factory, Russian troops renewed non-stop bombardment of the steel factory.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 2022 |title=Russia shells Mariupol plant with civilians still reported trapped |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-it-started-shelling-azovstal-plant-after-ukraine-took-advantage-2022-05-03/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506145656/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-it-started-shelling-azovstal-plant-after-ukraine-took-advantage-2022-05-03/ |archive-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> On 6 May, ''The Telegraph'' reported that Russia had used [[thermobaric bomb]]s against the remaining Ukrainian soldiers, who had lost contact with the Kyiv government; in his last communications, Zelenskyy had authorised the commander of the besieged steel factory to surrender as necessary under the pressure of increased Russian attacks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vasilyeva |first=Nataliya |date=5 May 2022 |title=Ukraine loses contact with Azovstal defenders as Russian troops storm steelworks |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/05/04/besieged-azovstal-steelwork-bunker-survivors-stave-hunger-frying/}}</ref> On 7 May, the Associated Press reported that all civilians were evacuated from the Azovstal steel works at the end of the three-day ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2022 |title='All' civilians have been evacuated from a besieged steel plant in Mariupol |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/07/1097413091/steel-plant-mariupol-azovstal-civilians-evacuated |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Наслідки обстрілу дитячої лікарні та пологового будинку в Маріуполі, 9 березня 2022 року.jpg|thumb|A children's hospital in [[Mariupol]] after a [[Mariupol hospital airstrike|Russian airstrike]]]]
After the last civilians evacuated from the Azovstal bunkers, nearly two thousand Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, with 700 injured; they were able to communicate a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected summary execution if they surrendered to the Russians.<ref>{{cite news |last=Koshiw |first=Isobel |date=8 May 2022 |title='Surrender is not an option': Azov battalion commander in plea for help to escape Mariupol |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/08/surrender-is-not-an-option-azov-battalion-commander-in-plea-for-help-to-escape-mariupol}}</ref> Reports of dissent within the Ukrainian troops at Azovstal were reported by ''Ukrainskaya Pravda'' on 8 May indicating that the commander of the [[Ukrainian Naval Infantry|Ukrainian Marines]] assigned to defend the Azovstal bunkers made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position there and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defensive position in Azovstal as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian lines of attack.<ref>{{cite news |last=Petrenko |first=Roman |date=8 May 2022 |title=Mariupol defenders tell how the commander of marines fled the city |url=https://news.yahoo.com/mariupol-defenders-tell-commander-marines-120905296.html |access-date=2 June 2022 |work=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref> Ilia Somolienko, deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops barricaded at Azovstal, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krasnolutska |first1=Daryna |last2=Champion |first2=Marc |date=8 May 2022 |title=Mariupol Steel Plant's 'Dead Men' Defenders Call for Rescue Plan |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-08/mariupol-steel-plant-s-dead-men-defenders-call-for-rescue-plan |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and that final evacuations from the Azovstal steel factory had begun. The military said that 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 of them who were "seriously injured" had been taken to a hospital in [[Novoazovsk]] also controlled by Russian forces.<ref name="nytimes16">{{cite news |last1=Hopkins |first1=Valerie |last2=Nechepurenko |first2=Ivan |last3=Santora |first3=Marc |date=16 May 2022 |title=Ukrainian authorities declare an end to the combat mission in Mariupol after weeks of Russian siege. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/16/world/europe/azovstal-mariupol.html |access-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220516233043/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/16/world/europe/azovstal-mariupol.html |archive-date=16 May 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Virginia Harrison and agencies |date=17 May 2022 |title=Hundreds of Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steelworks after 82-day assault: Blow for Ukraine as removal of soldiers, many wounded, suggests city that became symbol of resistance has fallen into Russian hands |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/16/hundreds-of-ukrainian-troops-evacuated-from-azovstal-steelworks-after-82-day-assault |access-date=17 May 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Following the evacuation of Ukrainian personnel from Azovstal, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled all areas of Mariupol. The end of the battle also brought an end to the [[Siege of Mariupol]]. Russia press secretary [[Dmitry Peskov]] said Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] said in an address that "the work of bringing the boys home continues, and this work needs delicacy — and time". Some prominent Russian lawmakers called on the government to deny prisoner exchanges for members of the [[Azov Regiment]].<ref name="reutersmay17">{{cite news |date=17 May 2022 |title=Azovstal siege ends as hundreds of Ukrainian fighters surrender |work=[[Reuters]] |publication-place=Mariupol |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-backed-separatists-say-256-ukrainian-fighters-surrendered-azovstal-2022-05-17/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220517160354/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-backed-separatists-say-256-ukrainian-fighters-surrendered-azovstal-2022-05-17/ |archive-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>

=== Third phase: Counterattacks and annexations (6 September{{snd}}present) ===
{{for timeline|Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: phase 3}}
{{Further|2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive|2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive|Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|2022 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure}}
[[File:2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine Phase 3 animated (cropped).gif|thumb|upright=1.75|The 2022 Russian invasion of eastern Ukraine, phase 3 animated from 5 September to 4 December (every-other-day)]]
On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region,<ref name="auto7">{{cite news |last1=Sauer |first1=Pjotr |last2=Koshiw |first2=Isobel |title=Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2022/sep/07/ukraine-launches-surprise-counterattack-kharkiv-region-russia |access-date=10 September 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 September 2022}}</ref> beginning near [[Balakliia]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite report |last1=Hird |first1=Karolina |last2=Barros |first2=George |last3=Philipson |first3=Layne |last4=Kagan |first4=Frederick W. |title=Russian offensive campaign assessment, September 6 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Russian%20Operations%20Assessment%20September%206.pdf |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |access-date=10 September 2022 |date=6 September 2022}}</ref> By 12 September, an emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive in the area surrounding Kharkiv with sufficient success for Russia to publicly admit to losing key positions in the area. ''The New York Times'' reported on 12 September that the success of the counteroffensive dented the image of a "Mighty Putin", and led to encouraging the government in Kyiv to seek more arms from the West to sustain its counteroffensive in Kharkiv and surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anton |last=Troianovski |work=The New York Times |title=Retreat Dents Image of a Might Putin |date=12 September 2022 |page=1|volume=59544|url=https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/09/12/nytfrontpage/scan.pdf|edition=Late, New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Andrew |location=Kharkiv, Ukraine|last1=Kramer |first2=Andrew |last2=Higgins |work=The New York Times |title=An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms |date=12 September 2022 |page=1|edition=Late, New York|url=https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/09/12/nytfrontpage/scan.pdf|volume=59544}}</ref> On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a [[2022 Russian mobilization|partial mobilization]].<ref name="Scott-Geddes 2022">{{cite news|last=Scott-Geddes |first=Arthur |title=Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=21 September 2022 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/09/21/putin-calls-300000-reservists-partial-mobilisation/ |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Reuters 2022">{{cite web |title=Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine |website=[[Reuters]] |date=21 September 2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russias-partial-mobilisation-will-see-300000-drafted-defence-minister-2022-09-21/ |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref> He also said that his country will use "all means" to "defend itself". Later that day, minister of defence [[Sergei Shoigu]] stated that 300,000 reservists would be called on a compulsory basis.<ref name="France 24 2022">{{cite web |title=Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence |website=[[France 24]] |date=21 September 2022 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220921-putin-calls-up-reservists-warns-russia-will-use-all-means-for-defence |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Scott-Geddes 2022"/> Mykhailo Podolyak, the adviser to the president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable, and was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures".<ref name="gazetapl 2022 pd">{{cite web |title=Ukraina odpowiada na orędzie Władimira Putina: Rosjanie dostali "prezent" |trans-title=Ukraine responds to Vladimir Putin's message: Russians got a "gift" |website=gazetapl |date=21 September 2022 |url=https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114881,28935390,ukraina-odpowiada-na-oredzie-wladimira-putina-rosjanie-dostali.html |language=pl |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref> British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation",<ref name="Ellyatt 2022 esc">{{cite news |last=Ellyatt |first=Holly |title=Russia's Putin announces partial military mobilization |work=[[CNBC]] |date=21 September 2022 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/21/russia-ukraine-war-putin-announces-partial-military-mobilization.html |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref> while former Mongolian president [[Tsakhia Elbegdorj]] accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder".<ref name="Davis 2022 tsakhia">{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Barney |title=Over 700 protesters arrested in Russia as Putin ramps up mobilisation |work=[[Evening Standard]] |date=24 September 2022 |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/russia-putin-ramps-up-mobilisation-plan-protests-uk-b1027896.html |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2022 |title='We're minor losses': Russia's mobilisation targets ethnic minorities |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ae06c532-e1ff-488a-b77c-cb93422d3dd7 |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

{{anchor|Crimean Bridge explosion}}
On 8 October 2022, the [[Crimean Bridge]] partially collapsed due to an [[2022 Crimean Bridge explosion|explosion]].<ref name="nyttruck">{{cite news |last1=Kramer |first1=Andrew E. |last2=Schwirtz |first2=Michael |date=11 October 2022 |orig-date=8 October 2022 |title=Explosion on 12-Mile Crimea Bridge Kills 3 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/10/08/world/russia-ukraine-war-news |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008061227/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/10/08/world/russia-ukraine-war-news |archive-date=8 October 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |eissn=1553-8095}}</ref> Russia later blamed Ukraine for the blast, and launched retaliatory [[2022 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure|missile strikes]] against Ukrainian civilian areas.<ref name="bbc20221009">{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Paul |date=9 October 2022 |title=Crimean bridge: Who – or what – caused the explosion? |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63192757 |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010055331/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63192757 |archive-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> Since mid-October, Russia has carried out waves of strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems.<ref name=intermittent>{{cite news |title=Russia launches another major missile attack on Ukraine |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-kyiv-5d3e5ee5e93b6402d5214b3cf094fa1c |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=Associated Press |date=16 December 2022}}</ref> On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian Power Grid, causing major power outages in Kyiv and neighboring regions. A missile, initially reported to be Russian and later claimed to be "Russian-made", [[2022 missile explosion in Poland|crossed into Poland]], killing two people in [[Przewodów]], which led to the top leaders of Poland holding an emergency meeting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2022 |title=Poland: Russian-made missile fell on our country, killing 2 |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-zelenskyy-kherson-9202c032cf3a5c22761ee71b52ff9d52 |access-date=16 November 2022 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> The next day, US president Joe Biden stated that the missile that struck Polish territory was ‘unlikely’ to have been fired from Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |location=Bali |date=16 November 2022 |title=Poland missile 'unlikely' to have been fired from Russia, Biden says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/nov/16/poland-missile-unlikely-to-have-been-fired-from-russia-biden-says |access-date=16 November 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Annexations ====
{{Main|Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts}}
In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organized [[2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine|referendums]] on annexation of occupied territories of Ukraine, including the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in Russian occupied Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and its allies as [[sham election]]s, the official results showed overwhelming majorities in favor of annexation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63052207 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions in an address to both houses of the [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Russian parliament]]. Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the [[United Nations]] all condemned the annexation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trevelyan |first=Mark |date=30 September 2022 |title=Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-declare-annexation-ukrainian-lands-major-escalation-war-2022-09-29/ |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

==== Kherson counteroffensive ====
{{Main|2022 Ukrainian southern counteroffensive}}
On 29 August, Zelenskyy advisedly vowed the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast. He first announced a counteroffensive to retake Russian-occupied territory in the south concentrating on the Kherson-Mykolaiv region, a claim that was corroborated by the Ukrainian parliament as well as [[Operational Command South]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ukraine-counteroffensive-russian-held-south-kherson-rcna45265 |access-date=31 August 2022 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Baker |first=Sinéad |title=Zelenskyy tells Russian forces to flee as Ukraine starts its counteroffensive in Kherson, the 1st city Russia took |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/zelenskyy-tells-russia-to-flee-ukraine-starts-counteroffensive-2022-8 |access-date=31 August 2022 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/ukraine-says-long-anticipated-southern-offensive-has-begun-2022-08-29/ |title=Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun |work=[[Reuters]] |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="kyiv post">{{cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/ukrainian-counteroffensive-underway-in-kherson-region.html |title=Ukrainian Counteroffensive Underway in Kherson Region |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="isw 29 august">{{cite web|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-august-29 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29 |work=Institute for the Study of War |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> At the start of the operation, the Ukrainian operational group "Kakhovka" and some Ukrainian officials claimed that their forces had broken through defensive lines manned by the [[Separatist forces of the war in Donbas#Structure|109th DPR Regiment]] and Russian paratroopers.<ref name="kyiv post"/>

The 109th DPR Regiment, which was a conscript unit that was known to serve on garrison duty in the Kherson area, was reported to have withdrawn from it.<ref name="isw 29 august"/> Ukrainian officials also claimed that they had hit and destroyed a large Russian base in the area<ref name="nyt 29 august">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/08/29/world/ukraine-russia-war-news#ukraine-announces-offensive-operations-across-the-south |title=Ukraine announces offensive operations across the south |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> amid a general increase of Ukrainian air and artillery bombardments of Russian positions.<ref name="isw 29 august"/> On 1 September, the Ukrainian army claimed to have captured Stanislav and [[Snihurivka]], confirmed by local sources.<ref name=":0bb">{{cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/ |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> On 4 September, Zelenskyy announced the liberation of two unnamed villages in Kherson Oblast and one in Donetsk Oblast. Ukrainian authorities released a photo showing the raising of the Ukrainian flag in [[Vysokopillia]] by Ukrainian forces.<ref>{{cite news|last=Asami |first=Terajima |date=4 September 2022 |title=Ukraine war latest: Ukraine liberates villages in south and east |url=https://kyivindependent.com/national/ukraine-war-latest-ukraine-liberates-villages-in-south-and-east |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2022/9/4/ukraine-russia-live-updates-berlin-agrees-e65bn-inflation-relief |title=Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022 |date=4 September 2022 |first1=Mersiha |last1=Gadzo |first2=Arwa |last2=Ibrahim |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

On 6 September, Ukraine started a [[2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv Oblast counteroffensive|second offensive in the Kharkiv area]], where it achieved a rapid breakthrough. Meanwhile, Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/europa/mykolajiw-krieg-101.html |title=Gegenoffensive in Südukraine. "Je schneller vorbei, desto besser" |trans-title=Counteroffensive in southern Ukraine. "The quicker it's over, the better" |first=Tobias |last=Dammers |work=[[Tagesschau (German TV programme)|Tagesschau]] |language=German |date=10 September 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> On 12 September, Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had retaken a total of {{convert|6,000|km2|sqmi}} from Russia, in both the south and the east. The BBC stated that it could not verify these claims.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ukraine war: We retook 6,000 sq km from Russia in September, says Zelensky |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62884668 |date=12 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> By 13 September, that Russian forces had withdrawn from [[Kyselivka, Kherson Raion|Kyselivka]], a settlement 15&nbsp;km from Kherson.{{Clarify|reason=incomplete and/or ungrammatical sentence with unclear meaning; if continuation of previous sentence, then use comma instead of full stop; if those Russian forces, then change the word that; from the text and context, I cannot make out what is meant|date=October 2022}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/live/news-62613149?pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:0960b41f-af40-4292-8b5a-32f47e5050ab |script-title=ru:Война в Украине: Зеленский заявляет о стабилизации обстановки на отвоеванной территории – Новости на русском языке |language=ru |title=Voyna v Ukraine: Zelenskiy zayavlyayet o stabilizatsii obstanovki na otvoyevannoy territorii – Novosti na russkom yazyke |trans-title=War in Ukraine: Zelensky announces stabilization of the situation in the reclaimed territory – News in Russian |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-12 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 12 |date=12 September 2022 |first1=Karolina |last1=Hird |first2=Grace |last2=Mappes |first3=Katherine |last3=Lawlor |first4=George |last4=Barros |first5=Frederick W. |last5=Kagan |website=[[Institute for the Study of War]]}}</ref>

On the same day, the Russia-backed deputy head of the Kherson Region posted a video from the outskirts of the settlement in which he claimed that Ukrainian troops have not been able to enter it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://t.me/meduzalive/69022 |website=[[Meduza]] — LIVE |title=The deputy head of the occupation administration of the Kherson region recorded a video from Kiselevka near Kherson, stating that the Ukrainian troops failed to break into this settlement |date=13 September 2022}}</ref> The mayor of [[Melitopol]] reported that Russian forces were abandoning the city and were moving to Russian-held [[Crimea]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ukraine reclaims more territory from Russia in counteroffensive |author=Al Jazeera and News Agencies |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/13/ukraine-vows-to-drive-out-russian-forces |date=13 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Ukraine also claimed to have retaken [[Oleksandrivka, Kherson Oblast|Oleksandrivka]] on 13 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/ |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> A local official claimed that Ukraine had retaken [[Kyselivka, Kherson Raion|Kyselivka]], but this had not been confirmed by the Ukrainian military or outside sources such as the ISW as of 14 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of {{convert|1,170|km2|sqmi}} of territory, with fighting extending to [[Dudchany]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peter |first1=Laurence |last2=Murphy |first2=Matt |title=Ukraine makes breakthrough in south against Russia Published |work=[[BBC News]] |date=4 October 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63126156 |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reuters |title=Ukraine says it recaptured 1,200 sq km of Kherson region in ongoing counteroffensive |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-it-recaptured-1200-sq-km-kherson-region-ongoing-counteroffensive-2022-10-09/ |website=www.reuters.com |date=9 October 2022 |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of [[Kherson Oblast]], including the city of [[Liberation of Kherson|Kherson]], and move to the eastern bank of the [[Dnieper]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |last2=Sauer |first2=Pjotr |date=9 November 2022 |title=Russian troops ordered to retreat from Kherson in face of Ukrainian advance |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/09/russians-destroy-dnieper-bridges-to-slow-ukraine-advance-on-kherson |access-date=10 November 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia stated its withdrawal had been completed. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold west of the Dnieper River (its right bank).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kramer |first1=Andrew E. |last2=Santora |first2=Marc |date=11 November 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine War: Zelensky Hails 'Historic Day' as Ukrainian Troops Enter Kherson |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/11/11/world/ukraine-war-news-russia-updates |access-date=11 November 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== Kharkiv counteroffensive ====
{{Main article|2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive}}
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Meanwhile, Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv region,<ref name="auto7"/> beginning near [[Balakliia]].<ref name="auto2"/> By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced some {{convert|20|km}} into Russian occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately {{convert|400|km2}}. Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson in response to the Ukrainian offensive there.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hird |first1=Karolina |last2=Mappes |first2=Grace |last3=Barros |first3=George |last4=Philipson |first4=Layne |last5=Clark |first5=Mason |date=7 September 2022 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 7 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-7 |access-date=10 September 2022 |via=understandingwar.org|publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within {{convert|15|km}} of [[Kupiansk]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stepanenko |first1=Kateryna |last2=Mappes |first2=Grace |last3=Barros |first3=George |last4=Philipson |first4=Layne |last5=Clark |first5=Mason |date=8 September 2022 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 8 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-8 |access-date=10 September 2022 |publisher=Institute for the Study of War|via=understandingwar.org}}</ref> Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at [[Izium]] from the north.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Santora |first1=Marc |last2=Nechepurenko |first2=Ivan |last3=Hernandez |first3=Marco |date=9 September 2022 |title=Ukraine Attacks Russia Along Northern Front, Swiftly Making Gains |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/09/world/europe/ukraine-russia-kharkiv.html |access-date=10 September 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

On 9 September, the [[Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast|Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast]] announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and [[Velykyi Burluk]]. The [[Institute for the Study of War]] said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Osterman |first1=Cynthia |date=9 September 2022 |title=Ukraine retakes settlements in Kharkiv advance – Russian-installed official |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/civilians-being-evacuated-russian-held-kharkiv-region-towns-russian-installed-2022-09-09/ |access-date=10 September 2022 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Tim |last1=Lister |first2=Julia |last2=Kesaieva |first3=Josh |last3=Pennington |date=9 September 2022 |title=Russia sends reinforcements to Kharkiv as Ukrainians advance |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/10/europe/ukraine-kharkiv-advances-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=10 September 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk,<ref name="kupiansk-euromaidanpress">{{cite news |title=Ukrainian troops liberate Kupiansk, Kharkiv oblast – media |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/09/10/ukrainian-troops-liberate-kupiansk-kharkiv-oblast-media/ |work=[[Euromaidan Press]] |date=10 September 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> and the Institute for the Study of War said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately {{convert|2500|sqkm}} by effectively exploiting their breakthrough.<ref name=isw20220909>{{cite web |url=https://www.iswresearch.org/2022/09/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment_10.html |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 9 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910102731/https://www.iswresearch.org/2022/09/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment_10.html |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- published online c. 0600 hrs on 10 Sep Ukraine time zone -->

