View source for United Kingdom–European Union relations

{{Infobox bilateral relations|European Union–United Kingdom|European Union|United Kingdom|map=European Union United Kingdom Locator.svg|envoy1 =  [[Pedro Serrano (diplomat)|Pedro Serrano]]
|envoytitle1 = Ambassador
|envoytitle2 = Ambassador
|envoy2 = [[Lindsay Croisdale-Appleby]]
|mission1 =  [[European Union Delegation to the United Kingdom|European Union Delegation, London]]
|mission2 =  [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the European Union|United Kingdom Mission, Brussels]]}}
Relations between the [[European Union]] (EU) and the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] (UK) are governed, since 1 January 2021, by the [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement]] (TCA).

Relations trace back to the foundation of the [[European Communities]], the European Union's predecessor, in 1957. The UK was a member state of the bloc after joining it in 1973 (which was confirmed in a [[1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum|referendum on membership in 1975]]) until it became the first country to voluntarily end its membership on 31 January 2020 after a [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|second referendum on membership was held in 2016]] which resulted in 51.9% of voters opting to leave.

The [[Brexit withdrawal agreement]] now plays a significant role in relations between the two polities. The United Kingdom shares a land border with the [[Republic of Ireland]], an EU member state, [[Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border|via]] [[Northern Ireland]], which has remained a [[de facto]] member of the [[European single market|European Single Market]] and maintained the authority of the [[European Court of Justice]] under the [[Northern Ireland Protocol]]. Relations between the UK and the EU have seen improvement since the proposal of the [[Windsor Framework]].

==History==
=== Precedents ===
{{See also|Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities}} 
[[File:Ursula von der Leyen & Rishi Sunak, Bletchley Park (2023) (02).jpg|thumb|230px|President of the European Commission [[Ursula von der Leyen]] with British Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] with in the 2023 [[AI Safety Summit]] in Bletchley Park, 2 November 2023]]
The UK failed to take part in the diplomatic discussions that led up to the creation of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC), likewise later withdrawing from negotiations for the constitution of the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC).<ref>{{Cite journal|page=62|url=https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1266&context=tjcil|journal=The Journal of Comparative and International Law|volume=16|issue=1|year=2008|title=The Birth of the European Union: US and UK Roles in the Creation of a Unified European Community|first=Bruce|last=Carolan}}</ref>

The United Kingdom's failed applications to join the [[European Communities]] (EC) in 1963 and 1967 were vetoed by the president of France, [[Charles de Gaulle]], who said that "a number of aspects of [[Economy of the United Kingdom|Britain's economy]], from working practices to [[Agriculture in the United Kingdom|agriculture]]" had "made Britain incompatible with Europe" and that Britain harboured a "deep-seated hostility" to any pan-European project.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/206448/Bulgaria+Blocks+North+Macedonia%E2%80%99s+EU+Accession+Negotiations|title=Bulgaria Blocks North Macedonia's EU Accession Negotiations - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency |website=novinite.com}}</ref> Once de Gaulle had relinquished the [[President of France|French presidency]] in 1969, the UK made a third and successful application for membership.

=== UK membership in the bloc (1973–2020) ===
{{Main|United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area|United Kingdom membership of the European Union|Brexit}}

Following the UK accession to the EC in 1973, the former got to renegotiate membership terms, vied for budgetary rebates and requested opt-outs from the single currency and other common policies.<ref name="settingthebounds" /> The protectionist [[Common Agricultural Policy]] (CAP) in particular was often at the center of the UK conflicts with the rest of the EC, underpinning its reputation as an "awkward partner" within the bloc.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13619462.2019.1650739|journal=Contemporary British History |volume=34|year=2020|issue=2|title=Britain, the common agricultural policy and the challenges of membership in the European Community: a political balancing act|first=Katja|last=Seidel|doi=10.1080/13619462.2019.1650739|page=1|s2cid=202278086 }}</ref>