Later in the day, ''Reuters'' reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hunder |first1=Max |last2=Hnidyi |first2=Vitalii |title=Russian grip on northeast Ukraine collapses after Kyiv severs supply line |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-troops-raise-flag-over-railway-hub-advance-threatens-turn-into-rout-2022-09-10/ |access-date=10 September 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 September 2022}}</ref> By 15 September, an assessment by [[UK]]'s [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of [[Oskil (river)|Oskil river]]. The retreating units had also abandoned various high-value military assets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine continues to consolidate its control in Kharkiv area, UK says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-continues-consolidate-its-control-kharkiv-area-uk-says-2022-09-15/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

The offensive continued pushing east and by 2 October, Ukrainian Armed Forces had liberated another key city in the [[Second Battle of Lyman]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balmforth |first1=Tom |last2=Polityuk |first2=Pavel |title=Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-encircles-russian-forces-around-lyman-stronghold-military-2022-10-01/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=1 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

==== Dnipro–Zaporizhzhia front ====
{{See also|Crisis at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant|Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant|Battle of Enerhodar}}
On 3 September 2022, an IAEA delegation visited the nuclear power plant at Zaporizhzhia and on 6 September a report was published documenting damages and threats to the plant security caused by external shelling and presence of occupational troops in the plant.<ref name="reuters-20220906">{{cite news |date=6 September 2022 |title=Factbox: Seven recommendations the IAEA makes in its Ukraine report |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/seven-recommendations-iaea-makes-its-ukraine-report-2022-09-06/ |access-date=6 September 2022 |location=Vienna |editor-last=Janowski |editor-first=Tomasz}}</ref><ref name="iaea-20220906">{{cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards in Ukraine: 28 April – 5 September 2022 |url=https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/22/09/ukraine-2ndsummaryreport_sept2022.pdf |access-date=6 September 2022 |publisher=IAEA |pages=13–16, 46–48}}</ref> On 11 September, at 3:14&nbsp;a.m., the sixth and final reactor was disconnected from the grid, "completely stopping" the plant. The statement from Energoatom said that "Preparations are underway for its cooling and transfer to a cold state".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2022 |title=Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant halts operations in Ukraine |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-11/zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-halts-operations-in-ukraine/101427770 |access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref>

=== Events in Crimea ===
{{main|2022 Crimea attacks}}
{{See also|2022 Novofedorivka explosions|Crimean Bridge explosion}}

[[file:Map of Ukraine, including disputed regions.svg|thumb|left|Ukrainian oblasts annexed by Russia since 2014 ([[Crimea]]) and 2022 (others). The 2022 annexation creates the equivalent of a strategic land bridge between Crimea and Russia.]]
On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 July 2022 |title=Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/crimea-navy-day-canceled-sevastapol-attack/31967407.html |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> On 9 August 2022, there were large explosions reported at [[Saky (air base)|Saky Air Base]] in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed that at least eight aircraft were damaged or destroyed. The cause of the explosions is unknown, but may have been long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident;<ref>{{cite news |last=Cheetham |first=Joshua |date=11 August 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Crimea airbase badly damaged, satellite images show |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62500560 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> Ukrainian commander-in-chief [[Valerii Zaluzhnyi]] claimed on 7 September that it had been a Ukrainian missile attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62821044 |title=Saky airfield: Ukraine claims Crimea blasts responsibility after denial |first=Leo |last=Sands |work=[[BBC News]] |date=7 September 2022 |access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref>

The base is located near the town of [[Novofedorivka]], which is popular with tourists. Queues to leave the area formed at the [[Crimean Bridge]] after the explosions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Galeotti |first=Mark |title=Ukraine's Crimean strike marks a new stage of the war |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/ukraine-s-crimean-strike-marks-a-new-stage-of-the-war |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=[[The Spectator]] |publisher=The Spectator Ltd.}}</ref> A week later there were explosions and a fire at an arms depot near [[Dzhankoi]] in northeastern Crimea, which Russia blamed on "sabotage". A railway line and power station were also damaged. According to the Russian regional head, Sergei Aksyonov, 2,000 people were evacuated from the area.<ref>{{cite news |last=KIrby |first=Paul |date=16 August 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62560041 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> On 18 August, explosions were reported at [[Belbek Air Base]], north of Sevastopol.<ref>{{cite news|last=Graham-Harrison |first=Emma |date=19 August 2022 |title=Fires and explosions reported at military targets in Russia and Crimea |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/18/fires-and-explosions-reported-at-military-targets-in-russia-and-crimea |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

On the morning of 8 October, the [[Kerch Bridge]], which links occupied Crimea with Russia, was hit by [[Crimean Bridge explosion|a large explosion]] which collapsed part of the roadway and caused damage to the railway line.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |last2=Graham-Harrison |first2=Emma |title=Key bridge linking Crimea to Russia hit by huge explosion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/08/crimea-kerch-bridge-explosions-russia-ukraine |website=www.theguardian.com |date=8 October 2022 |publisher=Guardian News and Media Ltd |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Missile attacks and aerial warfare ===
{{Main|Aerial warfare in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War|2022 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure}}
{{see also|2022 Dnipro missile strikes}}

Aerial warfare began on the first day of the invasion. By September, the Ukrainian air force was still at 80% of its prewar strength and had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Insinna |first=Valerie |date=2022-09-19 |title=It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2022/09/it-took-couple-of-months-to-put-us-anti-radiation-missiles-on-ukrainian-fighters-usaf-reveals/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2022-09-19 |title=Russia may have lost four combat jets in Ukraine in last 10 days, UK says |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-may-have-lost-four-combat-jets-ukraine-last-10-days-uk-says-2022-09-19/ |access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref> By late December, 173 Ukrainian aircraft and UAVs were confirmed to have been shot down, whereas Russia had lost 171 aircraft. With the beginning of the invasion, dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both Eastern Ukraine and Western Ukraine.<ref name="CriticalThreats" /><ref name="ISW 4MAR" /> Dozens of missile strikes across Ukraine also reached as far west as [[Lviv]].<ref name="Dutton-2022-02-25" /><ref name="Rostov-Gazeta-2022-02-25" /> Starting in mid-October, Russian forces launched massive missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure, intending to knock out energy facilities throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Pierre Meilhan,Richard |date=2022-10-22 |title=Ukrainian military says 18 Russian cruise missiles destroyed amid attacks on energy infrastructure |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/22/europe/russia-ukraine-war-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed and wounded by the attacks,<ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=The Kyiv Independent news |date=2022-11-25 |title=UN: Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system have killed 77 civilians since Oct. 10 |url=https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/un-says-russian-attacks-on-ukraines-energy-system-have-killed-77-civilians-since-oct-10 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Kyiv Independent}}</ref> and millions of civilians had been left without power due to [[rolling blackout]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine battles to restore power as millions face blackouts |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/24/ukraine-battles-to-restore-power-after-russia-damages-grid |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 October, the ''[[Washington Post]]'' reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with both drones and missiles.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/10/16/iran-russia-missiles-ukraine/ {{bare URL inline|date=December 2022}}</ref> On 21 November, the Ukrainian defense ministry said that according to reports in the Israeli press, [[Israel]] might respond by transferring short-range and medium-range missiles to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel may transfer high-precision ballistic missiles to Ukraine if the Russian Federation receives Iranian ones - mass media |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/israel-may-transfer-high-precision-ballistic-missiles-to-ukraine-if-the-russian-federation-receives-iranian-ones-mass-media/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Militarnyi |language=en-US}}</ref> On 18 October 2022 the U.S. State Department accused Iran of violating UN Resolution 2231 by selling [[Shahed 131]] and [[Shahed 136]] drones to Russia,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63294698.amp |title= Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions |date=18 October 2022 |work=BBC}}</ref><ref name="#1700a">{{cite news |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/russians-began-to-use-shahed-131-kamikaze-drones/|title=Russians began to use Shahed-131 kamikaze drones }}</ref> agreeing with similar assessments by France and the United Kingdom. Iran denied sending arms for use in the Ukraine war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raine |first=Niamh Kennedy,Negar Mahmoodi,Ivana Kottasová,Andrew |date=2022-10-16 |title=Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/15/europe/iran-denies-supplying-russia-weapons-ukraine-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iranian foreign ministry spokesman reacts to some claims about shipment of arms including military drones by Iran to Ukraine |url=https://en.mfa.ir/portal/newsview/en.mfa.ir |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=en.mfa.ir |language=en}}</ref> On 22 October France, Britain and Germany formally called for an investigation by the UN team responsible for UNSCR 2231.<ref name=f24-20221022>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221022-european-countries-urge-un-probe-of-iran-drones-in-ukraine |title=European countries urge UN probe of Iran drones in Ukraine |agency=AFP |publisher=France 24 |date=22 October 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atwood |first=Kylie |date=2022-11-01 |title=Iran is preparing to send additional weapons including ballistic missiles to Russia to use in Ukraine, western officials say {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/01/politics/iran-missiles-russia/index.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> On 21 November, CNN reported that an intelligence assessment had concluded that Iran planned to help Russia begin production of Iran-designed drones in Russia. The country making the intelligence assessment was not named.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atwood |first=Kylie |date=2022-11-21 |title=Russia to build attack drones for Ukraine war with the help of Iran, intelligence assessment says {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/21/politics/russia-iran-drones-intel-assessment/index.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

By 29 December, the Biden administration stated through diplomatic entreaties that Iran would need to curtail its supply of drones to Russia being used in its invasion of Ukraine, under the alternative that the United States would be compelled to redouble its supply of anti-drone missile intercept technology to Ukraine in order to nullify Iranian drone weaponry currently being deployed against Ukraine.<ref>"US tries to stop Iran from giving drones to Russia". The New York Times. By David Sanger. Dec. 29, 2022. Page 1.</ref>

=== Naval blockade and engagements ===
{{see also|List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War|Sinking of the Moskva}}
[[File:Russian cruiser Moskva.jpg|thumb|The Russian Black Sea flagship ''[[Russian cruiser Moskva|Moskva]]'', 2012, sunk on 14 April 2022, reportedly after being hit by two Ukrainian [[R-360 Neptune|Neptune]] [[anti-ship missile]]s]]

Ukraine lies on the [[Black Sea]], which has ocean access only through the Turkish-held [[Bosphorus]] and [[Dardanelles]] straits. On 28 February, Turkey invoked the 1936 [[Montreux Convention]] and sealed off the straits to Russian warships not registered to Black Sea home bases and not returning to their ports of origin. This prevented the passage of four Russian naval vessels through the [[Turkish Straits]] in late February.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-implement-international-pact-access-shipping-straits-due-ukraine-war-2022-02-27/ |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tavsan |first=Sinan |date=2 March 2022 |title=Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Ukraine-war/Turkey-rejects-Russia-s-request-for-navy-ships-to-pass-Bosporus |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2022 |title=Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/2/russia-cancelled-black-sea-passage-bid-warships-turkey |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

On 24 February, the [[State Border Guard Service of Ukraine]] announced that an [[attack on Snake Island]] by Russian Navy ships had begun.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1497003710349824007 |user=PokiRae_ |title=Ukrainian soldier deployed on Snake Island live streamed the moment a Russian warship opened fire on the Island. All 13 soldiers lost their lives. |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225100712/https://twitter.com/PokiRae_/status/1497003710349824007 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=live |url=https://twitter.com/PokiRae_/status/1497003710349824007}}{{Primary source inline|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/russian-attacks-on-ukraines-coast-threaten-loss-of-key-naval-bases-as-well-as-critical-shipbuilding-facilities |title=Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast threaten loss of key naval bases as well as critical shipbuilding facilities |date=25 February 2022 |last1=Boruah |first1=Manash Pratim |last2=Karle |first2=Prathamesh |last3=Tringham |first3=Kate |newspaper=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |via=janes.com}}</ref> The guided missile cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Moskva||2}} and patrol boat {{ship|Russian patrol boat|Vasily Bykov||2}} bombarded the island with their deck guns.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island |work=The Maritime Executive |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-captures-ukraine-s-outpost-on-snake-island |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225100645/https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/russian-navy-captures-ukraine-s-outpost-on-snake-island |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> When the Russian warship identified itself and instructed the Ukrainian soldiers stationed on the island to surrender, their response was "[[Russian warship, go fuck yourself!]]"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Pennington |first2=Josh |date=24 February 2022 |title=February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news |at=Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-24-22-intl/h_2e17e59214679efefede60d5fb481432 |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225020216/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-24-22-intl/h_2e17e59214679efefede60d5fb481432 |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=uk:"Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові |title="Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi |trans-title='Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/02/25/7325592/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225021042/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/02/25/7325592/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=uk}}</ref> After the bombardment, a detachment of Russian soldiers landed and took control of [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|Snake Island]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Visontay |first=Elias |date=25 February 2022 |title=Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/25/ukraine-soldiers-told-russians-to-go-fuck-yourself-before-black-sea-island-death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102114/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/25/ukraine-soldiers-told-russians-to-go-fuck-yourself-before-black-sea-island-death |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Russia stated on 26 February that US drones supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help target Russian warships in the Black Sea, which the US denied.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hodge |first1=Nathan |last2=Cotovio |first2=Vasco |last3=Lieberman |first3=Oren |date=26 February 2022 |title=Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-26-22/h_b669a7b9f3668b9579d3cb72c52647ac |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-26-22/h_b669a7b9f3668b9579d3cb72c52647ac |archive-date=27 February 2022 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> By 3 March, the Ukrainian frigate {{ship|Ukrainian frigate|Hetman Sahaidachny||2}}, the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, was [[scuttled]] in Mykolaiv to prevent its capture by Russian forces.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 March 2022 |script-title=uk:Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу |title=Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu |language=uk |trans-title=The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order |work=[[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] |url=https://mil.in.ua/uk/news/fregat-ukrayiny-getman-sagajdachnyj-vyvedenyj-z-ladu/ |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov |publisher=[[Interfax Ukraine]] |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/806837.html |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Evans |first=Michael |date=4 March 2022 |title=Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as Russians close in |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ukraine-scuttles-its-flagship-frigate-as-the-russians-close-in-wtd07bbqp |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Evans |first=Michael |title=Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ukraine-scuttles-its-flagship-frigate-as-the-russians-close-in-wtd07bbqp |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> On 14 March, the Russian source RT reported that the Russian Armed Forces had captured about a dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdiansk, including the {{sclass2|Polnocny|landing ship|1}} {{ship|Ukrainian ship|Yuri Olefirenko||2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Analysis: Russian Armed Forces capture dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdyansk |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/11502-analysis-russian-armed-forces-capture-dozen-ukrainian-ships-in-berdyansk.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Navy Recognition}}</ref> On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian [[Alligator-class landing ship|landing ship]] docked in Berdiansk – initially reported to be the ''Orsk'' and then its sister ship, the ''Saratov'' – was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Polityuk |first1=Pavel |last2=Heritage |first2=Timothy |date=24 March 2022 |title=Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship |work=[[Reuters]] |editor-last=Heavens |editor-first=Andrew |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-it-has-destroyed-large-russian-landing-ship-2022-03-24/ |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Guardian220325"/><ref name="CNN-Berdyansk"/>

In March 2022, the UN [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports.<ref name="reuters-20220312">{{Cite news |last=Saul |first=Jonathan |date=12 March 2022 |title=UN to work on safe corridor for ships stranded by Ukraine conflict |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/un-work-safe-corridor-ships-stranded-by-ukraine-conflict-2022-03-12/ |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor {{convert|80|mi|km}} long and {{convert|3|mi|km}} wide through its [[Maritime Exclusion Zone]], for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters south-east of Odesa.<ref name="westpoint-20220412">{{Cite web |last=Pedrozo |first=Raul |date=12 April 2022 |title=Ukraine Symposium – Maritime Exclusion Zones in Armed Conflicts |url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/maritime-exclusion-zones-armed-conflicts/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]]}}</ref><ref name="imo-20220328">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title=Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation |url=https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/Black%20Sea%20and%20Sea%20of%20Azov%20-%20Member%20States%20and%20Associate%20Members%20Communications/Circular%20Letter%20No.4543%20-%20Communication%20From%20The%20Government%20Of%20The%20Russian%20Federation%20(Secretariat).pdf |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO |publisher=International Maritime Organization |id=Circular Letter No.4543}}</ref> Ukraine closed its ports at [[MARSEC]] level 3, with sea mines laid in port approaches, until the end to hostilities.<ref name="imo-safety">{{Cite web |title=Maritime Security and Safety in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov |url=https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/MaritimeSecurityandSafetyintheBlackSeaandSeaofAzov.aspx |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=International Maritime Organization}}</ref>

The Russian cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Moskva||2}}, the flagship of the [[Black Sea Fleet]], was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/apr/16/russia-ukraine-war-latest-ukraine-pm-to-head-to-washington-russian-warship-sunk-by-ukraine-missile-strike-say-us-officials-live |access-date=16 April 2022 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian [[Neptune (cruise missile)|Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles]], setting the ship on fire. The Russian Defence Ministry confirmed the warship had suffered serious damage due to a munition explosion caused by a fire, and said that its entire crew had been evacuated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2022 |title=Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/russia-confirms-severe-damage-to-black-sea-fleet-flagship-moskva-crew-abandoned-ship |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> [[The Pentagon]] spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs and refitting in [[Sevastopol]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Forgey |first=Quint |title=Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/14/pentagon-explosion-russian-warship-00025243 |date=14 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |newspaper=[[Politico]]}}</ref>

Later on the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that [[Sinking of the Moskva|''Moskva'' had sunk]] while under tow in rough weather.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2022 |title=Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61114843 |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref> On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory [[Luch Design Bureau]] in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the ''Moskva'' attack were manufactured and designed.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Polityuk |first1=Pavel |last2=Piper |first2=Elizabeth |date=15 April 2022 |title=Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/powerful-explosions-heard-kyiv-after-russian-warship-sinks-2022-04-15/}}</ref> On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" (including real-time battlefield [[Targeting (warfare)|targeting]] [[Military intelligence|intelligence]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ohanes |first=Gasia |date=14 May 2022 |title=Did US intelligence-sharing with Ukraine cross a line? |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-intel-russia-war/a-61794064}}</ref> to assist in the [[Sinking of the Moskva|sinking]] of the Russian cruiser ''[[Russian cruiser Moskva|Moskva]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2022 |title=US intelligence helped Ukraine sink Russia's flagship cruiser Moskva |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-06/us-intelligence-leads-to-ukraine-sinking-russia-moskva-missile/101044452}}</ref>

In early May, Ukrainian forces launched counterattacks on Snake Island. The Russian Ministry of Defense claimed to have repelled these counterattacks. Ukraine released footage of a Russian [[Serna-class landing craft]] located in the Black Sea being destroyed near Snake Island by a Ukrainian drone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2022 |title=Ukrainian Military Says Drone Destroys Russian Landing Craft Near Snake Island In Black Sea |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-russian-serna-landing-craft-destroyed/31838979.html |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2022 |title=Russian landing craft in Black Sea's Snake Island sunk in drone strike, claims Ukraine |publisher=WION News |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/russian-landing-craft-in-black-seas-snake-island-sunk-in-drone-strike-claims-ukraine-477155 |access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref> The same day, a pair of Ukrainian [[Su-27]] conducted a high-speed, low level [[Toss bombing|bombing run]] on Russian-occupied [[Snake Island (Ukraine)|Snake Island]]; the attack was captured on film by a [[Baykar Bayraktar TB2]] drone.<ref name="Ukraine Strikes Back: Su-27s Bomb Occupied Snake Island In Daring Raid">{{Cite news |last=Payne |first=Stetson |title=Ukraine Strikes Back: Su-27s Bomb Occupied Snake Island In Daring Raid |date=7 May 2022 |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraine-strikes-back-su-27s-bomb-occupied-snake-island-in-daring-raid |publisher=The Drive |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>

On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russia maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, stating that: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea."<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |date=31 May 2022 |title=Lavrov said Russians would let through ships carrying grain if Ukraine demined ports |agency=[[Ukrainska Pravda|Ukrayinska Pravda]]|newspaper=[[Yahoo! News]] |url=https://news.yahoo.com/lavrov-said-russians-let-ships-103100228.html |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> On 30 June 2022, Russia announced that it had withdrawn troops from the island in a "gesture of goodwill".<ref name="RBC 30 June"/> The withdrawal was later officially confirmed by Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Talmazan |first=Yuliya |date=30 June 2022 |title=All eyes are on the battle for the east. But the south might hold the key to Ukraine's fate. |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-withdraws-snake-island-ukraine-counteroffensive-south-kherson-rcna35874}}</ref>

=== Nuclear threats ===
{{main|Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}

Four days into the invasion, President Putin placed Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use [[tactical nuclear weapon]]s against Ukraine, or a wider escalation of the conflict could occur. During April, Putin and Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov made a number of threats alluding to the use of nuclear weapons against Ukraine and the countries supporting Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2022 |title=Russia's Lavrov Warns of 'Real' Danger of World War III |work=[[Moscow Times]] |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/04/25/russias-lavrov-warns-of-real-danger-of-world-war-iii-a77486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wolfgang |first=Ben |date=27 April 2022 |title=Angry Putin wields energy, nuclear threats against West |work=The Washington Times |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/apr/27/angry-putin-wields-energy-nuclear-threats-against-/}}</ref> On 14 April, CIA director [[William J. Burns (diplomat)|William Burns]] said that "potential desperation" in the face of defeat could encourage President Putin to use tactical nuclear weapons.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |date=14 April 2022 |title=C.I.A. Director Airs Concern That Putin Might Turn to Nuclear Weapons |work=[[The New York Times]] |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/14/us/politics/putin-nuclear-weapons.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414234618/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/14/us/politics/putin-nuclear-weapons.html |archive-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>

In response to Russia's disregard of safety precautions during its occupation of the disabled former [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant|nuclear power plant at Chernobyl]] and its firing of missiles in the vicinity of the active [[Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant|nuclear power plant at Zaporizhzhia]], on 26 April President Zelenskyy called for an international discussion on regulating Russia's use of nuclear resources, stating: "no one in the world can feel safe knowing how many nuclear facilities, nuclear weapons and related technologies the Russian state has{{nbsp}}... If Russia has forgotten what Chernobyl is, it means that global control over Russia's nuclear facilities, and nuclear technology is needed."<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Neil |first=Tyler |date=27 April 2022 |title=Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/zelenskyy-global-control-russias-nuclear-capabilities}}</ref> In August, shelling around the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant developed into a [[Crisis at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant|crisis]], prompting an emergency inspection by the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]. Ukraine has described the crisis as an act of [[nuclear terrorism]] by Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title='Russian nuclear terror': Ukraine atomic plant attacked again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/7/fears-of-disaster-after-ukrainian-nuclear-plant-struck-again |access-date=10 September 2022 |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=7 August 2022}}</ref>

On 19 September, CNBC reported that Biden's response to Russian uncertainties about its lack of combat success in its invasion stating: "President Joe Biden warned of a 'consequential' response from the U.S. if Russian President Vladimir Putin were to use nuclear or other non-conventional weapons... Asked what he would say to Putin if he was considering such action, Biden replied, 'Don't. Don't. Don't.'"<ref>Natasha Turoc, "Biden warns of 'consequential' response from U.S. if Putin uses nuclear weapons". CNBC, 19 September 2022. [https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/19/russia-ukraine-live-updates.html]</ref> Following his statement made on 19 September, Biden appeared before the United Nations on 21 September and continued his criticism of Putin's nuclear {{linktext|sabre-rattling}}, stating that Putin was "overt, reckless and irresponsible... [[Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races|A nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought]]."<ref>"Joe Biden: Putin will not win a 'reckless' nuclear war". The Telegraph. By Jamie Johnson, Arthur Scott-Geddes, Josh White, Chanel Zagon and Nick Allen. 21 September. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/09/21/ukraine-news-russia-war-putin-counter-offensive-mobilisation/]</ref>

=== Ukrainian resistance ===
{{Main|Ukrainian resistance during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{See also|2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine}}
[[File:Reporter’s Notebook - Thriving Kyiv Becomes Battle Zone, Almost Overnight 03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Civilians in Kyiv preparing [[Molotov cocktails]], 26 February 2022]]
Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion, volunteered for territorial defence units, made [[Molotov cocktail]]s, donated food, built barriers such as [[Czech hedgehogs]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Raghavan |first1=Sudarsan |last2=O'Grady |first2=Siobhán |last3=Shefte |first3=Whitney |last4=Khudov |first4=Kostiantyn |date=28 February 2022 |title=In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publication-place=Kyiv |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/28/ukraine-russia-kyiv-defense/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301011750/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/28/ukraine-russia-kyiv-defense/ |archive-date=1 March 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358}}</ref> and helped to transport refugees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirby |first=Jen |date=3 March 2022 |title=The other members of Ukraine's resistance |url=https://www.vox.com/22956752/ukraine-resistance-volunteers-russia-invasion |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Responding to a call from Ukraine's transportation agency, [[State Agency of Automobile Roads of Ukraine|Ukravtodor]], civilians dismantled or altered road signs, constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops.<ref name="yes!">{{Cite news |last=Hunter |first=Daniel |date=1 March 2022 |title=How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force |work=[[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|YES! Magazine]] |url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/democracy/2022/03/01/ukraine-civilian-resistance |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> By the beginning of April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans to launch a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence against the Russian invasion.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Motyl |first=Alexander J. |date=12 April 2022 |title=Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/ukraine-russia-war-guerrilla-partisans-civilian-militia/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref>

People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat.<ref name="yes!"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2022 |title=Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-civil-resistance-russian-aggression/31728966.html |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schwirtz |first1=Michael |last2=Santora |first2=Marc |last3=Hill |first3=Evan |last4=Cardia |first4=Alexander |date=5 March 2022 |title=Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/05/world/europe/kherson-protests-ukraine.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305160437/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/05/world/europe/kherson-protests-ukraine.html |archive-date=5 March 2022 |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522}}</ref> The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters<ref name="yes!"/> to firing into the air or directly into crowds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2022 |title=Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest |work=[[CNN International]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-05-22/h_c9644300c3986a3e19e31dcb6188abdf |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, [[extrajudicial killing]], and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2022 |title=Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/ordinary-ukrainians-are-resisting-vladimir-putins-occupying-force-in-kherson-and-elsewhere/21808101 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] [[chatbot]] and [[Diia]], a Ukrainian government app previously used by citizens to upload official identity and medical documents. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killing a civilian found with pictures of Russian tanks.<ref name="ft">{{Cite news |last=Judah |first=Tim |date=10 April 2022 |title=How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e87fdc60-0d5e-4d39-93c6-7cfd22f770e8 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

As of 21 May, President Zelensky indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 servicemembers on active duty combating the Russian invasion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title=Zelensky: 700,000 soldiers defending Ukraine now. |work=[[The Kyiv Independent]] |url=https://kyivindependent.com/uncategorized/zelensky-700000-soldiers-defending-ukraine-now/ |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> Throughout 2022, Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment deployed to [[United Nations peacekeeping]] missions, such as [[MONUSCO]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], back to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62945971 |title=Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco |last=Cyuzuzo |first=Samba |website=BBC News |date=18 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref>

== Foreign involvement ==

=== Foreign military sales and aid ===
{{Main list|List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War}}
[[File:Countries supplying military equipment to Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion.svg|thumb|upright=1.36|{{legend|#800000|Russia}}
{{legend|#ffff00|Ukraine}}
{{legend|#000080|Countries sending military aid to Ukraine during the 2022 invasion}}
]]
[[File:Countries supplying aid to Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion.svg|thumb|upright=1.36|
{{legend|#d50000|Russia}}
{{legend|#ffff61|Ukraine}}
{{legend|#00afff|Countries sending any aid, including humanitarian aid, to Ukraine}}]]

The [[Kiel Institute]] has tracked $84.2 billion from the 40 countries and the European Union in financial, humanitarian, and military aid to Ukraine from 24 January to 3 August 2022.<ref name="auto9">{{Cite journal |last1=Antezza |first1=Arianna |last2=Frank |first2=Andre |last3=Frank |first3=Pascal |last4=Franz |first4=Lukas |last5=Kharitonov |first5=Ivan |last6=Kumar |first6=Bharath |last7=Rebinskaya |first7=Ekaterina |last8=Trebesch |first8=Christoph |date=16 June 2022 |title=The Ukraine Support Tracker: Which countries help Ukraine and how? |url=https://www.ifw-kiel.de/publications/kiel-working-papers/2022/the-ukraine-support-tracker-which-countries-help-ukraine-and-how-17204/ |journal=Kiel Working Papers |volume=2218}}</ref>

NATO is coordinating and assisting member states in providing billions of dollars in military equipment and financial aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NATO |title=NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_192648.htm |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=[[NATO]]}}</ref> The United States has provided the most military assistance, having provided $19.3 billion since February 2022. Many NATO allies, such as Germany and Sweden, have reversed past policies against providing offensive military aid in order to support Ukraine. The European Union for the first time in its history supplied lethal arms and has provided €3.1 billion to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9477/ |website=[[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref>

Between 2014 and 2021, the UK, US, EU, and NATO provided mostly non-lethal military aid to Ukraine.<ref name="RB">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Military assistance to Ukraine |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN07135/SN07135.pdf |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=[[House of Commons Library]]}}</ref> Lethal military support was initially limited. The US began to sell weapons including [[FGM-148 Javelin|Javelin]] anti-tank missiles starting in 2018,<ref name="RB"/> and Ukraine agreed to purchase [[Bayraktar TB2|TB2]] combat drones from Turkey in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2020 |title=Turkey, Ukraine sign military cooperation agreements |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/leaders-turkey-ukraine-sign-military-agreements-73659082 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> Russia built up equipment and troops on Ukraine's borders in January 2022. In response, the US worked with other [[NATO member states]] to transfer US-produced weapons to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Brennan |first1=Margaret |last2=Watson |first2=Eleanor |date=20 January 2022 |title=U.S. and NATO to surge lethal weaponry to Ukraine to help shore up defenses against Russia |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u-s-nato-ukraine-weapons-defense-russia/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/u-s-nato-ukraine-weapons-defense-russia/ |archive-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>

The UK also began to supply Ukraine with [[NLAW]] and Javelin anti-tank weapons.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ripley |first=Tim |date=18 January 2022 |title=UK supplies anti-tank weapons to Ukraine |work=[[Janes Information Services]] |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/uk-supplies-anti-tank-weapons-to-ukraine |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> After the invasion, NATO member states including Germany agreed to supply weapons, but NATO as an organisation did not.<ref name="Al-Jazeera-2022-02-28">{{Cite news |date=25 February 2022 |title=NATO to deploy thousands of commandos to nations near Ukraine |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/25/nato-allies-to-provide-more-weapons-to-ukraine-stoltenberg-says |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/25/nato-allies-to-provide-more-weapons-to-ukraine-stoltenberg-says |archive-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title=Germany to ship anti-aircraft missiles to Ukraine — reports |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-ship-anti-aircraft-missiles-to-ukraine-reports/a-60995325 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Secretary statement to the House of Commons on Ukraine: 9 March 2022 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/defence-secretary-statement-to-the-house-of-commons-on-ukraine-9-march-2022 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> NATO and its members also refused to send troops into Ukraine, or to establish a no fly-zone, lest this spark a larger-scale war,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chalmers |first=John |date=24 February 2022 |title=NATO has no plans to send troops into Ukraine, Stoltenberg says |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nato-has-no-plans-send-troops-into-ukraine-stoltenberg-says-2022-02-24/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dimsdale |first=Connie |date=25 February 2022 |title=How the response to Russia's invasion would be different if Ukraine was a Nato member |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/ukraine-why-no-one-helping-nato-russia-invasion-response-member-countries-1483199 |website=[[i (newspaper)|i]]}}</ref> a decision some labelled [[appeasement]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bond |first=Ian |date=22 February 2022 |title=The west knows the cost of appeasement. We can't rule out any option for stopping Putin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/feb/22/west-appeasement-putin-russia-ukraine |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Simon |last2=Melander |first2=Ingrid |date=4 March 2022 |title=NATO rejects Ukraine no-fly zone, unhappy Zelenskiy says this means more bombing |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/nato-meets-ukraine-calls-no-fly-zone-hinder-russia-2022-03-04/ |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>

On 26 February, US Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] announced $350&nbsp;million in lethal military assistance, including anti-armor and anti-aircraft systems.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |last3=Ravindran |first3=Jeevan |last4=Wilkinson |first4=Peter |last5=Yeung |first5=Jessie |last6=Lendon |first6=Brad |last7=George |first7=Steve |last8=Wagner |first8=Meg |date=26 February 2022 |title=Blinken authorizes $350 million more in US military assistance to Ukraine |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-26-22/h_a84870443012615e6811285f23d9c6fb |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-26-22/h_a84870443012615e6811285f23d9c6fb |archive-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Adrienne |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |last3=Ravindran |first3=Jeevan |last4=Wilkinson |first4=Peter |last5=Yeung |first5=Jessie |last6=Lendon |first6=Brad |last7=George |first7=Steve |last8=Wagner |first8=Meg |date=26 February 2022 |title=$350 million in US military assistance will include "anti-armor and anti-aircraft systems," official says |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-26-22/h_92d1e845587a41545188ed1394c640ff |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-26-22/h_92d1e845587a41545188ed1394c640ff |archive-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> The next day the EU stated that it would purchase €450&nbsp;million (US$502&nbsp;million) in lethal assistance and an additional €50&nbsp;million ($56&nbsp;million) in non-lethal supplies for Ukraine, with Poland handling distribution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2022 |title=EU shuts airspace to Russian airlines, will buy Ukraine arms |work=[[AP News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-olaf-scholz-nato-91c93ef0dc7e759d202c0eee9c070ea5 |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-olaf-scholz-nato-91c93ef0dc7e759d202c0eee9c070ea5 |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Blenkinsop |first1=Philip |last2=Siebold |first2=Sabine |date=27 February 2022 |title=EU tightens Russian sanctions and buys weapons for Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-close-airspace-russia-curb-media-target-belarus-2022-02-27/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-close-airspace-russia-curb-media-target-belarus-2022-02-27/ |archive-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> During the first week of the invasion, NATO member states supplied more than 17,000 anti-tank weapons to Ukraine;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Eric |date=12 March 2022 |title=The White House approves $200 million in arms and equipment for Ukraine. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/12/us/politics/biden-ukraine-weapons.html |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> by mid-March, the number was estimated to be more than 20,000.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Emmott |first1=Robin |last2=Melander |first2=Ingrid |date=17 March 2022 |title=NATO vows more help for Ukraine, begins planning to adapt to 'new reality' |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nato-begin-planning-more-troops-eastern-flank-after-russias-ukraine-invasion-2022-03-16/ |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> In three tranches agreed in February, March and April 2022, the European Union committed to €1.5&nbsp;billion to support the capabilities and resilience of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the protection of the Ukrainian civilian population, under the purview of the [[European Peace Facility]] line.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |title=EU support to Ukraine: Council agrees on third tranche of support under the European Peace Facility for total €1.5 billion |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/04/13/eu-support-to-ukraine-council-agrees-on-third-tranche-of-support-under-the-european-peace-facility-for-total-1-5-billion/}}</ref>

As of 11 April, Ukraine had been provided with approximately 25,000 anti-air and 60,000 anti-tank weapon systems by the US and its allies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Park |first=Chan-kyong |date=11 April 2022 |title=Zelensky cites Korean war in appeal to Seoul to send anti-aircraft weapons |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3173820/ukraine-war-seoul-rejects-kievs-request-anti-aircraft-weapons |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> The following day, Russia reportedly received anti-tank missiles and RPGs from Iran, supplied through undercover networks via [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slawson |first=Nicola |date=12 April 2022 |title=First Thing: Russia using weapons 'smuggled by Iran' in Ukraine |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/12/first-thing-russia-using-weapons-smuggled-by-iran-in-ukraine |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

On 19 April 2022, Romania announced a planned reform to the government decree that regulates the export of military weapons and national defence products to provide these weapons not only to [[NATO]] allies but also to Ukraine.<ref name="plg">{{Cite news |last=Garzon |first=Elsy Fors |date=19 April 2022 |title=Romania to modify its laws to deliver weapons to Ukraine |publisher=Prensa Latina |url=https://www.plenglish.com/news/2022/04/19/romania-to-modify-its-laws-to-deliver-weapons-to-ukraine/}}</ref> The Ministry of Defense developed the draft decree stating that the reason behind this decision was Russia's aggression against Ukraine.<ref name="milinua">{{Cite news |date=19 April 2022 |title=Romania is planning to hand over lethal weapons to Ukraine |publisher=«Ukrainian Military Center» Public Organization |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/romania-is-planning-to-hand-over-lethal-weapons-to-ukraine/}}</ref> However, on 27 April Defense Minister [[Vasile Dincu]] said that his plan had been discontinued.<ref name="aapp">{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Ayeza |date=27 April 2022 |title=Romanian Defense Minister Says Weapons Supplies To Ukraine Not On Agenda |publisher=Pakistan Point |url=https://www.pakistanpoint.com/en/story/1503412/romanian-defense-minister-says-weapons-supplies-to-ukra.html}}</ref>

On 26 April, the US convened a [[2022 Ramstein Air Base meeting|conference]] in which representatives of more than 40 countries{{efn|name=UkraineContactGroup|1=Denoted the ''Ukraine Contact Group''<ref name="ukraineContactGroup">{{cite news |first=John |last=Ismay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/26/world/europe/lloyd-austin-ukraine-contact-group.html |date=26 April 2022 |title=A new U.S.-led international group will meet monthly to focus on aiding Ukraine |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=The Ukraine Contact Group was convened at Ramstein Air Base in Germany}}</ref><ref name=ukdg/> and later, the Ukraine Defense Contact Group.}} met at the [[Ramstein Air Base]] to discuss military support for Ukraine.<ref name=ukdg>{{Cite web |last1=Herszenhorn |first1=David M. |last2=Bayer |first2=Lili |date=26 April 2022 |title=US rallies global allies to help Ukraine repel Russia |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-war-russia-united-states-defense-consultative-group/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref>

On 28 April, US President Biden asked [[United States Congress|Congress]] for an additional $33&nbsp;billion to assist Ukraine, including $20&nbsp;billion to provide weapons to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2022 |title=War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/04/29/war-in-ukraine-u-s-dramatically-upgrades-its-aid-package-to-kyiv_5981990_4.html}}</ref> On 5 May, Ukraine's Prime Minister [[Denys Shmyhal]] announced that Ukraine had received more than $12&nbsp;billion worth of weapons and financial aid from Western countries since the start of Russia's invasion on 24 February.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2022 |title=Ukraine gets over $12 billion in weapons, financial aid since start of Russian invasion- Ukraine's PM |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-gets-over-12-billion-weapons-financial-aid-since-start-russian-invasion-2022-05-05/}}</ref> On 10 May, the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] passed legislation that would provide $40&nbsp;billion in new aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fram |first=Alan |date=11 May 2022 |title=House approves $40B in Ukraine aid, beefing up Biden request |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-biden-europe-0ac5c758d32dbea64c437b50e829bbb2 |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511000720/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-biden-europe-0ac5c758d32dbea64c437b50e829bbb2 |archive-date=11 May 2022}}</ref> After the legislation was approved by the [[United States Senate|Senate]], Biden signed the legislation on 21 May.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2022 |title=Biden signs $40 billion aid package for Ukraine during trip to Asia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/21/biden-signs-40-billion-aid-package-for-ukraine-during-trip-to-asia.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Scholtes |first1=Jennifer |last2=O'Brien |first2=Connor |date=19 May 2022 |title=Senate clears $40B Ukraine aid package |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/19/senate-40-billion-ukraine-aid-bill-00033719 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref>

On 30 May, French Foreign Minister [[Catherine Colonna]] announced the provision to Ukraine of additional [[CAESAR self-propelled howitzer]] systems,<ref name="milincaesar">{{Cite news |date=30 May 2022 |title=Ukraine is to receive a new batch of Caesar ACS from France |publisher=«Ukrainian Military Center» Public Organization |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukraine-is-to-receive-a-new-batch-of-caesar-acs-from-france/}}</ref> mounted on the [[Renault Trucks|Renault]] [[Renault Sherpa 5|Sherpa 5]] [[6×6]] chassis. On 25 May, the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine]] [[Valerii Zaluzhnyi]] said that the first batch was already on the front lines fighting the invader.<ref name="milin55th">{{Cite news |date=25 May 2022 |title=55th Brigade receives CAESAR ACS |publisher=«Ukrainian Military Center» Public Organization |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/55th-brigade-receives-caesar-acs/}}</ref> On 10 June, the AFU demonstrated the combat systems to representatives from the press; by that date the Ukrainian gunners possessed 18 CAESAR units.<ref name="nrfr24">{{Cite news |last=Rushworth |first=Nicholas |date=10 June 2022 |title=Meet the Ukrainian forces using French-supplied Caesar howitzers |publisher=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/focus/20220610-meet-the-ukrainian-forces-using-french-supplied-caesar-howitzers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610144455/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/focus/20220610-meet-the-ukrainian-forces-using-french-supplied-caesar-howitzers |archive-date=10 June 2022}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8AF2s6vQLg Alt URL]</ref><ref name="rfecae">{{Cite news |date=10 June 2022 |title=Ukrainian Army Uses New Caesar Long-Range Howitzer Supplied By France |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-artillery-french-caesar-howitzer-donbas-russia/31892607.html}}</ref>