Since 1977, both pro- and anti-European views have had majority support at different times, with some dramatic swings between the two camps.<ref name="Mortimore" /> Conservative and Labour parties alike usually pandered to the prejudices towards the EC espoused by the Britons, who rather than commit to a European idea, generally preferred to hanker for the bygone days of British world hegemony.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/07036330008429077|last=George|first=Stephen|year=2000|title=Britain: Anatomy of a Eurosceptic state|journal=Journal of European Integration|volume=22|issue=1|page=28|s2cid=143485501 }}</ref> In the [[1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum|United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum of 1975]], two-thirds of British voters favoured continued EC membership. The highest-ever rejection of membership was in 1980, the first full year of Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s term of office, with 65% opposed to and 26% in favour of membership.<ref name="Mortimore">{{Cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/polling-history-40-years-of-british-views-on-in-or-out-of-europe-61250|title=Polling history: 40 years of British views on 'in or out' of Europe|last=Mortimore|first=Roger|newspaper=The Conversation|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> As a member of the EU, the United Kingdom never adopted the use of the [[euro]] or joined the [[Schengen Area]], which, bringing down border controls in a number of countries, thereby allowed for free movement of citizens.<ref>{{Cite magazine|first=Ciara|last=Nugent|date=11 April 2019|url=https://time.com/5563689/britain-europe-relationship-history/|title=It's Complicated: From the Roman Empire to Brexit, Britain Has Always Struggled to Define Its Relationship With Europe|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> Likewise, the UK government adhered to a long-standing policy of enthusiasm for [[Enlargement of the European Union|EU enlargement]], under the premise that the addition of more members would undermine any federalising drive (deepening) of the union.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/quaderni_e_09.pdf|page=120|first=Richard G.|last=Whitman|chapter=The United Kingdom and Turkish accession: the enlargement instinct prevails|title=Conditionality, Impact and Prejudice in EU-Turkey Relations|author-link=Richard G. Whitman|editor-first=Nathalie|editor-last=Tocci|editor-link=Nathalie Tocci|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="settingthebounds">{{Cite web|first=Andrew|last=Duff|title=Setting the bounds of the European Union|year=2020|publisher=European Policy Centre|url=https://www.epc.eu/content/PDF/2020/Setting_the_bounds_of_the_EU.pdf|author-link=Andrew Duff}}</ref>

Vis-à-vis [[Gibraltar]], a [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] whose defence and foreign policies are handled by His Majesty's Government, the [[1986 enlargement of the European Communities|Spain's accession to the European Communities in 1986]], negotiated with the UK inside the bloc from a position of strength, made the former country to renounce its power, recognised by the [[Treaty of Utrecht]], to close [[Gibraltar–Spain border|its land border with Gibraltar]] at its discretion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/gibraltar-a-possible-solution-diffused-sovereignty-and-shared-functions/|date=7 May 2018|first=Ignacio|last=Molina|publisher=[[Elcano Institute]]|title=Gibraltar, a possible solution: diffused sovereignty and shared functions}}</ref> The then Conservative UK government acquiesced to the 1992 [[Maastricht Treaty]] (by which the European Union came into existence) as it aligned with its vision of the bloc as essentially a free market.{{Sfn|George|2000|p=29}}

The 1998 [[Good Friday Agreement]] pertaining the end of the [[The Troubles|ethnonationalist conflict in Northern Ireland]] was signed under the context of the shared membership of the UK and Ireland in the EU.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Ben|last=Tonra|pages=157–171|doi=10.1080/23340460.2021.1931399|journal=Global Affairs|volume=7|year=2021|issue=2|title=Emotion norms: Ireland, Brexit, backstops and protocols|s2cid=239053429 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Prime Minister Theresa May met with Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission, after the European Council meeting.jpg|thumb|UK Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] meets with President of the European Commission [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] with in [[Brussels]], Belgium, 21 October 2016.]]
Following the result of the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum]], when 52 percent of those who voted supported '[[Brexit]]' (a portmanteau of "British exit"), the UK [[Brexit negotiations|negotiated its withdrawal]] from the European Union. After the vote, British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]], who supported staying in the EU, resigned. [[Theresa May]] became the prime minister after his formal resignation. Although she also supported remaining in the EU, she committed to negotiating Britain's exit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom|title=United Kingdom - The "Brexit" referendum|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> The United Kingdom formally left the bloc on 31 January 2020.

=== Post-Brexit relations (since 2020) ===
{{Main|Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union}}
On 30 December 2020, after eight months of negotiations, the EU and the UK signed the [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement]],<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/JournalArticle/Global+Trade+and+Customs+Journal/17.4/GTCJ2022020|title=The EU-UK Investment Regime After Brexit: In Search of an Equilibrium?|first=Noah A.|last=Barr|journal=Global Trade and Customs Journal|volume=17|issue=4|year=2022|page=146|doi=10.54648/GTCJ2022020 |s2cid=248611272 }}</ref> which governs bilateral relations since its provisional entry into force two days later and which was later ratified by both parties. UK government attempts to unilaterally reject the terms of the agreed [[Northern Ireland Protocol]] have exacerbated post-Brexit relations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/05/09/sinn-fein-s-historic-win-in-northern-ireland-may-not-change-anything-for-the-brexit-negoti|website=[[euronews.com]]|first=Alice|last=Tidey|date=10 May 2022|title=Sinn Fein's historic win in Northern Ireland may not change anything for the Brexit negotiations}}</ref>