On 31 May, the White House informed the press that the US would be supplying [[M142 HIMARS|HIMARS]] [[Multiple rocket launcher|multiple launch rocket system]]s to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2022 |title=What is HIMARS? The advanced rocket system US is sending Ukraine |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/1/what-is-himars-the-advanced-rocket-system-us-is-sending-ukraine}}</ref> Some analysts had said HIMARS could be a "game-changer" in the war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2022 |title=Will US rockets for Ukraine be a game changer in the war against Russia? |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC) |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-01/explainer-will-us-rockets-for-ukraine-be-a-game-changer/101117800}}</ref><ref name="bCole">{{cite news |first=Brendan |last=Cole |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-rockets-ukraine-russia-himars-kherson-pentagon-weapons-missiles-1725241 |date=16 July 2022 |title=U.S. Rockets Having Significant Impact On Front Lines in Ukraine: Pentagon |work=[[Newsweek]]}}
* {{cite news |first=Michael |last=Weiss |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/us-agrees-to-send-ukraine-more-himars-launchers-weaponry-that-is-taking-a-toll-on-russian-forces-090013303.html |date=21 July 2022 |title=U.S. agrees to send Ukraine more HIMARS launchers, weaponry that is taking a toll on Russian forces |work=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref> Under Secretary of Defense for Policy [[Colin Kahl]] stated that the US would be able to send more systems as the fighting evolves.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=US will send HIMARS precision rockets to Ukraine |url=https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/06/01/us-will-send-himars-precision-rockets-to-ukraine/ |website=[[Defense News]]}}</ref><ref name="iAli">{{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Idrees |date=20 July 2022 |title=U.S. to send four more HIMARS to Ukraine |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/u-send-four-more-himars-122507887.html |quote=[[M142 HIMARS]]— 12 have been provided, and an additional 4 were pledged today, for a total of 16 —Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin}}</ref>

On 10 June, an official from the Ukrainian military said that they were using 5,000 to 6,000 artillery rounds a day and would then be using 155-calibre NATO standard shells because all their Soviet-era guns had been destroyed. The official said the Russians had transformed the war into an artillery duel focused on the southeast of the country.<ref name="iktgvs"/> On 12 June, a Ukrainian Presidential advisor put on Twitter a list of weapons that Ukraine needed to achieve "heavy weapons parity". The top item was "1000 howitzers caliber 155 mm".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sand |first=Leo |date=13 June 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Every bridge leading to key city Severodonetsk destroyed |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61786949 |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>

Ukraine claimed it had enough 155&nbsp;mm ammunition but lacked the artillery to use it. According to [[Oryxspioenkop]] only 250 howitzers have been promised or delivered.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rathbone |first1=John Paul |last2=Olearchyk |first2=Roman |date=13 June 2022 |title=Military briefing: which weapons has Ukraine received and how many more does it need? |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3fab0893-cd5e-46b6-9bfe-6b0aff4fcb48 |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> On 13 June, a [[Deutsche Welle]] correspondent said that the Ukrainian supply of Soviet-era ammunition had been exhausted and all they had was a dwindling supply obtained from friendly ex-Soviet countries.<ref name="dwn13.6">{{Cite news |date=13 June 2022 |title=Why western weapons aren't reaching Ukrainian troops |work=[[Deutsche Welle|DW News]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2IvpTX6Udc |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

In June 2022 Germany declassified its list of military aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military support for Ukraine Federal Government |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/military-support-ukraine-2054992 |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Website of the Federal Government Home page}}</ref>

For the 16 US-supplied HIMARS systems in Ukraine (2 August 2022), the US was providing more munitions (additional HIMARS rocket pods in monthly installments, as well as more 155-mm howitzer shells) at a cost of $550 million for the 17th Presidential drawdown package.<ref name="2Aug2022">{{Cite web |last=[[Department of Defense]] |date=1 August 2022 |title=$550 Million in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3112377/550-million-in-additional-security-assistance-for-ukraine/}}</ref>

{{Wikisource|$1 Billion in New U.S. Military Assistance for Ukraine}}

The 18th US presidential drawdown package was released (8 Aug 2022), a $1 billion package including additional HIMARS rocket pods, 75,000 rounds of 155mm artillery ammunition, 20 120mm mortar systems and 20,000 rounds of 120mm mortar ammunition, National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS),{{efn|name=nasamsImminent|1=The first NASAMS is coming to Ukraine (17 October 2022), now that NASAMS training is nearly complete.}}<ref name="logfas">{{cite news |work=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraines-defence-minister-reveals-ramstein-113938620.html |date=17 October 2022 |title=Ukraines Defence Minister reveals Ramstein results: Ukraine will get NASAMS air defence system soon}}</ref><ref name="nasamsSynchronized">{{cite news |agency=[[Defense News]]|location=WASHINGTON|newspaper=[[Yahoo News]] |first=Joe |last=Gould |url=https://news.yahoo.com/ukraine-bound-nasams-us-hands-193730212.html |date=25 October 2022 |title=Ukraine-bound NASAMS are in US hands now: Raytheon Delivered to US government in mid-October, imminently in Ukraine.}}</ref> 1000 Javelins and hundreds of [[AT4]] anti-tank weapons, 50 armored medical treatment vehicles, [[Claymore mine]]s, [[C4 explosive]]s, and medical supplies.<ref name="8Aug2022">{{Cite press release |last=Breasseale |first=Todd |date=8 August 2022 |title=$1 Billion in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3120059/1-billion-in-additional-security-assistance-for-ukraine/|publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref>

The 19th US presidential drawdown package (19 Aug 2022) was a $775 million package, which included additional HIMARS rocket pods, 16 105mm howitzers with 36,000 artillery rounds (this supplements the UK's past contributions of 105mm howitzers), 1000 anti-armor Javelins, 2000 anti-armor rounds for the Swedish [[Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle]], 1,500 tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided anti-tank missiles ([[BGM-71 TOW]]s), additional [[AGM-88 HARM]] air-launched<ref name="mig29sWithAgm88Harm">{{cite web |first=Jake |last=Broe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bL7Nl8LEbbw |date=23 August 2022 |title=Ukraine Will Have Air Superiority by January |via=[[YouTube]]}}, shows Ukrainian MIG-29s With [[AGM-88 HARM]] air-launched anti-radiation missiles already mounted</ref>{{rp|4:17}} anti-radiation missiles that home on radar sites, 15 ScanEagle UAVs (to guide Ukrainian artillery), 40 [[mine flail]] vehicles to clear out minefields, 50 HMMWVs, tactical secure communication systems, demolition munitions, night vision devices, thermal imagery systems, optics, and laser rangefinders.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Vergun |work=[[DoD News]] |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3134467/additional-defensive-weapons-to-be-shipped-to-ukraine-official-says/ |date=19 August 2022 |title=Additional Defensive Weapons to be Shipped to Ukraine, Official Says}}</ref><ref name="seekDestroy">{{cite news |first=Joe |last=Gould |url=https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/08/19/seek-and-destroy-new-us-aid-to-ukraine-targets-russian-artillery/ |date=19 August 2022 |location=Washington |title='Seek and destroy': New US aid to Ukraine targets Russian artillery |newspaper=[[Defense News]]}}</ref>
The packages since 2021 totaled $10.7 billion by 19 August 2022.<ref name="19Aug2022">{{cite news |first1=Marcus |last1=Weisgerber |first2=Tara |last2=Copp |url=https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/08/more-ukraine-weaps/376080/ |date=19 August 2022 |title=Sensing Russian Stall, US Rushing Arms to Help Retake Ukrainian Territory |newspaper=[[Defense News]]}}</ref><ref name="8Aug2022"/>

As of July 2022, CNN reported on American recent declassified intel suggested that [[Iran]]ians have given [[Shahed 129]] UAV combat drones to Russian forces.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |date=10 August 2022 |title=US believes Russians have begun training on Iranian drones |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/09/politics/russia-training-drones-iran/index.html |access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2022/09/01/2767761/top-world-powers-using-iranian-arms-irgc-chief |title=Top World Powers Using Iranian Arms: IRGC Chief |agency=Tasnim News Agency |date=1 September 2022 |location=Tehran}}</ref>

In 2022, 800 combat drones manufactured by the Taiwanese [[DronesVision]] were transferred to Ukraine through Poland.<ref name="Taiwan News 1">{{cite news |last1=Everington |first1=Keoni |title=Taiwan's Revolver 860 combat drones being used by Ukrainians on battlefield |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4630475 |date=18 August 2022 |publisher=[[Taiwan News]] |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan Sends Ukraine Over 800 Bomber Drones |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/taiwan-sends-ukraine-over-800-bomber-drones.html |date=26 August 2022 |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

In November 2022, United Kingdom announced they were donating three former [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Air Force]] Sea King's to [[Armed Forces of Ukraine|Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-63725431 |work=[[BBC News]] |last=Beale |first=Jonathan |date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |title=Britain sending helicopters to Ukraine for first time - Ben Wallace}}</ref>

;Ukraine security assistance package{{anchor|Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative}}
On 24 August 2022, aid for longer-term requirements by Ukraine, $3 billion in US security assistance<ref name="usai">{{cite web |first1=Lolita C. |last1=Baldor |first2=Matthew |last2=Lee |agency=The [[Associated Press]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/us-send-billion-aid-ukraine-war-hits-months-88746361 |date=23 August 2022 |title=US to send $3 billion in aid to Ukraine as war hits 6 months |work=[[ABC News]] |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> was from a congressional funding source ([[Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative]] —USAI) rather than by drawdown from US government stocks; instead the ammunition, and other materiel, such as [[ScanEagle]] and Puma drones, and Vampire counter-drone missiles<ref name="vampire">{{cite news |first=Jake |last=Thomas |url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-counter-drone-system-shows-us-has-ukraines-back-over-long-term-1736715 |date=24 August 2022 |title=New Counter-Drone System Shows U.S. Has Ukraine's Back 'Over the Long Term' |quote=L3 Harris, a U.S. arms manufacturer, confirmed to Breaking Defense that it was the manufacturer of the VAMPIRE, "Vehicle-Agnostic Modular Palletized ISR Rocket Equipment."}}</ref> would be from suppliers.<ref name="usai"/> The Vampire contract was not yet let as of November 2022, with delivery to Ukraine after mid-2023.<ref name="vampire2023">{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/11/01/drone-killing-vampires-due-in-ukraine-next-year-pentagon-says/ |title=Drone-killing Vampires due in Ukraine next year, Pentagon says |first=Joe |last=Gould |date=1 November 2022 |website=Defense News}}</ref> The longer-term deliveries of materiel will include 6 additional [[NASAMS]] air defense units and their attendant rounds (for a total of 8 units);{{efn|name=nasamsImminent}}<ref name="15SepFactSheet">{{cite press release |url=https://media.defense.gov/2022/Sep/16/2003078831/-1/-1/1/UKRAINE%20FACT%20SHEET%20%e2%80%93%20SEP.%2015.PDF |date=15 September 2022 |title=Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> up to 245,000 155mm howitzer shells; up to 65,000 120mm mortar rounds; up to 24 [[counter-battery radar]]s, and the attendant training, maintenance, and sustainment.<ref name="usai2">{{cite press release |last=Ryder |first=Patrick S. |author-link=Patrick S. Ryder |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3138105/nearly-3-billion-in-additional-security-assistance-for-ukraine/ |date=24 August 2022 |title=Nearly $3 Billion in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine|publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> By 24 August 2022 US aid since January 2021 exceeded $13.5 billion.<ref name="totalAid">{{cite news |first=Niamh |last=Cavanagh |newspaper=[[Yahoo! News]] |location=London |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/the-us-is-sending-vampire-kits-to-ukraine-heres-how-they-work-090010937.html |date=31 August 2022 |title=The U.S. is sending 'Vampire' kits to Ukraine. Here's how they work. |quote=According to the Defense Department, the U.S. has given more than $13.5 billion to Ukraine since January 2021 and more than $15.5 billion since Kremlin-led forces annexed the southern peninsula of Crimea in 2014.}}</ref>

By August 2022, the United Kingdom had provided military aid to the value of £2.3bn ($2.8bn). This included three [[M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System]]s, some 5,000 [[NLAW]] anti-tank missiles, "hundreds" of [[Brimstone (missile)|Brimstone missile]]s, 120 armoured vehicles including [[Cougar (MRAP)|Mastiff Protected Patrol Vehicle]]s, and heavy-lift drones.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-61482305 |title=What weapons are being given to Ukraine by the UK? |last=Brown |first=David |date=11 August 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> Additionally, 10,000 Ukrainian soldiers were in an intensive 120-day infantry training course at four bases in Britain, delivered by a multi-national team of trainers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-england-russia-northern-ireland-british-army-b2145483.html |title=Urban combat and beyond: Ukrainian recruits get UK training |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=15 August 2022 |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media Limited |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref>

On 8 September 2022, US secretary of state Blinken announced $2 billion in aid to Ukraine and eighteen partners in the defence industrial base.<ref name="tBlinken8sep22">{{cite news |first1=Matthew |last1=Lee |first2=Karl |last2=Ritter |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[HuffPost]] |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/blinken-kyiv-unveils-us-military-aid-for-ukraine-europe_n_6319c333e4b046aa02317dcf |date=8 September 2022 |location=Kyiv |title=Blinken, In Kyiv, Unveils $2 Billion In U.S. Military Aid For Ukraine, Europe}}</ref> In addition US secretary of defense Austin announced the 20th drawdown package —up to $675 million for Ukraine military aid at the Ukraine Defense Contact Group meeting in Germany, as well as discussion of initiatives for the respective industrial bases of the Defense Contact Group, in order to defend Ukraine's sovereign territory for the long haul.<ref name="jGaramone">{{cite news |first=Jim |last=Garamone |work=DoD News |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3151644/contact-group-meeting-signals-long-term-support-for-ukraine/ |date=7 September 2022 |title=Contact Group Meeting Signals Long-Term Support for Ukraine}}</ref><ref name="lAustin8sep22">{{cite press release |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Speeches/Speech/Article/3151796/opening-remarks-by-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iii-at-the-fifth-ukraine/ |date=8 September 2022 |title=Opening Remarks by Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III at the Fifth Ukraine Defense Contact Group (As Delivered) |location=Ramstein Air Base, Germany}}</ref> On 28 September William LaPlante, US under-secretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment ([[Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment|USD (A&S)]]) met in Brussels with 40 counterparts in the Ukraine Defense Contact Group. On the agenda was the identification of industrial suppliers of replacement materiel such as gun barrels, ball bearings, steel casings, and microchips, without which the existing military aid will eventually cease to function due to heavy use on the battlefield.<ref name= laplante1 >{{cite news |first=Valerie |last=Insinna |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/us-partners-meeting-on-sept-28-on-industrial-strategies-for-arming-ukraine/ |date=23 September 2022 |title=US, partners meeting on Sept. 28 on industrial strategies for arming Ukraine |location=Washington |newspaper=Breaking Defense |via=BreakingDefense.com}}</ref> LaPlante later noted that a policy of "interoperability, but interchangeability, with multiple plants in multiple countries making identical items" will have a deterrent effect on the adversaries of those countries, as well as on the adversaries of Ukraine.<ref name= laplante2 >{{cite magazine |first=John A. |last=Tirpak |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/laplante-congress-will-support-multiyear-weapons-munitions-procurements/ |date=4 November 2022 |title=LaPlante: Congress Will Support Multiyear Weapons Procurements |quote="interoperability, but interchangeability" will enable "surge requests" for Ukraine |magazine=[[Air & Space Forces Association|Air & Space Forces Magazine]]}}</ref> Arms suppliers from Eastern Europe are also arming Ukraine using Ukraine Defense Contacts.<ref name= eastEuArmsUkr >Reuters [https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/weapons-industry-booms-eastern-europe-arms-ukraine-2022-11-24/ (24 Nov 2022) Weapons industry booms as Eastern Europe arms Ukraine]</ref>

On 15 September 2022, US president Biden announced his 21st drawdown package, worth $600 million in military aid to Ukraine in light of the [[2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive]].<ref name="21stDrawdown">{{cite news |first1=Lolita C. |last1=Baldor |first2=Matthew |last2=Lee |work=[[The Associated Press]] |url=https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/09/16/us-sends-new-military-aid-for-ukraine-to-boost-momentum/ |date=16 September 2022 |title=US sends new military aid for Ukraine to boost momentum}}</ref>

On 28 September 2022, the US department of defense announced a USAI (Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative) package worth up to $1.1 billion, which will purchase 18 additional HIMARS systems and their associated rockets from vendors in the future.<ref name=usai28Sep22/> By 28 September 16 HIMARS systems drawn from the US and an additional 10 equivalent systems from the allies were in service in Ukraine. This USAI package was also to include 150 Humvees ([[HMMWV]]s), 150 tactical vehicles, 20 multi-mission radars, explosive ordnance disposal equipment, body armor and tactical secure communications systems, surveillance systems and optics.<ref name=usai28Sep22>{{cite news |first=C. Todd |last=Lopez |work=DOD News |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3173752/latest-us-support-for-ukraine-targets-long-term-security-investment/ |date=28 September 2022 |title=Latest U.S. Support for Ukraine Targets Long-Term Security Investment}}
* {{Cite web |website=media.defense.gov |url=https://media.defense.gov/2022/Sep/28/2003087045/-1/-1/1/UKRAINE-FACT-SHEET-SEP-28.PDF |date=28 September 2022 |title=Immediate Release: Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine}}</ref> Training for Ukrainian troops, maintenance, and sustainment were included in this long-term package, totaling $16.2 billion in aid since the beginning of the 2022 invasion.<ref name=usai28Sep22/>

;Proposal for a Kyiv Security Compact {{anchor |Kyiv Security Compact}}
In September 2022, former NATO Secretary General [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]] delivered a proposal for a long lasting [[Kyiv Security Compact]] to President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], on legally binding security guarantees for Ukraine from a coalition of Western countries to bolster its ability to fend off Russian attacks through extensive joint training, the provision of advanced defense weapons systems, and support to develop the country's own defense industrial base.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[President of Ukraine]]|url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/glavi-derzhavi-prezentuvali-paket-rekomendacij-shodo-bezpeko-77737|date=13 September 2022|title=A package of recommendations on security guarantees for Ukraine prepared by the Yermak-Rasmussen Group was presented to the President}}</ref>

;Lend-Lease for Ukraine {{anchor |Lend-Lease for Ukraine}}
On 1 October 2022 [[Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022|Lend-Lease for Ukraine]] came into effect.{{efn|name=lendLease|1=First day of the [[fiscal year]] of the US government.<ref name= kyivPost >{{Cite news |work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]] |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/us-law-on-lend-lease-for-ukraine-enters-into-force.html |date=1 October 2022 |title=US Law on Lend-Lease for Ukraine Enters into Force}}</ref>}} A proposal to administer US security assistance as part of [[EUCOM]] is under consideration at [[the Pentagon]].<ref name=newEucomCmd/> This plan would systematise the services currently being provided to Ukraine on an ''[[ad hoc]]'' basis, and would provide a long-term vehicle for countering Russian plans under the provisions of the Lend-Lease act, and for coordinating Allied aid for Ukraine's defense with Ukrainian requests at a single point of contact in Wiesbaden, Germany.<ref name= newEucomCmd >{{cite news |first=Eric |last=Schmitt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/29/us/politics/pentagon-command-ukraine.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 September 2022 |title=A new Pentagon plan would train and arm troops against Russia}}</ref><ref name= orenBarbara />

On 4 October 2022 the 22nd Presidential drawdown from US stocks to Ukraine, $625 million in security assistance, included a tailored package: 4 more [[HIMARS]] systems and their associated rockets; 16 more [[M777]] 155mm howitzers and 75,000 155mm rounds; 500 [[M982 Excalibur]] precision-guided 155mm rounds; 1,000 155mm rounds of remote anti-armor mine systems; 16 more 105mm [[M119 howitzer]]s; 30,000 120&nbsp;mm mortar rounds; 200 mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles ([[MRAP]]s); 200,000 rounds of small arms ammunition; and [[Claymore mine]]s. The package responds to current Ukrainian ammunition consumption rates during their latest offensives; more aid is forthcoming according to [[Laura Cooper]], a US DoD deputy assistant secretary of defense.<ref name="22ndPda">{{cite news |first=C. Todd |last=Lopez |work=DOD News |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3179784/himars-excalibur-rounds-headed-for-ukraine-in-625-million-security-assistance-p/ |date=4 October 2022 |title=HIMARS, Excalibur Rounds Headed for Ukraine in $625 Million Security Assistance Package}}</ref> So far, the security assistance has totalled $16.8 billion to Ukraine.<ref name=22ndPda/>

On 14 October 2022 the 23rd Presidential drawdown from US stocks provided Ukraine $725 million in security assistance, including additional rounds for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS); 23,000 155mm howitzer rounds; 500 precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds; 5,000 155mm rounds of Remote Anti-Armor Mine (RAAM) Systems; 5,000 anti-tank weapons; High-speed Anti-radiation missiles (HARMs); more than 200 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs); small arms and more than 2,000,000 rounds of small arms ammunition; and medical supplies.<ref name="23rdPda">{{Cite press release |website=[[US Department of Defense]] |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3189571/725-million-in-additional-security-assistance-for-ukraine/ |date=14 October 2022 |title=$725 Million in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine |publisher=[[United States Secretary of Defence]]}}</ref> So far, the security assistance has totalled $18.2 billion to Ukraine since January 2021.<ref name=23rdPda/>

On 17 October 2022 the European Union approved €500 million ($486 million) in weapons for Ukraine,<ref name=blejean/> and a two-year training mission under the command of Vice Admiral [[Hervé Bléjean]] (France) for 15,000 Ukrainian troops, initially.<ref name=blejean/> The training, at the "individual, collective and specialized" levels would be held in Germany and Poland, and would be open to other nations as well. The planned training cost would be nearly €107 million.<ref name="blejean">{{cite news |author=[[Associated Press]] |work=Defence News |url=https://www.defensenews.com/training-sim/2022/10/17/eu-approves-486-million-for-ukraine-plus-training-mission/ |date=17 October 2022 |title=EU approves $486 million for Ukraine, plus training mission}}</ref>

;Aid in construction of a missile defence system{{anchor|Missile defence of Ukraine}}
Missile defence of Ukraine was arriving piecemeal;{{efn|name=piecemealAmd|1=After the 8 October [[#Crimean Bridge explosion|§ Crimean Bridge explosion]] Ukraine suffered widespread missile attacks (10 October 2022).<ref name="npr10Oct2022">{{cite news |first1=Julian |last1=Hayda |first2=Jason |last2=Beaubien |first3=Kat |last3=Lonsdorf |first4=Charles |last4=Maynes |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/10/1127794708/explosions-hit-kyiv-and-other-cities |date=10 October 2022 |title=Deadly missile strikes hit Kyiv as explosions reported in other cities across Ukraine}}</ref> Russia made over 190 strikes in 12 days.<ref name="190Strikes">{{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FttZRyCStCw |date=19 October 2022 |title=Why Ukrainian officials are confident they can defeat Russia |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name=ukraineMissileDefenseSystem/>}} in Brussels on 12 October 2022, US Army General [[Mark Milley]] suggested to the Ukraine Defense Contact Group{{efn|name=UkraineContactGroup}} that the allies of Ukraine "chip in to help Ukraine rebuild and sustain an integrated air and missile defense system" from the contributed air and missile defence system materiel.<ref name="ukraineMissileDefenseSystem">{{cite news |first1=Ellie |last1=Kaufman |first2=Oren |last2=Liebermann |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/12/politics/milley-ukraine-air-defense/index.html |date=12 October 2022 |title=Top American general says US and allies need to help Ukraine build a comprehensive missile defence system}}</ref> Specifically, Ukraine would need to link together and integrate their existing materiel and radars with "[[command and control]] and communication systems".<ref name=ukraineMissileDefenseSystem/><ref name= udcgNov22 />{{rp|15:15}}<ref name="linkC3">{{cite AV media |date=12 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pdnvmNZ5oA |title=In full: US Secretary of Defence holds news conference |publisher=[[Sky News]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013161310/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pdnvmNZ5oA |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|minute 20:25}}{{efn|name=UkrAirDefense |1=On 31 October 2022 Ukraine intercepted 45 missiles out of 55 fired.<ref name="45of55">{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Lister |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-10-31-22/index.html |date=31 October 2022 |title=Majority of Russian missiles brought down by air defenses during Monday's attack, Zelensky says 45 intercepted out of 55 fired}}</ref>}}

On 28 October 2022 [[the Pentagon]] announced the 24th Presidential drawdown of materiel worth $275 million; the security assistance has totalled $18.5 billion to Ukraine since January 2021.<ref name="stripes28Oct22">{{Cite web |first=Corey |last=Dickstein |website=Stars and Stripes |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2022-10-28/ukraine-military-aid-russia-war-7842528.html |date=28 October 2022 |title=US sends more military aid to Ukraine that includes ammunition, mines and satellite antennas}}</ref> The aid includes 500 Excalibur precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds, 2000 155mm remote anti-armor mine systems, more than 1,300 anti-armor weapons, more than 2.75 million rounds of small arms ammunition, more HIMARS rockets, 125 [[HMMWV|Humvees]], and four satellite communications antennas for Ukraine's [[command and control]] systems, as well as training for operation of the [[NASAMS]] units.{{efn|name=nasamsImminent}} Two NASAMS units arrived in Ukraine on 7 November 2022.<ref name=stripes28Oct22/><ref name= 2nasams >{{cite news |first1=Mick |last1=Krever |first2=Kevin |last2=Liptak |first3=Maegan |last3=Vazquez |first4=Sam |last4=Fossum |location=Kyiv and Washington |newspaper=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-11-07-22/h_ad68c67c022998c226a3bb324044d02e |date=7 November 2022 |title=New advanced air defenses systems have arrived in Ukraine |quote=The White House in October said it would expedite the delivery of two [National Advanced Surface to Air Missile] Systems.}}</ref>{{efn|name=nasams16Nov22|1=As of 16 November 2022 the NASAMS had a 100% kill rate against their targets.<ref name= tTritten >{{cite news |first=Travis |last=Tritten |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraine-edge-against-russia-winter-210825600.html |date=16 November 2022 |title=Ukraine Has the Edge Against Russia as Winter Descends, US Defense Secretary Says |newspaper=[[Yahoo! News]] |agency=[[Military.com]]}}</ref><ref name= udcgNov22 >{{cite AV media |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m313YnbWU1U |date=16 November 2022 |title=Pentagon gives update after missile hits Poland |quote=4 hour Ukraine Defense Contact Group, 7th meeting, with 50 nations 47:21}}</ref><ref>{{cite speech |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/3220910/secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iii-and-army-general-mark-a-milley-chairman/ |title=Transcript: Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III and Army General Mark A. Milley, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hold a Press Briefing Following Ukrainian Defense Contact Group Meeting |last1=Austin III |first1=Lloyd J. |author1-link=Lloyd Austin |last2=Milley |first2=Mark A. |author2-link=Mark Milley |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |date=16 November 2022}}</ref>}}

;Security Assistance Group Ukraine (SAGU){{anchor|SAGU}}
By 21 July 2022, the [[EUCOM]] Control Center-Ukraine/International Donor Coordination Centre (ECCU/IDCC) a joint cell formed in March 2022 had trained 1,500 Ukrainian Armed Forces members on coalition-donated equipment.<ref name= eccuIdcc >{{Cite news |last=Machi |first=Vivienne |date=21 July 2022 |title=Inside the multinational logistics cell coordinating military aid for Ukraine |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/07/21/inside-the-multinational-logistics-cell-coordinating-military-aid-for-ukraine/ |newspaper=[[Defense News]] |location=Stuttgart, Germany}}</ref> By 4 November 2022, the equipment shipments, and training measures of the Ukraine Contact Group had become repeatable enough to systematise in a Security Assistance Group Ukraine ([[Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative#SAGU|SAGU]]), based in Wiesbaden, Germany.<ref name= orenBarbara >{{cite news |first1=Oren |last1=Liebermann |first2=Barbara |last2=Starr |newspaper=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/29/politics/pentagon-new-command-arming-training-ukraine |date=29 September 2022 |title=Pentagon working to form new command to coordinate arming and training Ukraine}}</ref><ref name= dougWare >{{cite news |first=Doug G. |last=Ware |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2022-11-04/ukraine-military-aid-russian-war-7924990.html |date=4 November 2022 |title=Pentagon announces another $400 million in military aid to Ukraine, establishes headquarters in Germany to handle shipments and training |location=Washington |quote=The department also announced the creation of a new security headquarters in Germany that will handle weapons shipments and personnel training. It will be called the Security Assistance Group Ukraine, or SAGU.}}</ref><ref name= megMyers >{{cite news |first=Meghann |last=Myers |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2022/11/09/long-term-assistance-command-to-oversee-training-mission-with-ukraine/ |date=9 November 2022 |title=Long-term assistance command to oversee training mission with Ukraine}}</ref>

On 4 November 2022 [[the Pentagon]] announced a $400 million [[Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative|USAI]] security assistance package to refurbish 45 [[T-72]] tanks from the Czech Republic with "advanced optics, communications and armor packages";<ref name= usai400million >{{cite news |first1=Idrees |last1=Ali |first2=Mike |last2=Stone |first3=Jan |last3=Lopatka |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-announces-400-million-new-military-aid-ukraine-2022-11-04/ |date=4 November 2022 |title=U.S. announces $400 million in new military aid for Ukraine |location=Washington}}</ref> in addition 1,100 [[Phoenix Ghost]] tactical [[unmanned aerial system]]s (UASs), and "40 armored riverine boats" are in the package.<ref name= usai400million /> The combined additional aid amounts to 90 more T-72s by year-end 2022, plus 250 [[M1117 Armored Security Vehicle]]s furnished for the first time, as well as the refurbished HAWK missiles from the Czech Republic, which will serve on the HAWK launchers from Spain. On 10 November, the $400 million aid announcement was clarified: 4 Stinger-based air defense [[AN/TWQ-1 Avenger]]s, to counter the Iranian drones, were provided to Ukraine for the first time, as well as additional HIMARS rockets, 10,000 mortar rounds, thousands of 155mm howitzer rounds, 400 grenade launchers, 100 [[HMMWV|Humvees]], 20 million rounds of small arms ammunition, and cold-weather gear.<ref name= avengers >{{cite news |first1=Lolita C. |last1=Baldor |first2=Matthew |last2=Lee |agency=The [[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.defensenews.com/news/pentagon-congress/2022/11/10/us-sending-ukraine-400-million-in-military-aid/ |date=10 November 2022 |title=US sending Ukraine $400 million in military aid |newspaper=[[Defense News]]}}</ref> So far, the 20 HIMARS launchers drawn from US stocks are still in service; hundreds of [[T-72]]s have already been provided by Poland and other nations; the [[Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative|USAI]] security assistance has totalled $18.9 billion to Ukraine since January 2021.<ref name= usai400Mm >{{cite news |first=Lara |last=Seligman |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/11/04/pentagon-will-pay-to-upgrade-dozens-of-soviet-era-tanks-for-ukraine-00065203 |date=4 November 2022 |title=Pentagon will pay to upgrade dozens of Soviet-era tanks for Ukraine |quote=the Netherlands [refurbish] another 45 Czech [[T-72|T-72 tanks]] for a total of 90. Other NATO countries, including Poland, have already donated hundreds of older T-72s. The latest U.S. aid package also [...] upgrade[s] a number of American Hawk air defense missiles [to] complement the Hawk launchers Spain recently committed [...] The package also includes [...] 250 [[M1117 Armored Security Vehicle|M1117 armored vehicles]] [...] as well as 40 riverine boats, and 1,100 [[Phoenix Ghost]] drones.}}</ref>

On 15 November 2022 the US White House Office of Management and Budget asked Congress for an additional $38 billion in fiscal year 2023 in aid for Ukraine.<ref name= 38billionMore >{{cite news |first=Bryant |last=Harris |url=https://www.defensenews.com/congress/budget/2022/11/15/white-house-requests-38-billion-more-in-ukraine-aid/ |date=15 November 2022 |title=White House requests $38 billion more in Ukraine aid |location=Washington |work=[[Defense News]]}}</ref> The supplemental funding request included $21.7 billion in security assistance, $14.5 billion in US State department sources and USAID sources to be provided to Ukraine's government, humanitarian relief, and global food security, as well as a $900 million request for the Department of Health and Human Services, to "provide standard assistance health care and support services to Ukrainian parolees"; in addition a $626 million Energy Department request would aid nuclear security at the power plant in Zaporizhzhia.<ref name= 38billionMore /> In addition the US White House is requesting that Congress grant $7 billion in additional presidential drawdown authority from existing Defense department materiel.<ref name= 38billionMore /> Were Congress to grant this fourth request, the total aid to Ukraine would be $104 billion in less than a year.<ref name= 38billionMore />

On 17 November 2022, it was reported that Israel approved the transfer of weapons systems with Israeli parts, via NATO countries including the UK. These include advanced fire-control and electro-optic systems. It also agreed to buy strategic materials for the Ukrainian armed forces.<ref>{{Cite news |title=בלחץ אמריקאי, ישראל מימנה רכישת "חומרים אסטרטגיים" עבור אוקראינה |language=he |work=הארץ |trans-title=Under American Pressure, Israel to finance the purchase of "strategic materials" for Ukraine |trans-work=[[Haaretz]] |last=Melman |first=Yossi |author-link=Yossi Melman |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/blogs/yossimelman/2022-11-17/ty-article/.premium/00000184-8163-d85a-a584-cd6358860000 |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

On 23 November 2022 the Pentagon announced its 26th drawdown package of up to $400 million in aid.<ref name= 26thPkg >Stephen Losey [https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/11/23/us-to-send-anti-drone-machine-guns-air-defense-ammunition-to-ukraine/ (23 November 2022) US to send anti-drone machine guns, air defense ammunition to Ukraine]</ref> The aid consisted of more HIMARS rockets, more high-speed anti-radiation missiles ([[AGM-88 HARM]]s), 200 precision-guided 155mm artillery [[M982 Excalibur]] rounds, 150 heavy machine guns to shoot down drones, additional [[NASAMS]] missiles for air defense, 150 [[Humvee]]s, over 100 additional light tactical vehicles, over 200 electical generators, 20 million rounds of small arms ammunition, and spare parts for 105mm howitzers.<ref name= 26thPkg />

On 9 December 2022 the Pentagon announced the US president had authorized the 27th drawdown package of up to $275 million in aid to Ukraine for additional [[HIMARS]] rockets, 80,000 155mm artillery rounds, counter-unmanned aerial systems (counter-[[unmanned aerial system|UAS]]s), counter air defense equipment, HMMWVs ([[Humvee]]s) Ambulances and medical equipment, nearly 150 generators, and field equipment.<ref name= 27thPkg >US DoD [https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3241679/275-million-in-additional-assistance-for-ukraine/ (9 December 2022) $275 Million in Additional Assistance for Ukraine]</ref>

On 21 December 2022 [[Antony Blinken]] of the US State department announced the 28th drawdown of aid for Ukraine, a $1 billion package consisting of a [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot missile battery]]; in addition the Pentagon announced $850 million of security assistance for Ukraine under its Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative. Training in the use of these Patriot missiles will be required for Ukraine's troops.<ref name=28thPackage >Antony Blinken, Secretary of State [https://www.state.gov/1-85-billion-in-additional-u-s-military-assistance-including-the-first-transfer-of-patriot-air-defense-system/ (21 December 2022) $1.85 Billion in Additional U.S. Military Assistance, Including the First Transfer of Patriot Air Defense System]</ref> The materiel also included [[JDAM]] kits<ref name= jdams >Chris Gordon [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/biden-gives-ukraine-patriot-system-jdams-as-zelenskyy-visits-u-s/ (21 December 2022) Biden Gives Ukraine Patriot System, JDAMs, as Zelenskyy Visits U.S.] [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]]s</ref> for Precision aerial munitions. Additional aid from the drawdown included: additional ammunition for [[HIMARS]] High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems;
500 [[precision-guided munition|precision-guided 155mm artillery]] rounds; 
10 120mm mortar systems and 10,000 120mm mortar rounds; 
10 82mm mortar systems; 
10 60mm mortar systems; 
37 Cougar Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles; 
120 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles ([[Humvee]]s); 
Six armored utility trucks; 
High-speed anti-radiation missiles; 
2,700 grenade launchers and small arms; 
Claymore anti-personnel munitions; 
Demolition munitions and equipment; 
Night vision devices and optics; 
Tactical secure communications systems; and 
Body armor and other field equipment. The USAI (from industry rather than from DoD stocks) will be: 45,000 152mm artillery rounds; 
20,000 122mm artillery rounds; 
50,000 122mm GRAD rockets; 
100,000 rounds of 125mm tank ammunition; and
Satellite communications terminals and services; 
Funding for training, maintenance and sustainment.<ref name=28thPackDetail >David Vergun, DOD News [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3253206/ukraine-getting-patriot-battery-other-defense-weapons/ (21 December 2022) Ukraine Getting Patriot Battery, Other Defense Weapons]</ref>

=== Foreign military involvement ===
{{further|International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine}}
Although NATO and the EU have publicly taken a strict policy of "no boots on the ground" in Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite news |last=LeBlanc |first=Paul |date=28 February 2022 |title=Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/27/politics/us-troops-ukraine-russia-what-matters/index.html |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> the United States has significantly increased the secret involvement of special operations military and [[CIA]] operatives in support of Ukrainian forces since the beginning of the invasion.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Risen |first1=James |last2=Klippenstein |first2=Ken |title=The CIA Thought Putin Would Quickly Conquer Ukraine. Why Did They Get It So Wrong? |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/10/05/russia-ukraine-putin-cia/ |website=[[The Intercept]] |date=5 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> In addition, Ukraine has actively sought volunteers from other countries. On 1 March, Ukraine temporarily lifted visa requirements for foreign volunteers who wished to join the fight against Russian forces. The move came after Zelenskyy created the [[International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine]] and called on volunteers to "join the defence of Ukraine, Europe and the world".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Timsit |first1=Annabelle |last2=Taylor |first2=Adam |last3=Cheng |first3=Amy |date=1 March 2022 |title=Ukraine is asking foreigners to help fight Russia. Some are heeding the call, despite enormous risks. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/01/ukraine-visa-volunteer-fighters-russia/ |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> The U.S. also assisted Ukraine with military planning, including war-gaming counteroffensive options.<ref name=economist-20221215>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/ukraines-fateful-winter |title=Volodymyr Zelensky and his generals explain why the war hangs in the balance |magazine=The Economist |url-access=limited |date=15 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022 |quote=Advancing 84km south through Zaporizhia province to Melitopol would suffice, says General Zaluzhny, because it would put HIMARS launchers within range of Russian supply lines to the peninsula, making the enemy’s positions untenable. Ukrainian officials say that this approach was discussed and war-gamed earlier in the year with General Mark Milley, America’s top soldier and Lieutenant-General Chris Donahue, commander of America’s 18th Airborne Corps, which co-ordinated Western training and equipment for Ukraine until recently.}}</ref>

Ukraine's foreign minister [[Dmytro Kuleba]] stated that as of 6 March, approximately 20,000 foreign nationals from 52 countries have volunteered to fight.<ref name="Abend-2022-03-07">{{Cite magazine |last=Abend |first=Lisa |date=7 March 2022 |title=Meet the Foreign Fighters Risking Their Lives in Ukraine |url=https://time.com/6155670/foreign-fighters-ukraine-europe/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> Most of these volunteers joined the newly created International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine.<ref name="Abend-2022-03-07"/> On 9 June, the [[Donetsk People's Republic]] sentenced three foreign volunteers to death. Two of them were British citizens and one was a Moroccan national.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bilefsky |first1=Dan |last2=Hopkins |first2=Valerie |date=9 June 2022 |title=3 Foreign Fighters in Ukraine's Army Sentenced to Death in Russian-Held Territory |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/world/europe/ukraine-army-death-sentence-russia.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609200521/http://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/world/europe/ukraine-army-death-sentence-russia.html/ |archive-date=9 June 2022 |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2022 |title=Britons, Moroccan sentenced to death in separatist-held Ukraine |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/9/foreign-fighters-sentenced-to-death-in-separatist-held |url-status=live |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609170847/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/9/foreign-fighters-sentenced-to-death-in-separatist-held |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> The foreign prisoners were later released.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roman Abramovich 'played key part' in release of Aiden Aslin and prisoners of war in Russia |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/09/22/british-freedom-fighter-freed-prisoner-swap-hailed-ukrainian/ |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=22 September 2022}}</ref>

On 3 March, [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian Defence Ministry]] spokesman [[Igor Konashenkov]] warned that [[Unlawful combatant|mercenaries are not entitled]] to protection under the [[Geneva Conventions]], and captured foreign fighters would not be considered prisoners of war, but prosecuted as criminals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lemon |first=Jason |date=3 March 2022 |title=Russia Vows Prosecution of Foreign Fighters After 16K Join Ukraine |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-vows-prosecution-foreign-fighters-after-16k-join-ukraine-1684671 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, however, on 11 March, Moscow announced that 16,000 volunteers from the Middle East were ready to join other pro-Russian foreign fighters alongside the Donbas separatists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Putin seeks foreign volunteers to fight in Ukraine |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60705486 |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A video uploaded online showed armed Central African paramilitaries preparing to fight in Ukraine with Russian troops.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ball |first=Tom |date=11 March 2022 |title=African fighters prepare to join Russian troops |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/african-fighters-prepare-to-join-russian-troops-in-ukraine-jmhqlxrtv |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

On 21 October, a White House press release stated that [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces|Iranian troops]] were in Crimea assisting Russia in launching [[2022 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure|drone attacks]] against civilians and civilian infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Miller |first2=Zeke |title=US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes |url=https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-8b085070758120c31d421f68a65e4b14?utm_source=homepage&utm_medium=TopNews&utm_campaign=position_05 |date=21 October 2022 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> On 24 November Ukrainian officials said the military had killed ten Iranians and would target any further Iranian military presence in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-november-25 |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}</ref>