Although the United Kingdom has maintained strong relations with some EU member states, the decision to withdraw and subsequent turbulent process of negotiating the [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement|Trade and Cooperation Agreement]] sparked criticism of the United Kingdom across the EU.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=2020-09-10 |title='Depressing, frustrating and shocking': European press on UK Brexit move |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/sep/10/depressing-frustrating-and-shocking-european-press-on-uk-brexit-move |access-date=2023-04-01 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> However, UK-EU collaborative discussions on the response to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], which saw the UK invited to an EU Foreign Affairs Council meeting for the first time since Brexit, and the successful negotiation of the [[Windsor Framework]] for Northern Ireland between the UK and EU, has indicated a gradual improvement of relations over time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Castle |first1=Stephen |title=How a War Helped Ease a Rift Between Britain and the E.U. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/world/europe/ukraine-britain-eu.html |website=The New York Times |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gallardo |first1=Cristina |title=Putin blows up Brexit |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-war-sends-brexit-to-the-backseat/ |website=Politico |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

On June 28, 2023, the [[EU]] and [[UK]] signed a memorandum of understanding to enhance cooperation on financial services. Chancellor [[Jeremy Hunt]] described the signing as a significant moment, highlighting the interconnections of the [[EU]] and [[UK]] financial markets. The agreement establishes a forum for regular discussions on voluntary regulatory cooperation. However, it does not indicate regulatory alignment or address specific demands from the [[EU]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=David |first1=Dharshini |last2=Edser |first2=Nick |date=2023-06-28 |title= UK to work more closely with EU on financial services |language=en |work=BBC |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66028089 |access-date=2023-07-02}}</ref>

Of the 1,218,000 immigrants who [[Modern immigration to the United Kingdom|came to the United Kingdom]] in 2023, only 126,000 were citizens of EU member states.<ref name="bbc-23-05-2024">{{cite news |title=Migration: How many people come to the UK and how are the salary rules changing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48785695 |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> BBC reported that "In the 12 months to June 2023, net EU migration was -86,000, meaning more EU nationals left the UK than arrived".<ref name="bbc-23-05-2024"/> EU citizens working in the health and social care sector have been replaced by migrants from non-EU countries such as [[India]] and [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Net migration drops to 685,000 after hitting record levels, as even more arrived in UK last year than previously thought |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/net-migration-drops-to-685-000/ |date=23 May 2024 |work=[[LBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Europeans are almost not coming to the UK any more' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/9/europeans-are-almost-not-coming-to-the-uk-any-more |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 June 2023}}</ref> After Brexit, the number of EU nationals who were refused entry to the UK increased fivefold.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fivefold rise in number of EU citizens refused entry to UK since Brexit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/nov/25/fivefold-rise-number-eu-citizens-refused-entry-uk-since-brexit |work=The Guardian |date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

On 2 October 2024, the UK and the EU agreed to strengthen their relationship following the disruptions caused by Brexit. During talks in Brussels, [[Keir Starmer]] and [[Ursula von der Leyen]] emphasized their commitment to enhancing cooperation on issues such as economic growth, energy, security, and migration. They reaffirmed their dedication to the Withdrawal Agreement and international law, despite pressure from hard-line Brexiteers regarding the European Convention on Human Rights. They planned to define areas for strengthened cooperation in the coming months and committed to regular meetings, starting with a summit early next year.<ref>{{cite news|last=COOK |first=LORNE |title=The UK and EU vow to mend their Brexit battered ties. They will set a new agenda and hold summits |date=2 October 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/eu-britain-uk-brexit-starmer-leyen-brussels-0936054bb4cf4991534a1ce437643a58 |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

== Post-Brexit polling ==
{{Main|Opinion polling on the United Kingdom rejoining the European Union (2020–present)}}
Following the UK's withdrawal from the EU, polling companies have continued to poll respondents on re-joining the EU.

=== National polling ===
Respondents are regularly polled on their voting intention in a hypothetical referendum on re-joining the EU. This is instead of re-using the leave/ remain question from the 2016 referendum.