=== Foreign sanctions and ramifications ===
{{Main|International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War#By Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and Australia |Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{further|2021–2022 global energy crisis|2022 food crises|2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute|Restriction of transit with the Kaliningrad Oblast}}
{{See also|Russia in the European energy sector}}
[[File:President Biden on 2022 Russia invasion.webm|thumb|US president [[Joe Biden]]'s statements and a short question and answer session on 24 February 2022]]
[[Western countries]] and others imposed limited sanctions on Russia when it recognised Donbas as an independent nation. When the attack began, many other countries applied sanctions intended to cripple the Russian economy.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Funakoshi |first1=Minami |last2=Lawson |first2=Hugh |last3=Deka |first3=Kannaki |date=9 March 2022 |title=Tracking sanctions against Russia |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/UKRAINE-CRISIS/SANCTIONS/byvrjenzmve/ |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> The sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, bank transfers, exports, and imports.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Melander |first1=Ingrid |last2=Gabriela |first2=Baczynska |date=24 February 2022 |title=EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-launch-new-sanctions-against-russia-over-barbaric-attack-ukraine-2022-02-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226002323/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-launch-new-sanctions-against-russia-over-barbaric-attack-ukraine-2022-02-24/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-sanctions-putin-lavrov/31723682.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226005425/https://www.rferl.org/a/eu-sanctions-putin-lavrov/31723682.html |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> The sanctions cut major Russian banks from [[SWIFT]], the global messaging network for international payments, but left some limited accessibility to ensure the continued ability to pay for gas shipments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western allies will remove Russian banks from Swift |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-60517447 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Sanctions also included asset freezes on the [[Russian Central Bank]], which holds $630&nbsp;billion in [[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|foreign-exchange reserves]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Davidson |first1=Kate |last2=Weaver |first2=Aubree Eliza |date=28 February 2022 |title=The West declares economic war on Russia |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-money/2022/02/28/the-west-declares-economic-war-on-russia-00012208 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-money/2022/02/28/the-west-declares-economic-war-on-russia-00012208 |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> to prevent it from offsetting the impact of sanctions<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fleming |first1=Sam |last2=Solomon |first2=Erika |last3=Borrelli |first3=Silvia Sciorilli |date=26 February 2022 |title=Italy move adds to EU momentum for cutting Russian banks from Swift |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/073a37d5-4daf-49ed-b5bc-a4682ef1aa88 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.ft.com/content/073a37d5-4daf-49ed-b5bc-a4682ef1aa88 |archive-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pop |first=Valentina |date=25 February 2022 |title=EU leaders agree more Russia sanctions, but save some for later |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8b99b33b-92b0-42f4-ac02-ecbc9fae4c4c |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://www.ft.com/content/8b99b33b-92b0-42f4-ac02-ecbc9fae4c4c |archive-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> and froze the [[Nord Stream 2]] gas pipeline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chazan |first=Guy |date=22 February 2022 |title=Scholz takes heat off Germany with decision to freeze Nord Stream 2 project |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/60e42ac2-03d8-4faf-ad88-9f92982420f5 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.ft.com/content/60e42ac2-03d8-4faf-ad88-9f92982420f5 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |issn=0307-1766}}</ref> By 1 March, total Russian assets frozen by sanctions amounted to $1&nbsp;trillion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Charles |date=1 March 2022 |title=The West's $1 trillion bid to collapse Russia's economy |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/01/business/russia-economy-sanctions/index.html}}</ref>

[[File:EUR-RUB exchange rate.webp|thumb|300px|[[Euro|EUR]]/[[Ruble]] exchange rate (Rubles per Euro)]]
[[File:Russian inflation rate.webp|thumb|300px|
{{legend|#EE220C|Russian inflation rate}}
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 3px|[[Central Bank of Russia]] key interest rate}}
]]
[[File:Russian bonds.webp|thumb|300px|Russian bonds, [[inverted yield curve]]s to tame inflation during their wars ([[Russo-Georgian War]], [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine)
{{legend-line|#FFD900 solid 3px|20 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|10 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#E4181C solid 3px|1 year bond}}
{{legend-line|#1C3578 solid 3px|3 month bond}}
]]

[[Kristalina Georgieva]], managing director of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), warned that the conflict posed a substantial economic risk both regionally and internationally. The IMF could help other countries affected, she said, in addition to the $2.2&nbsp;billion loan package for Ukraine. [[David Malpass]], [[president of the World Bank Group|president]] of the [[World Bank Group]], warned of far-reaching economic and social effects, and reported that the bank was preparing options for significant economic and fiscal support to Ukraine and the region.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IMF, World Bank Chiefs Warn Of Global Impacts From Ukraine War |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/imf-chief-warns-of-significant-economic-risk-from-ukraine-conflict-01645718108?tesla=y |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]}}</ref>

Economic sanctions affected Russia from the first day of the invasion, with its [[stock market]] falling by up to 39% ([[RTS Index]]). The [[Russian ruble]] fell to record lows, and Russians rushed to exchange currency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Mark |title=Russian stocks crash 33% and ruble plunges to record low |date=24 February 2022 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/24/investing/ruble-russian-stocks-crash/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224230229/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/24/investing/ruble-russian-stocks-crash/index.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Moscow Exchange resumes trading on its markets at 10:00am |url=https://www.moex.com/n41373ce |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224092209/https://www.moex.com/n41373 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[Moscow Exchange]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mudgill |first=Amit |date=24 February 2022 |title=Russian stocks nosedive 20% as trading resumes on Moscow Exchange |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publication-place=New Delhi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/russian-stocks-nosedive-20-as-trading-resumes-on-moscow-exchange/articleshow/89794446.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224073740/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/russian-stocks-nosedive-20-as-trading-resumes-on-moscow-exchange/articleshow/89794446.cms |archive-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Stock exchanges in Moscow and Saint Petersburg closed until at least 18 March,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2022 |title=Russian central bank decides not to reopen stock market trading next week |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-central-bank-decides-not-reopen-stock-market-trading-next-week-2022-03-12/}}</ref> the longest closure in Russia's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elbahrawy |first=Farah |date=4 March 2022 |title=Russia Keeps Stock Trading Shut in Nation's Longest Closure |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-04/russia-keeps-stock-trading-closed-in-nation-s-longest-shutdown |access-date=4 March 2022 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> On 26 February, [[S&P Global Ratings]] downgraded the Russian government [[List of countries by credit rating|credit rating]] to "junk", causing funds that require investment-grade bonds to dump Russian debt, making further borrowing very difficult for Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ostroff |first=Caitlin |date=26 February 2022 |title=Russia Cut to Junk Rating by S&P, Ukraine's Rating Lowered |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news-2022-02-26/card/grtPacmpCwsqrmnfKa2A |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220301/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news-2022-02-26/card/grtPacmpCwsqrmnfKa2A |archive-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> On 11 April, S&P Global placed Russia under "selective default" on its foreign debt for insisting on payments in rubles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2022 |title=Live updates: Russia invades Ukraine, country braces for major Donbas offensive |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-04-11-22/index.html |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> Dozens of corporations, including [[Unilever]], [[McDonald's]], [[Coca-Cola company|Coca-Cola]], [[Starbucks]], [[Hermès]], [[Chanel]], and [[Prada]] ceased trading in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2022 |title=Ukraine publishes list of 50 global brands that are continuing to operate in Russia |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-russia-brands-johnson-johnson-b2032710.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220625104453/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ukraine-russia-brands-johnson-johnson-b2032710.html |archive-date=25 June 2022}}</ref>

Peace talks and stability of international borders were discussed during the week of 9 May within both Sweden and Finland when their parliaments applied to become full members of NATO.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanner |first=Jari |date=12 May 2022 |title=Finland's leaders call for NATO membership 'without delay' |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/sweden-finland-sauli-niinisto-4ede1942b679dd15bd3021f9b194cbec |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>

On 24 March, [[Joe Biden]]'s administration issued an executive order that barred the sale of Russian [[gold reserve]]s by US citizens; other G7 leaders took similar action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Executive Order Sanctions the Trade of Russia's Gold Reserves |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/16135-u-s-executive-order-sanctions-the-trade-of-russia-s-gold-reserves |access-date=31 March 2022 |website=OCCRP}}</ref> Gold has been one of Russia's major avenues to protect its economy from the impact of the sanctions imposed since the 2014 annexation of Crimea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=David |date=11 April 2022 |title=Report: Isolated Russia Could Turn to Africa's Gold Industry |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/16185-report-isolated-russia-could-turn-to-africa-s-gold-industry |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=OCCRP}}</ref> In April 2022, Russia supplied 45% of EU's natural gas imports, earning $900&nbsp;million a day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2022 |title=Missiles fly, but Ukraine's pipeline network keeps Russian gas flowing to Europe |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/russian-gas-europe-1.6415652}}</ref> Russia is the world's largest exporter of natural gas,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Partington |first=Richard |date=1 March 2022 |title=UK manufacturers face higher costs as Ukraine crisis hits supply chains |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/mar/01/uk-manufacturers-face-higher-costs-as-ukraine-crisis-hits-supply-chains}}</ref> grains, and [[fertiliser]]s, and among the world's largest suppliers of [[crude oil]], coal, steel and metals,<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2022 |title=Russia faces major disruptions to oil, commodities flows without SWIFT |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-faces-major-disruptions-oil-commodities-flows-without-swift-2022-02-27/}}</ref> including [[palladium]], [[platinum]], gold, [[cobalt]], [[nickel]], and aluminium.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Matt |date=4 March 2022 |title=Metal prices soar after Russia's invasion of Ukraine |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |url=https://www.axios.com/metal-prices-russia-ukraine-invasion-7cc646b3-9876-4fed-ab0d-98cc5ae4d7ea.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2022 |title=Metals world agonizes over war but keeps buying from Russia |work=Mining.com |url=https://www.mining.com/web/metals-world-agonizes-over-war-but-keeps-buying-from-russia/}}</ref>

In May 2022, the [[European Commission]] proposed a ban on [[Russia in the European energy sector|oil imports from Russia]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chappell |first=Bill |date=4 May 2022 |title=The EU just proposed a ban on oil from Russia, its main energy supplier |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/04/1096596286/eu-europea-russia-oil-ban |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504173102/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/04/1096596286/eu-europea-russia-oil-ban |archive-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> With European policy-makers deciding to replace Russian fossil fuel imports with other [[Fossil fuel exporters|fossil fuels imports]] and European [[Coal in Europe|coal energy production]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2022 |location=Berlin |title=UN chief: Don't let Russia crisis fuel climate destruction |newspaper=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/chief-russia-crisis-fuel-climate-destruction-83573521 |last=Jordans |first=Frank |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410092324/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/chief-russia-crisis-fuel-climate-destruction-83573521 |archive-date=10 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2022 |title=EU warns of fossil fuel 'backsliding' as countries turn to coal |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/21/brussels-worried-about-eu-countries-shift-back-to-coal}}</ref> as well as due to Russia being "a key supplier" of materials used for "clean energy technologies", the reactions to the war may also have an overall negative impact on the [[Greenhouse gas emissions|climate emissions]] pathway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geman |first=Ben |date=14 March 2022 |title=The climate spillover of Russia's invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.axios.com/climate-spillover-russia-ukraine-war-91a11acb-5c23-440a-b011-ce71195af044.html |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> Due to the sanctions imposed on Russia, Moscow is now looking to capitalise on alternative trade routes as the country has practically broken all logistic corridors for trade.<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Jessie |last1=Yeung |first2=Hannah |last2=Ryan |first3=Luke |last3=McGee |first4=Adrienne |last4=Vogt |first5=Joe |last5=Ruiz |date=21 May 2022 |title=Russian transportation minister says sanctions have "practically broken all" logistics corridors for trade |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-05-21-22/h_b135cf557a352152f3a0f501193db208 |access-date=27 May 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

The [[2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute|Russia–EU gas dispute]] flared up in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2022 |title=Russian demand for ruble gas payments causes first shutdowns in Poland, Bulgaria |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russian-demand-for-rubles-for-gas-causes-first-shutdowns-in-poland-bulgaria/a-61602038 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> On 14 June, Russia's [[Gazprom]] announced that it would be slashing gas flow via the [[Nord Stream 1]] pipeline, due to what it claimed to be [[Siemens]]' failure to return on time compressor units that had been sent off to Canada for repair. The explanation was challenged by Germany's energy regulator.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2022 |title=RNord Stream 1 gas supply cut aimed at sowing uncertainty, Germany warns |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/german-minister-accuses-russia-finding-excuse-cut-nord-stream-1-gas-2022-06-15/ |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

On 17 June, president Putin spoke to investors at [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum]] about economic sanctions, saying that "the economic blitzkrieg against Russia had no chance of succeeding from the very beginning". He further claimed that the sanctions would hurt the countries imposing them more than they would hurt Russia, calling the restrictions "mad and thoughtless". He said to the investors: "Invest here. It's safer in your own house. Those who didn't want to listen to this have lost millions abroad".<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2022 |title=Russia's Putin condemns 'mad and thoughtless' Western sanctions |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61847300 |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref>

In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Estonia has removed a remaining Soviet era monument from a square in [[Narva]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2022 |title=Estonia Removes Soviet-era Monument, Citing Public Order |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-16/estonia-removes-soviet-monument-citing-public-order |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> After its removal Estonia was subject to "the most extensive cyberattack" since the [[2007 cyberattacks on Estonia]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Pascale |last=Davies |date=18 August 2022 |title=Estonia hit by 'most extensive' cyberattack since 2007 amid tensions with Russia over Ukraine war |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/08/18/estonia-hit-by-most-extensive-cyberattack-since-2007-amid-tensions-with-russia-over-ukrain |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=[[Euronews]]}}</ref>

On 25 August 2022, president Zelensky thanked president Biden for the $3 billion [[#Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative|USAI security aid package]] (24 August 2022), as well as the $3 billion World Bank financial aid package for Ukraine.<ref name="worldBankPackage">{{cite web |url=https://kucnews.com/news/ukraine/zelensky-and-bidens-phone-conversation-the-details-of-the-conversations-were-revealed-in-the-presidents-office-76120.html |date=25 August 2022 |title=Zelensky and Biden's Phone Conversation: The Details of the Conversations Were Revealed in the President's Office |website=kucnews.com |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> On 2 September, president Biden requested $13.7 billion "for equipment, intelligence support and direct budgetary support" to Ukraine from Congress.<ref name=jalonik>Mary Claire Jalonik [https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-biden-covid-health-government-and-politics-d595f46db6a300b31a8ae8e11d3da3f8 (2 Sep 2022) Biden seeks $47B for Ukraine, COVID-19, monkeypox, disasters] Over three-fourths of the $40 billion already approved by Congress has been expended or committed.</ref><ref name=feldscher>{{cite web |first=Jacquieline |last=Feldscher |url=https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2022/09/white-house-asks-congress-137b-ukraine/376712/ |date=2 September 2022 |title=White House Asks Congress For $13.7B for Ukraine |website=defenseone.com |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>

=== Foreign condemnation and protest ===
{{Main|Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine#Intergovernmental and international organizations|United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623|United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|Legality of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} The invasion received [[Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|widespread international condemnation]] and [[Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|protests occurred]] around the world. On 2 March, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] passed [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|UNGA resolution ES-11/1]] condemning the invasion and demanding a full withdrawal of Russian forces.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |date=2 March 2022 |title=UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text |access-date=25 March 2022 |quote=The General Assembly{{nbsp}}... [d]eplores in the strongest terms the aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine in violation of Article 2 (4) of the Charter}}</ref> The [[International Court of Justice]] ordered Russia to suspend military operations, and the [[Council of Europe]] expelled Russia. Many countries [[International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|imposed sanctions]] on Russia, which have [[Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|affected the economies]] of Russia and the world<ref name="Sanctions slams Russian economy">{{Cite news |last1=Chernova |first1=Anna |last2=Cotovio |first2=Vasco |last3=Thompson |first3=Mark |date=28 February 2022 |title=Sanctions slams Russian economy |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/business/russia-ruble-banks-sanctions/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228085645/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/28/business/russia-ruble-banks-sanctions/index.html |archive-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> and provided [[List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine]].<ref name="Al-Jazeera-2022-02-28"/> The [[International Criminal Court]] opened [[International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine|an investigation]] into [[crimes against humanity]] in Ukraine since 2013, as well as [[War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|war crimes in the 2022 invasion]].<ref name="auto5">{{Cite news |last=Corder |first=Mike |date=3 March 2022 |title=ICC prosecutor launches Ukraine war crimes investigation |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-genocides-crime-war-crimes-europe-499d7b6a9e955f659284b2edc6f1c508 |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416220634/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-genocides-crime-war-crimes-europe-499d7b6a9e955f659284b2edc6f1c508 |archive-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>

== Casualties <span class="anchor" id="Casualties"></span>==
{{see|Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War|Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas}}{{See also|List of Russian generals killed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine|List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War}}

=== Field casualties and injuries ===
Combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including [[satellite imagery]] and video footage of military actions.<ref name="MoraleIssue">{{Cite news |date=17 March 2022 |title=As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/16/us/politics/russia-troop-deaths.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316225152/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/16/us/politics/russia-troop-deaths.html |archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> Both Russian and Ukrainian sources are widely believed to inflate casualty numbers in opposing forces, while downplaying their own losses for the sake of morale. Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll.<ref name="fortune">{{Cite magazine |last=Meyer |first=David |date=14 March 2022 |title=Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war? |url=https://fortune.com/2022/03/14/ukraine-russia-death-tolls-misinformation-find-your-own/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |magazine=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |date=22 March 2022 |title=How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine? |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/22/how-many-russian-soldiers-died-ukraine-losses |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="tragedy">{{Cite news |date=8 April 2022 |title=Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/8/we-have-significant-losses-and-its-a-huge-tragedy-kremlin |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="untilwarends">{{Cite news |title=Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3443116-ukraine-not-to-reveal-own-military-death-toll-until-war-ends.html |work=[[Ukrinform]] |date=29 March 2022}}</ref> Russia and Ukraine admitted to suffering "significant" and "considerable" losses, respectively.<ref name="tragedy"/><ref name="untilwarends"/> [[BBC News]] reported in April 2022 that Ukrainian claims of Russian fatalities included the injured as well.<ref name="BBC R.C1">{{Cite news |last1=Ivshina |first1=Olga |last2=Prosvirova |first2=Olga |date=21 March 2022 |title=BBC investigation reveals confirmed Russian military deaths |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-60802572 |access-date=21 March 2022 |quote=Ukrainian military sources say that so far as many as 15,000 have been killed, though this figure may include injured as well as dead.}}</ref><ref name="BBC R.C2">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/live/news-61145316?ns_mchannel=social&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:3b8c4837-fda0-4eb1-b155-77299d8ade3f&pinned_post_asset_id=626507b8b1e16c43aefe7312&pinned_post_type=share |script-title=ru:ВСУ: Российские потери составляют почти 22 тысячи человек |title=VSU: Rossiyskiye poteri sostavlyayut pochti 22 tysyachi chelovek |trans-title=Armed Forces of Ukraine: Russian losses amount to almost 22 thousand people |work=[[BBC News Russian]] |date=24 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> [[Agence France-Presse]], as well as independent conflict monitors, reported that they had not been able to verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses, but suspected they were inflated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2022 |title=Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know |publisher=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220413-ukraine-conflict-death-toll-what-we-know |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>

The number of civilian and military deaths is impossible to determine with precision given the [[fog of war]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Khurshudyan |first1=Isabelle |last2=Witte |first2=Griff |date=26 February 2022 |title=Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/26/ukraine-deaths-casualties/ |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="MoraleIssue"/> On 12 October 2022, the independent Russian media project [[Important Stories|iStories]] reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded or gone missing in Ukraine, citing sources close to the Kremlin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's 'irrecoverable losses' in Ukraine: more than 90,000 troops dead, disabled, or AWOL |url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/10/12/russia-s-irrecoverable-losses-in-ukraine-more-than-90-000-troops-dead-disabled-or-awol |work=[[Meduza]] |date=12 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) estimates the number of civilian casualties to be considerably higher than the figure the United Nations has been able to certify.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Ukraine: Civilian casualties as of 24.00 15 March 2022 [EN/RU/UK] – Ukraine |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/ukraine-civilian-casualties-2400-15-march-2022-enruuk-0 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[ReliefWeb]]}}</ref> On 16 June, the Ukrainian Minister of Defense told CNN that he believed tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, adding that he hoped that the true death toll was below 100,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-06-16-22/h_255010f04309b11df83acfffc6a47042 |access-date=15 September 2022 |first1=Helen |last1=Regan |first2=Ivana |last2=Kottasová |first3=Sana Noor |last3=Haq |first4=Hafsa |last4=Khalil |first5=Adrienne |last5=Vogt |first6=Aditi |last6=Sangal |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> In the destroyed city of [[Mariupol]] alone, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yuhas |first=Alan |date=24 August 2022 |title=Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-toll.html |access-date=20 September 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but investigations of morgue records indicate many more,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shandra |first=Alya |date=30 August 2022 |title=87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer |work=[[Euromaidan Press]] |url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2022/08/30/87000-killed-civilians-documented-in-occupied-mariupol-volunteer/ |access-date=20 September 2022}}</ref> while still more bodies remain uncollected.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2022 |title=Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3564256-mariupol-invaders-dont-bother-to-clear-residential-buildings-of-newly-discovered-bodies.html |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=[[Ukrinform]]}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Breakdown
!scope="col"|Confirmed casualties
!scope="col"|Time period
!scope="col"|Source
|-
!scope="row"|'''Civilians'''
|'''6,884''' killed, '''10,947''' wounded{{efn|name=confirmedfigures|Confirmed figure by source, not final (confirmations ongoing), estimates are higher.}}<br />('''483''' killed, '''1,618''' wounded<br>in DPR/LPR areas)
|24 February – 25 December 2022
|United Nations<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2022 |title=Ukraine: civilian casualty update 26 December 2022 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2022/12/ukraine-civilian-casualty-update-26-december-2022|access-date=26 December 2022 |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''Ukrainian forces''' ([[Armed Forces of Ukraine|ZSU]], [[National Guard of Ukraine|NGU]], [[State Border Guard Service of Ukraine|SBGS]])
|'''10,000''' killed, '''30,000''' wounded
|24 February – 3 June 2022
|Ukrainian government<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2022 |title=10,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed, Kyiv says |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-61764008 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine lost about 10,000 soldiers in war with Russia – Arestovich – News |url=https://newsreadonline.com/ukraine-lost-about-10000-soldiers-in-war-with-russia-arestovich/ |website=newsreadonline.com |date=20 June 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''Ukrainian forces''' ([[Armed Forces of Ukraine|ZSU]])
|'''13,000+''' killed
|24 February – 2 December 2022
|Ukrainian government<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Up to 13,000 Ukraine soldiers killed since Russian invasion, says Kyiv |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/02/up-to-13000-ukraine-soldiers-killed-since-russian-invasion-says-kyiv |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''Russian forces''' ([[Russian Armed Forces|VSRF]], [[National Guard of Russia|Rosgvardiya]],<br />[[Federal Security Service|FSB]], [[Wagner Group|PMC Wagner]])
|'''10,771''' killed (confirmed<br />by names)
|24 February – 29 December 2022
|[[BBC News Russian]] & [[Mediazona]]<ref name="BBCMediazona">{{Cite news |title=Что известно о потерях России за 10 месяцев войны в Украине |trans-title=What is known about the losses of Russia during the 10 months of the war in Ukraine |work=[[BBC News Russian]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-64075658 |date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022}}<br />{{Cite news |date=30 December 2022 |title=Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated |work=[[Mediazona]] |url=https://zona.media/casualties |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''Russian forces''' ([[Russian Armed Forces|VSRF]])
|'''5,937''' killed
|24 February – 21 September 2022
|Russian government<ref>{{Cite news |title=Defence Minister Says 5,937 Russian Soldiers Killed In Ukraine |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/defence-minister-says-5-937-russian-soldiers-killed-in-ukraine-01663743607?refsec=topics_afp-news |access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''[[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|Donetsk People's Republic forces]]'''
|'''4,163''' killed, '''17,329''' wounded
|26 February – 16 December 2022
|Donetsk People's Republic{{efn|The DPR stated 4,176 of its servicemen were killed and 17,379 wounded between 1 January and 22 December 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period 17 and 23 December 2022 |url=https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-in-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-in-the-period-17-and-23-december-2022/}}<br>{{Cite web |title=The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period 10 and 16 December 2022 |url=https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-in-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-in-the-period-10-and-16-december-2022/}}</ref> of which 13 died and 50 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022,<ref name="ombudsman1"/> leaving a total of 4,163 killed and 17,329 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion.}}
|-
!scope="row"|'''[[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|Luhansk People's Republic forces]]'''
|'''1,000+''' killed
|24 February – 10 November 2022
|BBC News Russian & Mediazona<ref>{{Cite news |title=Стремительный рост потерь: что известно о погибших в Украине россиянах к ноябрю |trans-title=The rapid growth of losses: what is known about the Russians killed in Ukraine by November |work=[[BBC News Russian]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-63599537 |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>
|}

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|Breakdown
!scope="col"|Estimated & claimed casualties
!scope="col"|Time period
!scope="col"|Source
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |'''Civilians'''
|'''7,000–33,476+''' killed<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2022 |last=Tyshchenko |first=Kateryna |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraines-interior-ministry-reveals-number-180530508.html |title=Ukraines Interior Ministry reveals number of civilians Russians already killed and wounded in Ukraine |agency=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |newspaper=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref>{{efn|[[Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War#Civilian deaths|See table here]] for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities.}}
|24 February – 31 December 2022
|Ukrainian government
|-
|'''1,252''' killed, '''3,982''' wounded
|17 February – 28 December 2022
|DPR{{efn|The DPR stated 1,091 of its civilians were killed and 3,533 wounded between 1 January and 28 December 2022,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ombudsman-dnr.ru/obzor-soczialno-gumanitarnoj-situaczii-slozhivshejsya-na-territorii-doneczkoj-narodnoj-respubliki-vsledstvie-voennyh-dejstvij-v-period-s-24-po-30-dekabrya-2022-g/|title=Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г.}}</ref> of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022,<ref name="ombudsman1">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2022 |title=The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022 |url=https://eng.ombudsman-dnr.ru/the-overview-of-the-current-social-and-humanitarian-situation-in-the-territory-of-the-donetsk-peoples-republic-as-a-result-of-hostilities-in-the-period-from-19-and-25-february-2022/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic}}</ref> leaving a total of 1,083 killed and 3,510 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion.}} and LPR<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lug-info.com/en/news/169-lpr-residents-killed-in-ukrainian-artillery-strikes-since-february-jccc |title=169 LPR residents killed in Ukrainian artillery strikes since February - JCCC |website=lug-info.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''40,000''' killed and wounded
|24 February – 9 November 2022
|US estimate<ref name="100000Russian">{{Cite news |date=10 November 2022 |title=100,000 Russian troops killed or injured in Ukraine, US says|url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-zelenskyy-europe-army-joint-chiefs-of-staff-688e99d37f25ac8340b6a96a79a89abf |work=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=10 November 2022 |location=Washington |last=Copp |first=Tara}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-11-10/us-estimates-40000-ukraine-civilians-killed-or-wounded-in-russias-invasion |title=US estimates 40,000 Ukraine civilians killed or wounded in Russia's invasion |date=10 November 2022 |work=[[ITV News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/11/10/number-russian-troops-killed-injured-ukraine/|title='Well over' 100,000 Russian troops killed or wounded in Ukraine, U.S. says |last1=Lamothe |first1=Dan |last2=Sly |first2=Liz |last3=Timsit |first3=Annabelle |date=10 November 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |'''Ukrainian forces'''<br />([[Armed Forces of Ukraine|ZSU]], [[National Guard of Ukraine|NGU]], [[State Border Guard Service of Ukraine|SBGS]])
|'''61,207''' killed and '''49,368''' wounded
|24 February – 21 September 2022
|Russian government<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/russia-at-war-not-so-much-with-ukrainian-army-as-with-collective-west-defense-minister/2690655 |title=Russia at war not so much with Ukrainian army as with 'collective West:' Defense minister |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/09/21/7368409/ |title="No losses", but mobilisation still announced: Shoigu reveals Russia's losses in Ukraine |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.armenpress.am/eng/news/1093053/ |title=Russia reveals military losses in Ukraine |website=armenpress.am}}</ref>
|-
|'''100,000+''' killed and wounded
|24 February – 9 November 2022
|US<ref name="100000Russian"/> and [[European Commission|EC]] estimate<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-war/ukraine-says-casualty-figures-in-war-cannot-be-disclosed/2752498 Ukraine says casualty figures in war cannot be disclosed]<br>[https://www.brusselstimes.com/331245/ukraine-claims-10000-13000-soldiers-killed-in-war-so-far Ukraine claims '10,000-13,000' soldiers killed in war so far]<br>[https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2022/11/30/7151580/ European Commission Explains Its Mistake Regarding Allegedly 100,000 Ukrainian Soldiers Killed]<br>[https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-11-30-22/h_47b1449ebb06c8ee1c87ae6b521c6c75 EU seeks to set up specialized court to probe alleged Russian crimes in Ukraine]</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |'''Russian and other forces'''<br />([[Russian Armed Forces|VSRF]], [[National Guard of Russia|Rosgvardiya]], [[Federal Security Service|FSB]],<br />[[Wagner Group|PMC Wagner]], [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas|DPR & LPR]])
|'''100,000+''' killed and wounded
|24 February – 9 November 2022
|US estimate<ref name="100000Russian"/>
|-
|'''105,960''' killed
|24 February – 31 December 2022
|Ukrainian government<ref>{{Cite news |title=War in Ukraine – Total combat losses of the Russian forces for Day 311 |agency=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/ |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|'''Russian and other forces'''<br />([[Russian Armed Forces|VSRF]], [[National Guard of Russia|Rosgvardiya]], [[Federal Security Service|FSB]],<br />[[Wagner Group|PMC Wagner]])
|'''21,000''' killed and '''74,500''' wounded
|24 February – 29 December 2022
|BBC News Russian & Mediazona<ref name="BBCMediazona"/>
|}

=== Prisoners of war ===
{{See also|Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War#Prisoners of war|War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine#Treatment of prisoners of war|Olenivka prison massacre|Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan}}
Official statistics and estimates of [[prisoners of war]] (POW) have varied.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 April 2022 |title=Reliable death tolls from the Ukraine war are hard to come by – the result of undercounts and manipulation |url=https://theconversation.com/reliable-death-tolls-from-the-ukraine-war-are-hard-to-come-by-the-result-of-undercounts-and-manipulation-179905 |access-date=15 September 2022 |first=Neta C. |last=Crawford |magazine=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> In the initial stages of the invasion, on 24 February, [[Oksana Markarova]], Ukraine's ambassador to the US, said that a platoon of the [[74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade]] from [[Kemerovo Oblast]] surrendered, saying they were unaware that they had been brought to Ukraine and tasked with killing Ukrainians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choi |first=Joseph |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukrainian ambassador says Russian platoon surrendered to Ukrainian forces |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/595728-ukrainian-ambassador-says-russian-platoon-surrendered-to-ukrainian |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> Russia claimed to have captured 572 Ukrainian soldiers by 2 March 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moscow: Nearly 500 of its troops have been killed in Ukraine |url=https://whdh.com/news/moscow-nearly-500-of-its-troops-have-been-killed-in-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302202227/https://whdh.com/news/moscow-nearly-500-of-its-troops-have-been-killed-in-ukraine/ |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=[[WHDH (TV)|WHDH]]}}</ref> while Ukraine claimed 562 Russian soldiers were being held as prisoners as of 20 March,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abdulkerimov |first=Bahtiyar |date=20 March 2022 |title=Ukraine holding 562 Russian prisoners of war |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-war/ukraine-holding-562-russian-prisoners-of-war/2540425 |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref> with 10 previously reported released in a prisoner exchange for five Ukrainian soldiers and the mayor of [[Melitopol]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 2022 |title=Ukraine, Russia Exchange Prisoners For First Time Since Invasion, Ukrainian Military Officer Says |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-prisoner-swap-russia/31730584.html |access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ljunggren |first=David |date=17 March 2022 |title=Ukraine swapped nine Russian soldiers to free detained mayor |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-forces-have-released-mayor-city-melitopol-kyiv-2022-03-16/ |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

A report by ''[[The Independent]]'' on 9 June cited an intelligence report estimating that more than 5,600 Ukrainian soldiers had been captured, while the number of Russian servicemen being held as prisoners had fallen to 550, from 900 in April, following several prisoner exchanges. In contrast, ''[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]'' claimed 1,000 Russian soldiers were being held as prisoners as of 20 June.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slisco |first=Aila |date=20 June 2022 |title=Ukraine kills 106 Russian troops Monday in contentious Donbas region: UTG |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-kills-106-russian-troops-monday-contentious-donbas-region-utg-1717466 |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref>

The first large prisoner exchange took place on 24 March, when 10 Russian and 10 Ukrainian soldiers, as well as 11 Russian and 19 Ukrainian civilian sailors, were exchanged.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2022 |title=Ukraine announces first proper POWs exchange with Russia |agency=[[Interfax]] |url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/77337/ |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2022 |title=Today's key developments |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-60856533 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> On 1 April 86 Ukrainian servicemen were exchanged<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=Some 86 Ukrainian servicemen released under exchange with Russia – President's Office dpty head |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/820176.html |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]}}</ref> for an unknown number of Russian troops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine and Russia exchange captured troops |access-date=15 September 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-60949706 |date=1 April 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

On 25 August, research conducted by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the [[Yale School of Public Health]] and the [[Conflict Observatory]] was published which reported the identification of some 21 [[Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians|filtration camps]] in and around Russian-controlled Donetsk oblast, run by Russian and Russian allied forces and used for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs, and other personnel". These camps were allegedly used for four main purposes: as registration points; as camps and other holding facilities for those awaiting registration; as interrogation centers; and as "correctional colonies" (i.e., prisons). At [[Olenivka, Kalmiuske Raion|Olenivka prison]], one of the identified camps, the disturbed earth seen in imagery was said by researchers to be consistent with graves. Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law — it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies. The conditions of confinement documented in this report allegedly include insufficient sanitation, shortages of food and water, cramped conditions, and reported acts consistent with torture."<ref>{{cite news |date=25 August 2022 |title=Yale researchers identify 21 sites in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine used for civilian interrogation, processing, and detention |work=[[Yale School of Medicine]] |url=https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/yale-researchers-identify-21-sites-in-donetsk-oblast-ukraine-used-for-civilian-interrogation-processing-and-detention/ |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref>

== Humanitarian impact ==
{{Main|Humanitarian impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{further|2022 food crises|Ukrainian cultural heritage during the 2022 Russian invasion}}

The humanitarian impact of the invasion has been extensive and has included negative impacts on international food supplies and the [[2022 food crises]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2022 |title=Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say |publisher=ABC |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-27/ukraine-has-exported-1-million-tonnes-of-food-under-grain-deal/101379084 |access-date=27 August 2022}}</ref> The invasion has also had a negative impact upon the cultural heritage of Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mullins |first=Charlotte |date=27 May 2022 |title='Ukraine's heritage is under direct attack': why Russia is looting the country's museums |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/may/27/ukraine-russia-looting-museums |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> with over 500 Ukrainian cultural heritage sites, including cultural centers, theatres, museums, and churches, having been impacted by "Russian aggression", and Ukraine's Minister of Culture calling it [[cultural genocide]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Salvaging Ukraine's culture: Country's history & language under threat |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/09/13/its-cultural-genocide-ukraines-culture-minister-trying-to-salvage-the-countrys-artifacts |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> The deliberate destruction and looting of Ukrainian cultural heritage sites in this way is considered a [[war crime]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirchmair |first=Lando |date=21 March 2022 |title=The War of Aggression Against Ukraine, Cultural Property and Genocide: Why it is Imperative to Take a Close Look at Cultural Property |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine-cultural-property-and-genocide-why-it-is-imperative-to-take-a-close-look-at-cultural-property/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=EJIL: Talk! |language=English}}</ref>

=== Refugee crisis ===
{{Main|2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis|Russian emigration following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:02022 1199 Refugees from Ukraine in Kraków.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian refugees in [[Kraków]] protest against the war, 6 March 2022]]
The war caused the largest refugee and [[humanitarian crisis]] within Europe since the [[Yugoslav Wars]] in the 1990s;<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=Protecting Ukrainian refugees: What can we learn from the response to Kosovo in the 90s? |first=Jill |last=Rutter |url=https://www.britishfuture.org/protecting-ukrainian-refugees-what-can-we-learn-from-kosovo/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=[[British Future]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=IntelBrief: China Seeks to Balance Its Interests as Russia's War on Ukraine Intensifies |url=https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2022-march-4/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=[[The Soufan Center]] |quote=Over a week into the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the war has raged on, spurring the most serious humanitarian crisis in Europe since the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s.}}</ref> the UN described it as the fastest-growing such crisis since World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=6 March 2022 |title=Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/06/ukraine-fastest-growing-refugee-crisis-since-second-world-war |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> As Russia built up military forces along the Ukrainian border, many neighbouring governments and aid organisations prepared for a mass displacement event in the weeks before the invasion. In December 2021, the Ukrainian defence minister estimated that an invasion could force three to five million people to flee their homes.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aguilera |first=Jasmine |date=25 February 2022 |title=Russia's Invasion of Ukraine May Trigger a Refugee Crisis. Here's How the World Is Preparing |url=https://time.com/6150856/ukraine-refugees-russia-invasion-preparation/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220226/https://time.com/6150856/ukraine-refugees-russia-invasion-preparation/ |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref>

In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this subsequently rose to over 7,405,590 by 24 September, a reduction from over eight million due to some refugees' return.<ref name="UNHCR-Ukraine">{{Cite web |date=<!--kept up-to-date--> |title=Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|date=3 July 2022 |title=Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/liz-truss-mulls-seizure-of-russian-assets-in-uk-to-give-to-ukraine |access-date=4 July 2022 |last=Wintour|first=Patrick|newspaper=the Guardian}}</ref> On 20 May, NPR reported that, following a significant influx of foreign military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees are seeking to return to regions of Ukraine which are relatively isolated from the invasion front in south-eastern Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bior |first1=Ayen |last2=Shapiro |first2=Ari |last3=Ozug |first3=Matt |date=20 May 2022 |title=Millions rushed to leave Ukraine. Now the queue to return home stretches for miles |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/20/1099876370/ukraine-russia-poland-border-return |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520092843/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/20/1099876370/ukraine-russia-poland-border-return |archive-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> However, by 3 May, another 8&nbsp;million people were displaced inside Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine |url=https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/ukraine |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=IDMC}}</ref>

Most refugees were women, children, the elderly, or people with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Michaels |first=Samantha |date=7 March 2022 |title=More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/03/refugees-fleeing-ukraine-russian-invasion/ |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-26/thousands-flee-ukraine-into-eu-men-told-to-stay-and-fight/100863936 |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription,<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2022 |title=Russia hits Ukraine fuel supplies, airfields in new attacks |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-volodymyr-zelenskyy-kyiv-europe-united-nations-edc6df79755195b29473cfd6d38b1ebb |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-volodymyr-zelenskyy-kyiv-europe-united-nations-edc6df79755195b29473cfd6d38b1ebb |url-status=live |first1=Yuras |last1=Karmanau |first2=Jim |last2=Heintz |first3=Vladimir |last3=Isachenkov |first4=Zeke |last4=Miller |archive-date=27 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2022 |title=Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |url=https://theconversation.com/why-banning-men-from-leaving-ukraine-violates-their-human-rights-178411}}</ref> unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tondo |first=Lorenzo |date=9 March 2022 |title=Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/mar/09/ukraine-urged-to-take-humane-approach-as-men-try-to-flee-war |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, in any case opted to remain in Ukraine to join the resistance.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqP5Yx57aeo |title=Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters |date=5 March 2022 |work=[[DW News]] |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306020105/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqP5Yx57aeo |archive-date=6 March 2022 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Regarding destinations, according to the UN High Commission for Refugees, as of 13 May, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[United Nations High Commission for Refugees]]}}</ref> As of 23 March, over 300,000 refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=How the Czech Republic's Vietnamese community is rallying for refugees |first=David |last=Hutt |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/04/06/how-the-czech-republic-s-vietnamese-community-is-rallying-for-refugees |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=[[euronews]]}}</ref> Turkey has been another significant destination, registering more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of 22 March, and more than 58,000 as of 25 April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2022 |title=Over 20,000 Ukrainians arrive in Turkey, says top official |work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/over-20-000-ukrainians-arrive-in-turkey-says-top-official-172036 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2022 |title=İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi |language=tr |trans-title=Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-60836830 |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> The EU invoked the [[Temporary Protection Directive]] for the first time in its history, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60555472 |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for  3 years with broadly similar entitlements as the EU, three years residency and access to state welfare and services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/immigration-statistics-year-ending-june-2022/statistics-on-ukrainians-in-the-uk |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