Recent polling results have demonstrated a clear lead for "re-join" over "stay[ing] out". A longer example of the following table can be found [[Opinion polling on the United Kingdom rejoining the European Union (2020–present)#National polls|here.]]
{| class="wikitable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:14px;"
! rowspan="2" |Dates conducted
! rowspan="2" |Pollster
! rowspan="2" |Client
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" |Sample
size
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |Rejoin
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |Stay out
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |Neither
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:#4477AA;" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:#EE6677;" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:silver;" |
|-
|26-27 Jan 2023
|[https://www.omnisis.co.uk/polls/nhs-charges-could-leave-country-sicker-poll-finds/ Omnisis]
|''N/A''
|1,247
| style="background:#DDE0EE" |'''49%'''
|29%
|22%
| style="background:#4477AA;color:#FFFFFF;" |20%
|-
|19-20 Jan 2023
|[https://www.omnisis.co.uk/poll-results/vi-18-results-21-01-2023-zahawi/ Omnisis]
|''N/A''
|1,247
| style="background:#DDE0EE" |'''47%'''
|31%
|22%
| style="background:#4477AA;color:#FFFFFF;" |16%
|-
|11-12 Jan 2023
|[https://www.omnisis.co.uk/media/1205/vi-017-tabs-130123.xlsx Omnisis]
|''N/A''
|1,247
| style="background:#DDE0EE" |'''44%'''
|31%
|25%
| style="background:#4477AA;color:#FFFFFF;" |13%
|-
|5-6 Jan 2023
|[https://www.omnisis.co.uk/media/1201/vi-016-tabs-happy-new-year-060123.xlsx Omnisis]
|''N/A''
|1,285
| style="background:#DDE0EE" |'''49%'''
|30%
|21%
| style="background:#4477AA;color:#FFFFFF;" |19%
|}

=== In the European Union ===
In 2021, [[Euronews]] commissioned British pollsters Redfield & Wilton Strategies to conduct a poll in France, Germany, Spain, and Italy on how respondents would feel about the UK re-joining the EU. Support out-weighed opposition across all four countries, with it being lowest in France (36%) and highest in Spain (46%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tidey |first=Alice |date=23 June 2021 |title=Brexit 5 years on: 'We would have you back,' says Europe, in new poll |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/06/23/brexit-5-years-on-we-would-have-you-back-says-europe-in-new-poll |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=Euronews}}</ref>

== Trade ==
In 2017, exports to the European Union amounted to £274 billion out of £616 billion in total exports for the UK. The proportion of UK export to the [[European Union]] has been noted to be in decline, since exports to non-EU countries have increased at a faster rate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Everything you might want to know about the UK's trade with the EU|url=https://fullfact.org/europe/uk-eu-trade/|date=28 August 2018|access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref>

On the European side, according to [[Eurostat]], exports from the EU 27 to the UK have increased from 316 euro billions in 2015 to 319 euro billions in 2019.
In the same time, according to Eurostat, imports from the UK to the EU-27 have increased from 184 euro billions in 2015 to 194 euro billions in 2019.<ref>Eurostat, EU trade since 1988 by CN8 [DS-016890]</ref>