According to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), “massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians by Russia have occurred, potentially constituting constitute [[crimes against humanity]].<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Jeremy |last1=Herb |first2=Ellie |last2=Kaufman |first3=Kylie |last3=Atwood |date=14 July 2022 |title=Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/14/politics/osce-report-russia-war-crimes/index.html |access-date=19 October 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramaniam |first=Tara |title=Russia's war in Ukraine |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-10-19-22/index.html |access-date=19 October 2022 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of [[Forced displacement|forcibly moving]] civilians to "[[Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians|filtration centers]]" in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|Soviet-era population transfers]] and Russian actions in the [[Chechen War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peter |first=Laurence |date=27 March 2022 |title=Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60894142 |access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Mackintosh-2022-04-08">{{Cite news |last1=Mackintosh |first1=Eliza |last2=Ochman |first2=Oleksandra |last3=Mezzofiore |first3=Gianluca |last4=Polglase |first4=Katie |last5=Rebane |first5=Teele |last6=Graham-Yooll |first6=Anastasia |date=8 April 2022 |title=Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/07/europe/ukraine-mariupol-russia-deportation-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> For instance, as of 8 April, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia.<ref name="Mackintosh-2022-04-08"/> Also, on 19 October, Russia announced the forced deportation of 60,000 civilians from areas around the line of contact in Kherson oblast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63311744 |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> [[RIA Novosti]] and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to various centers in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine,<ref>* {{Cite news |last=Butchenko |first=Maksym |date=15 April 2022 |script-title=ru:В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса |title=V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa |language=ru |trans-title=In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass |work=NV.ua |url=https://life.nv.ua/socium/deportaciya-ukraincev-v-rossiyu-kak-eto-proishodit-i-kak-vernutsya-v-ukrainu-50233912.html |access-date=20 April 2022}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.segodnya.ua/strana/podrobnosti/denisova-okkupanty-derzhat-v-filtracionnyh-lageryah-rf-bolee-20-000-mariupolcev-1615773.html |script-title=ru:Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев |title=Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev |language=ru |trans-title=Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation |first=Valentyna |last=Shapoval |work=[[Segodnya]] |date=18 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.currenttime.tv/a/razdevali-tatushki-moi-smotreli-artem/31797135.html |script-title=ru:"Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах |title="Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh |language=ru |trans-title="They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders |first1=Yuliya |last1=Goricheva |first2=Аnnа |last2=Tokhmakhchi |work=[[Current Time TV]] |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.obozrevatel.com/vojna-v-ukraine/okkupantyi-sozdali-v-rossii-lager-dlya-deportirovannyih-iz-ukrainyi-tam-soderzhat-bolee-400-chelovek.htm |script-title=ru:Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек |title=Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek |language=ru |trans-title=The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there |first=Ol'ga |last=Hanyukova |work=[[Obozrevatel]] |date=10 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}
* {{cite news |url=https://tsn.ua/ru/ukrayina/ne-bylo-odezhdy-edy-i-predmetov-gigieny-v-rossii-obnaruzhili-tri-lagerya-dlya-deportirovannyh-mariupolcev-2039359.html |script-title=ru:"Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев |title="Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev |language=ru |trans-title="They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia |first=Tat'yana |last=Kurpita |work=[[Television Service of News|TSN]] |date=17 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}
* {{cite news |url=https://news.liga.net/politics/news/rossiya-sozdala-bliz-donetska-filtratsionnyy-lager-dlya-ukraintsev-razvedka |script-title=ru:Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка |title=Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka |language=ru |trans-title=Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence |first=Yevgeniy |last=Pylypenko |work=LIGA.net |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}
* {{cite news |url=https://nv.ua/kharkiv/okkupanty-sozdayut-filtracionnye-lagerya-dlya-perepravki-lyudey-v-rf-novosti-harkova-50231325.html |script-title=ru:В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова |title=V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova |language=ru |trans-title=Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova |first=Aleksandr |last=Klimov |work=NV.ua |date=5 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/russia-ukraine-art-school-mariupol-6fprjwq0t |title=Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk |first=Tom |last=Ball |work=[[The Times]] |date=20 March 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}
* {{cite news |url=https://sport.ua/news/578396-foto-okkupanty-stroyat-filtratsionnye-lagerya-dlya-ukraintsev |script-title=ru:Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев |title=Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev |language=ru |trans-title=A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians |website=sport.ua |date=28 March 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kupriyanova |first=Olga |date=24 March 2022 |script-title=ru:Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию |title=Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu |language=ru |trans-title=Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia |work=[[1+1 (TV channel)|1+1]] |url=https://1plus1.ua/ru/novyny/filtracijni-tabori-ta-pracevlastuvanna-na-sahalini-ukrainciv-z-okupovanih-mist-primusovo-vidpravlaut-do-rosii |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> In April, Ukraine's National Security and Defence Council secretary [[Oleksiy Danilov]] said Russia planned to build "concentration camps" for Ukrainians in western Siberia, and that it likely planned to force prisoners to build new cities in Siberia.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов |title=Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov |trans-title=Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov |url=https://censor.net/ru/news/3335903/putin_i_shoyigu_planirovali_sozdat_kontslagerya_dlya_ukraintsev_v_zapadnoyi_sibiri_danilov |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Цензор.НЕТ |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2022 |script-title=ru:Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов |title=Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov |trans-title=Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov |url=https://news.liga.net/politics/news/putin-i-shoygu-planirovali-sozdat-kontslagerya-dlya-ukraintsev-v-zapadnoy-sibiri-danilov |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=LIGA |language=ru}}</ref>{{Efn|Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири |title=Shoygu nazval mesta dlya stroitel'stva novykh gorodov v Sibiri |trans-title=Shoigu named places for the construction of new cities in Siberia |url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/06/09/2021/6131fa0f9a7947199b6163d1 |website=РБК |language=ru}}</ref>}}

A second refugee crisis created by the invasion and by the Russian government's suppression of human rights has been the flight of more than [[Russian emigration following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine|300,000 Russian political refugees and economic migrants]], the largest [[White émigré|exodus]] from Russia since the [[October Revolution]] of 1917,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bacchi |first1=Umberto |last2=Davydova |first2=Angelina |date=4 April 2022 |title=Russia's war migrants find mixed reception in Georgia |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/04/04/world/russia-war-migrants-mixed-reception-georgia/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=5 April 2022 |title=Who are the Russians leaving their country? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-russians-leaving-their-country/a-61364390 |first=Anastassia |last=Boutsko |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> to countries such as the [[Baltic states]], Finland, Georgia, Turkey, and Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2022 |script-title=ru:Растет число россиян, претендующих на право временного проживания в Казахстане |title=Rastet chislo rossiyan, pretenduyushchikh na pravo vremennogo prozhivaniya v Kazakhstane |trans-title=The number of Russians claiming the right of temporary residence in Kazakhstan is growing |url=https://rus.ozodi.org/a/31802624.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |website=Radio Ozodi |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYrKw2hbjbg |date=6 April 2022 |language=ru |publisher=Настоящее время. Док |trans-title=Bishkek: Life in a New Way |access-date=19 April 2022 |script-title=ru:Бишкек. Жизнь по-новому |title=Bishkek. Zhizn' po-novomu}}</ref> By 22 March, it was estimated that between 50,000 and 70,000 high-tech workers had left the country, and that 70,000 to 100,000 more might follow. Fears arose in Russia over the effect of this [[Human capital flight|flight of talent]] on economic development.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Metz |first1=Cade |last2=Satariano |first2=Adam |date=13 April 2022 |title='Russian Tech Industry Faces 'Brain Drain' as Workers Flee |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/13/technology/russia-tech-workers.html |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> Some Russian refugees sought to oppose Putin and help Ukraine from outside their country,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=Russians who left their country since the invasion of Ukraine – BBC News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vp2h_32lgZE |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=[[BBC News]] |via=YouTube}}</ref> and some faced discrimination for being Russian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Georgia, a bleak new home for Russian exiles |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220308-georgia-a-bleak-new-home-for-russian-exiles |website=[[France 24]], [[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kolotilov |first1=Vasiliy |last2=King |first2=Laura |date=1 April 2022 |title=Fleeing Putin's Russia: Exiles search for new identity, but find new problems |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2022-04-01/russia-putin-exiles-new-problems-find-new-problems |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> There has also been an exodus of millionaires.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooban |first=Anna |title=Russia is 'hemorrhaging' millionaires |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/14/business/russia-millionaire-exodus/index.html |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> On 6 May, ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', citing data from the [[Federal Security Service|FSB]], reported that almost four million Russians had left the country, although this figure included travellers for business or tourism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2022 |title=Nearly 4M Russians Left Russia in Early 2022 – FSB |work=[[Moscow Times]] |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/05/06/nearly-4m-russians-left-russia-in-early-2022-fsb-a77603}}</ref> Russia's partial mobilization of 300,000 men in September prompted an initial 200,000 more Russians to flee the country,<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2022 |title=Over 194,000 Russians flee call-up to neighboring countries |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-putin-estonia-kazakhstan-d851fdd9e99bedbf4e01b98efd18d14b |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> rising to 400,000 by early October, double the number of those conscripted.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gizitdinov |first1=Nariman |last2=Bedwell |first2=Helena |date=4 October 2022 |title=More Russians Flee Than Join Putin's Army After War Call-Up |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-04/more-russians-flee-than-join-putin-s-army-after-call-up-for-war}}</ref>

{{As of|2022|10|3}}, the [[invasion]] has likely resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides and has caused Europe's [[List of largest refugee crises|largest refugee crisis]] since [[World War&nbsp;II]],<ref name="Blake-2022-03-15">{{Cite news |last1=Keane |first1=Daniel |last2=Blake |first2=Elly |date=14 March 2022 |title=What is the Homes for Ukraine refugees scheme and how do you apply? |work=[[Evening Standard]] |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/host-ukraine-refugee-scheme-uk-london-russia-war-apply-b987910.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314151733/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/host-ukraine-refugee-scheme-uk-london-russia-war-apply-b987910.html |archive-date=14 March 2022 |issn=2041-4404}}</ref><ref name="El País">{{Cite news |last1=Pita |first1=Antonio |last2=Costa |first2=Raúl Sánchez |date=3 March 2022 |title=Ukrainian exodus could be Europe's biggest refugee crisis since World War II |work=[[El País]] |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-03-03/ukrainian-exodus-could-be-europes-biggest-refugee-crisis-since-world-war-ii.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405100721/https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-03-03/ukrainian-exodus-could-be-europes-biggest-refugee-crisis-since-world-war-ii.html |archive-date=5 April 2022 |issn=0213-4608}}</ref> with an estimated 8 million people being [[Internally displaced person|displaced within the country]] by late May as well as [[2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis|7.6 million Ukrainians fleeing]] the country as of 3 October 2022.<ref name="UNHCR-numbers">{{cite web |date=2022 |title=Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022) |url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310051210/https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=[[UNHCR]]}}</ref><ref name="unhcr.org">{{Cite web |title=UNHCR: Ukraine, other conflicts push forcibly displaced total over 100 million for first time |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2022/5/628a389e4/unhcr-ukraine-other-conflicts-push-forcibly-displaced-total-100-million.html |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}</ref><ref name="iom.int">{{Cite web |title=Needs Growing for Over 8 Million Internally Displaced in Ukraine |url=https://www.iom.int/news/needs-growing-over-8-million-internally-displaced-ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration}}</ref><ref name="Ukraine">{{cite web |title=Ukraine |url=https://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/ukraine |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=IDMC}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
<!-- This section is intended as a *summary* of the detailed pages linked as "further" reading. Please add details to *those* detailed pages, and first update summaries of those articles before updating (if needed) the summaries here. -->
{{main|Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{see also|Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-11 L.1 vote.svg|thumb|[[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|UN General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1]] vote on 2 March 2022 condemning the invasion of Ukraine and demanding a complete withdrawal of Russian troops.<br />{{legend|#74C365|In favour}}{{legend|#ab4e52|Against}}{{legend|#FADA5E|Abstained}}{{legend|#89CFF0|Absent}}{{legend|#C0C0C0|Non-member}}]]

The invasion received widespread international condemnation from [[Government and intergovernmental reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|governments and intergovernmental organisations]], with political reactions including [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|new sanctions imposed on Russia]], which triggered [[Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies]].<ref name="Sanctions slams Russian economy"/> The European Union and other [[Western world|Western governments]] financed and delivered humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. The bloc also implemented various economic sanctions, including a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace,<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/28/eu-adopts-new-set-of-measures-to-respond-to-russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine/ |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}</ref> a SWIFT ban on certain Russian banks, and a ban on certain Russian media outlets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/02/eu-imposes-sanctions-on-state-owned-outlets-rt-russia-today-and-sputnik-s-broadcasting-in-the-eu/ |publisher=Europa (web portal)}}</ref> Reactions to the invasion have varied considerably across a broad spectrum of concerns including public response, media responses, [[2022 Russia–Ukraine peace negotiations|peace efforts]], and the examination of the legal implications of the invasion.

The invasion received widespread public condemnation internationally, while in some countries, certain sectors expressed sympathy or outright support for Russia due in part to distrust of [[Foreign policy of the United States|US foreign policy]].<ref name="nyt-eligon">{{cite news |last=Eligon |first=John |date=17 March 2022 |title=In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/17/world/war-russia-china-putin-support.html |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> Protests and demonstrations were held worldwide, including some [[2022 anti-war protests in Russia|in Russia]] and [[2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine|parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine|url=https://estonianworld.com/pictures/pictures-30000-people-protest-in-tallinn-against-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/|date=26 February 2022|first=Silver |last=Tambur |publisher=Estonian world}}</ref> Calls for a [[2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus|boycott of Russian goods]] spread on social media platforms,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/amp/rcna26971 |title=Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price |first=Hannah |last=Brooks |date=2 May 2022 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3391bf8c-e431-415c-b7c5-9eeee08b3374 |title=Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |first=Mehul |last=Srivastava |date=6 May 2022}}</ref> [[Anti-Russian sentiment]] against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beardsworth|first=James|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/russians-abroad-blamed-for-a-regime-they-sought-to-escape-a76762|title=Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306231213/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/russians-abroad-blamed-for-a-regime-they-sought-to-escape-a76762 |archive-date=6 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Brooks|first1=Hannah|title=Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price.|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/putin-ukraine-russia-war-russian-immigrants-paying-price-rcna26971|website=NBCNews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607005052/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/putin-ukraine-russia-war-russian-immigrants-paying-price-rcna26971 |archive-date=7 June 2022|date=3 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Peace efforts ==
{{Main|2022 Russia–Ukraine peace negotiations}}

Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hopkins |first=Valerie |date=28 February 2022 |title=Initial talks between Russia and Ukraine yield no resolution. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/world/europe/ukraine-russia-talks-belarus.html |access-date=16 March 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314231723/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/world/europe/ukraine-russia-talks-belarus.html |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 3 March,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reevell |first1=Patrick |last2=Hutchinson |first2=Bill |date=2 March 2022 |title=2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/2nd-round-talks-russia-ukraine-end-cease-fire/story?id=83226054 |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=[[ABC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314224621/https://abcnews.go.com/International/2nd-round-talks-russia-ukraine-end-cease-fire/story?id=83226054 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 7 March 2022,<ref name="DW-2022-03-07">{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |title=Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks |date=7 March 2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-and-russia-hold-third-round-of-talks/a-61039008 |access-date=15 March 2022 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |agency=[[Reuters]], [[Agence France-Presse]], [[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314110854/https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-and-russia-hold-third-round-of-talks/a-61039008 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> in an undisclosed location in the [[Gomel Region]] on the [[Belarus–Ukraine border]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Roshchina |first=Olena |date=28 February 2022 |script-title=uk:Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися |trans-title=Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/02/28/7326809/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |script-work=uk:Українська правда |trans-work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314012254/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/02/28/7326809/ |archive-date=14 March 2022 |url-status=live |script-quote=uk:Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. |trans-quote=Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.}}</ref> with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey prior to a fourth round of negotiations which began on 14 March. The Ukrainian foreign minister [[Dmytro Kuleba]] stated on 13 July that peace talks are frozen for the time being.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine rules out ceasefire deal that involves ceding territory; officials to seek grain export agreement – Latest Active News |url=https://lac2c.org/news/russia-ukraine-war-latest-ukraine-rules-out-ceasefire-deal-that-involves-ceding-territory-officials-to-seek-grain-export-agreement/ |access-date=14 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 19 July, former Russian President and current Deputy head of the Russian Security Council, [[Dmitry Medvedev]], said: “Russia will achieve all its goals. There will be peace – on our terms.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Peace will be on Moscow's terms, says former president |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=20 July 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/jul/19/russia-ukraine-war-live-news-putin-and-erdogan-to-meet-us-weaponry-stabilising-frontlines-ukraine-military-chief-says |access-date=20 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> By 29 December, following the Russian annexation of multiple Ukrainian oblasts, hopes for Ukrainian peace talks with Russia dimmed significantly with Russia taking a hard-line position that the full Russian occupation of the four oblasts would be non-negotiable under any circumstances.<ref>"Hopes for Talks Dim in Ukraine As Sides Dig In". By Shashank Bengali. The New York Times. Dec. 29, 2022. Page 1.</ref>

== See also ==
<!-- PLEASE ENSURE THE ARTICLE IS NOT ALREADY LINKED ABOVE BEFORE ADDING. See MOS:ALSO -->
{{Portal|Europe|Modern history|Russia|Ukraine|War|Politics}}
* [[Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War]]
* [[2022 in Russia]]
* [[2022 in Ukraine]]
* [[List of interstate wars since 1945]]
* [[List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine]]
* [[List of ongoing armed conflicts]]
* [[List of wars between Russia and Ukraine]]
* [[Post-Soviet conflicts]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Wiegrefe 2022">{{Cite news |last=Wiegrefe |first=Klaus |date=15 February 2022 |title=NATO's Eastward Expansion: Is Vladimir Putin Right? |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-is-vladimir-putin-right-a-bf318d2c-7aeb-4b59-8d5f-1d8c94e1964d |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215103833/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-is-vladimir-putin-right-a-bf318d2c-7aeb-4b59-8d5f-1d8c94e1964d |archive-date=15 February 2022 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref>

<ref name="hindustannewshub.com">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=Trending news: BBC: Putin replaces military commander in Ukraine – The Moscow Times |url=https://hindustannewshub.com/russia-ukraine-news/bbc-putin-replaces-military-commander-in-ukraine-the-moscow-times/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=Hindustan News Hub}}</ref>

<!-- following ref not currently used
<ref name="WashPost_what_counts_invasion">{{Cite news |last=Parker |first=Claire |date=23 February 2022 |title=What counts as an 'invasion,' or as 'lethal aid'? Here's what some terms from the Russia-Ukraine crisis really mean. |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/23/key-terms-russia-ukraine |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220223204700/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/23/key-terms-russia-ukraine/ |archive-date=23 February 2022}}</ref>
-->

<ref name="Meduza_Putin_announces_invasion">{{Cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine |work=[[Meduza]] |url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/02/24/putin-announces-start-of-military-operation-in-eastern-ukraine |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224033732/https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/02/24/putin-announces-start-of-military-operation-in-eastern-ukraine |archive-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Derix |first=Steven |title=Zelensky: Ukraine's President and His Country |date=2022 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zelensky-Ukraines-President-His-Country-ebook/dp/B0B24B6HP3/ |publisher=Canbury |asin=B0B24B6HP3}}
* {{Cite book |last=D'Anieri |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs6vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War |date=31 October 2019 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-48609-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Marples |editor-first=David R. |title=The War in Ukraine's Donbas: Origins, Contexts, and the Future |date=2022 |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |isbn=978-9633865972}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Rajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3L34DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Conflict in Ukraine: The Unwinding of the Post-Cold War Order |last2=Rumer |first2=Eugene B. |date=6 February 2015 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-53629-5 |oclc=1029335958 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{cite news |last1=Schwirtz |first1=Michael |first2=Anton |last2=Troianovski |first3=Yousur |last3=Al-Hlou |first4=Masha |last4=Froliak |first5=Adam |last5=Entous |first6=Thomas |last6=Gibbons-Neff |date=16 December 2022 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/12/16/world/europe/russia-putin-war-failures-ukraine.html |title=Putin's War: The Inside Story of a Catastrophe |work=[[The New York Times]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Christopher M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxUWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Ukraine's Revolt, Russia's Revenge |date=15 March 2022 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |isbn=978-0-8157-3925-8 |oclc=1287616684 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://static.rusi.org/special-report-202204-operation-z-web.pdf |title=Operation Z: The Death Throes of an Imperial Delusion |last1=Watling |first1=Jack |last2=Reynolds |first2=Nick |date=22 April 2022 |publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]]}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Elizabeth A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyDyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Roots of Russia's War in Ukraine |last2=Pomeranz |first2=William E. |last3=Merry |first3=E. Wayne |last4=Trudolyubov |first4=Maxim |date=15 December 2015 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-80138-6 |oclc=1008637056 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=Q110999040}}
* [https://unric.org/en/the-un-and-the-war-in-ukraine-key-information/ The UN and the war in Ukraine] at the [[United Nations]]
* [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/library/library-blog/posts/think-tank-reports-on-the-invasion-of-ukraine/ Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine] at the [[Council of the European Union]]
* [https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-updates Ukraine conflict updates] by the [[Institute for the Study of War]]
* [https://news.google.com/topics/CAAqKAgKIiJDQkFTRXdvTkwyY3ZNVEZ5Y0dSaWNXcDZjeElDWlc0b0FBUAE 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine] at [[Google News]]

{{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{Russo-Ukrainian War navbox}}
{{War in Donbas}}
{{Russia–Ukraine relations}}
{{Post-Cold War European conflicts}}
{{Ongoing military conflicts}}
{{Vladimir Putin}}
{{Volodymyr Zelenskyy}}
{{Authority control}}
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