==United Kingdom's foreign relations with EU member states (EU27)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col| Country
! scope=col| British embassy
! scope=col| Reciprocal embassy
! scope=col class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
|<!-- country --> {{AUT}}
|<!-- United Kingdom embassy/consulates -->[[Vienna]]
|<!-- Austria embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->British Mission to [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] and [[United Nations Office at Vienna|UN Office]] in [[Vienna]] {{Main|Austria–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{BEL}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Brussels]]
|<!-- Belgium embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->British Mission to [[European Union|EU]] and [[NATO]] in [[Brussels]] {{Main|Belgium–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{BUL}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Sofia]]
|<!-- Bulgaria embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{CRO}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Zagreb]]<br />Consulate General: [[Split, Croatia|Split]]
|<!-- Croatia embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Croatia–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{CYP}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->High Commission: [[Nicosia]]
|<!-- Cyprus embassy/consulates -->High Commission: [[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Cyprus–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country -->  {{CZE}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Prague]]
|<!-- Czech Republic embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br />Consulate General: [[Manchester]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country -->  {{DEN}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Copenhagen]]
|<!-- Denmark embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes --> {{Main|Denmark–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country -->  {{EST}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Tallinn]]
|<!-- Estonia embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Estonia–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{FIN}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Helsinki]]
|<!-- Finland embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Finland–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{FRA}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Paris]]<br />Consulates General: [[Bordeaux]], [[Lyon]], [[Marseille]]
|<!-- France embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br />Consulate General: [[Edinburgh]]
|<!-- Notes -->British Mission to [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] and [[UNESCO]] in [[Paris]] and in [[Council of Europe]] in [[Strasbourg]] {{Main|France–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{DEU}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Berlin]]<br />Consulates General:  [[Düsseldorf]], [[Munich]]
|<!-- Germany embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br />Consulate General: [[Edinburgh]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Germany–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{GRC}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Athens]]<br />Consulates General: [[Heraklion]], [[Thessaloniki]]
|<!-- Greece embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Greece–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{HUN}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Budapest]]
|<!-- Hungary embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br />Consulate General: [[Manchester]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Hungary–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{IRL}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Dublin]]
|<!-- Ireland embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br />Consulates General: [[Cardiff]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Manchester]]
|<!-- Notes -->499&nbsp;km of common [[Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border|border]] {{Main|Ireland–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{ITA}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Rome]]<br />Consulates General: [[Milan]], [[Naples]]
|<!-- Italy embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br />Consulate General: [[Edinburgh]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Italy–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country -->{{LAT}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Riga]]
|<!-- Latvia embassy/consulates --> [[London]].
|<!-- Notes -->
|-
|<!-- country -->{{LTU}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Vilnius]]
|<!-- Lithuania embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Lithuania–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{LUX}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]]
|<!-- Luxembourg embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->
|-
|<!-- country --> {{MLT}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->High Commission: [[Valletta]]
|<!-- Malta embassy/consulates -->High Commission: [[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Malta–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{NLD}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[The Hague]]<br />Consulate General: [[Amsterdam]]
|<!-- Netherlands embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->British Mission to [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|OPCW]] in [[The Hague]] {{Main|Netherlands–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{POL}}
|<!--Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Warsaw]]
|<!-- Poland embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br /> Consulates General: [[Belfast]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Manchester]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Poland–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{POR}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Lisbon]]<br />Consulate General: [[Portimão]]
|<!-- Portugal embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br />Consulate General: [[Manchester]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Portugal–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{ROU}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Bucharest]]
|<!-- Romania embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br />Consulate General: [[Edinburgh]], [[Manchester]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Romania–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{SVK}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Bratislava]]
|<!-- Slovakia embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Slovakia–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{SLO}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Ljubljana]]
|<!-- Slovenia embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Slovenia–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{ESP}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Madrid]]<br />Consulates General: [[Barcelona]], [[Alicante]], [[Ibiza]], [[Las Palmas]], [[Málaga]], [[Palma de Mallorca|Palma]], [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Santa Cruz]]
|<!-- Spain embassy/consulates -->[[London]]<br />Consulates General: [[Edinburgh]], [[Manchester]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Spain–United Kingdom relations}}
|-
|<!-- country --> {{SWE}}
|<!-- Country X embassy/consulates -->[[Stockholm]]
|<!-- Sweden embassy/consulates -->[[London]]
|<!-- Notes -->{{Main|Sweden–United Kingdom relations}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|European Union|Politics|Society}}
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Cyprus dispute]]
* [[European Union–NATO relations]]
* [[Foreign relations of the European Union]]
* [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Gibraltar–Spain border]]
* [[Greenland–European Union relations]]
* [[Iceland–European Union relations]]
* [[Ireland–NATO relations]]
* [[Liechtenstein–European Union relations]]
* [[Malta–NATO relations]]
* [[Norway–European Union relations]]
* [[Opinion polling on the United Kingdom rejoining the European Union (2020–present)]]
* [[Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016–2020)]]
* [[Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union]] 
* [[Potential enlargement of the European Union]]
* [[Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border]] 
* [[Turkey–European Union relations]] 
* [[United Kingdom membership of the European Union]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Arnorsson, Agust, and Gylfi Zoega. "On the causes of Brexit." ''European Journal of Political Economy'' 55 (2018): 301-323. [https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/16769/1/16769.pdf online]
* Bruno, Randolph L., et al. ''Foreign direct investment and the relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union'' (Springer International Publishing, 2017). [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1575520/1/STEP1_Rlb_420727_1_En_6_Chapter_Author.pdf excerpt]
* Bulmer, Simon. ''The member states of the European Union'' (Oxford University Press, 2020).
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{{Foreign relations of the United Kingdom}}
{{Foreign relations of the European Union}}
{{European Union candidates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United Kingdom-European Union relations}}
[[Category:United Kingdom and the European Union| ]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of the United Kingdom|European Union]]
[[Category:Third-country relations of the European Union]]