View source for USS Somers (1842)

{{Short description|Brig in the United States Navy}}
{{Other ships|USS Somers}}
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|Ship image=[[File:USS Somers (1842).jpg|300px|Colored sketch]]
|Ship caption=USS ''Somers''
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|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag=[[File:US Naval Jack 30 stars.svg|48px|United States Navy Jack]]
|Ship name=USS ''Somers''
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|Ship launched=16 April 1842
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|Ship commissioned=12 May 1842
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|Ship fate=Sank, 8 December 1846
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|Ship propulsion=Sail
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|Ship complement=13 officers and 180 men<ref name="baldwin">Baldwin, Hanson W. ''Sea Fights and Shipwrecks'' Hanover House 1956</ref>
|Ship armament=10 × {{convert|32|pdr|kg|lk=on|abbr=on}} [[carronade]]s
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The second '''USS ''Somers''''' was a [[brig]] in the [[United States Navy]] during the administration of President [[John Tyler]]. It became infamous for being the only U.S. Navy ship to undergo a [[mutiny]] which led to executions.

''Somers'' was launched at the [[New York Navy Yard]] on 16 April 1842 and commissioned on 12 May 1842, with [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] [[Alexander Slidell Mackenzie]] in command.

==Initial cruise==
After a [[shakedown cruise]] in June–July to the Spanish colony of [[Puerto Rico]] and back, the new brig sailed out of New York harbor on 13 September 1842 bound for the Atlantic coast of Africa with dispatches for [[frigate]]
{{USS|Vandalia|1828|2}}. On this voyage, ''Somers'' was acting as an experimental schoolship for naval apprentices.

After calls at [[Madeira]], [[Tenerife]], and [[Praia]], looking for ''Vandalia'', ''Somers'' arrived at [[Monrovia, Liberia]] on 10 November and learned that the frigate had already sailed for home. The next day, Cdr. Mackenzie headed for the [[Virgin Islands]] hoping to meet ''Vandalia'' at [[Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]] before returning to New York.

==The "''Somers'' Affair"==
{{main|Somers Affair}}
[[File:Somers, starboard side, under sail, 1842 - NARA - 512981.tif|thumb|left|This Lithograph, published circa 1843, shows the mutineers hanging under the US flag.]]

On 25 November 1842, during passage to the [[West Indies]], [[Midshipman]] [[Philip Spencer (sailor)|Philip Spencer]], the son of [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[John Canfield Spencer|John C. Spencer]], allegedly told purser's steward J.W. Wales of a planned mutiny by approximately 20 members of ''Somers'' crew, who intended to use the ship for [[piracy]] from the [[Isla de la Juventud|Isle of Pines]]. [[Seaman (rank)|Seaman]] [[Elisha Small]] was involved in the conversation, and Wales was threatened with death if he revealed Spencer's plan.<ref name="baldwin"/>

On 26 November, Wales notified Captain Mackenzie of the plan through his chain of command via [[purser]] H.M. Heiskill and First Lieutenant [[Guert Gansevoort]]. Captain Mackenzie was not inclined to take the matter seriously, but instructed Lt. Gansevoort to watch Spencer and the crew for evidence of confirmation.  Lt. Gansevoort learned from other crew members that Spencer had been observed in secret nightly conferences with seaman Small and [[Boatswain's mate (United States Navy)|Boatswain's Mate]] [[Samuel Cromwell]]. Captain Mackenzie confronted Spencer with Wales' allegation that evening.  Spencer replied that he told Wales the story as a joke. Spencer was arrested and put in irons on the quarterdeck. Papers written in Greek were discovered in a search of Spencer's locker and translated by Midshipman Henry Rodgers:<ref name="baldwin"/> The papers read:

:"CERTAIN: P. Spencer, E. Andrews, D. McKinley, Wales
:"DOUBTFUL: Wilson (X), McKee (X), Warner, Green, Gedney, Van Veltzor, Sullivan, Godfrey, Gallia (X), Howard (X)
:"Those doubtful marked (X) will probably be induced to join before the project is carried into execution.  The remainder of the doubtful will probably join when the thing is done, if not, they must be forced.  If any not marked down wish to join after the thing is done we will pick out the best and dispose of the rest.
:"[[wikt:nolens volens|NOLENS VOLENS]]: Sibley, Van Brunt, Blackwell, Clarke, Corney, Garratrantz, Strummond, Witmore, Waltham, Nevilles, Dickinson, Riley, Scott, Crawley, Rodman, Selsor, The Doctor
:"Wheel: McKee
:"Cabin: Spencer, Small, Wilson
:"Wardroom: Spencer
:"Steerage: Spencer, Small, Wilson
:"Arm Chest: McKinley"

A mast failed and damaged some of the ship's sail rigging on 27 November. The timing and circumstances were regarded as suspicious, and Cromwell, the largest man on the crew, was questioned about his alleged meetings with Spencer. Cromwell said: "It was not me, sir – it was Small." Small was questioned and admitted meeting with Spencer. Both Cromwell and Small joined Spencer in irons on the quarterdeck.<ref name="baldwin"/>

On 28 November, wardroom steward Henry Waltham was flogged for having stolen brandy for Spencer, and, after the flogging, Captain Mackenzie informed the crew of a plot by Spencer to have them murdered. Waltham was flogged again on 29 November for suggesting theft of three bottles of wine to one of the apprentices. Sailmaker's mate Charles A. Wilson was detected attempting to obtain a weapon that afternoon, and Landsman McKinley and Apprentice Green missed muster when their watch was called at midnight.<ref name="baldwin"/>

Four more men were put in irons on the morning of 30 November: Wilson, McKinley, Green, and Cromwell's friend, Alexander McKie. Captain Mackenzie then addressed a letter to his four wardroom officers (First Lieutenant Gansevoort, Passed Assistant Surgeon L.W. Leecock, Purser Heiskill, and Acting Master M.C. Perry) and three oldest midshipmen (Henry Rodgers, Egbert Thompson, and Charles W. Hayes), asking their opinion as to the best course of action. The seven convened in the wardroom to interview members of the crew.<ref name="baldwin"/>

On 1 December, the officers reported that they had "come to a cool, decided, and unanimous opinion" that Spencer, Cromwell, and Small were "guilty of a full and determined intention to commit a mutiny," and they recommended that the three be put to death, despite Spencer's claim that the accused conspirators "had been pretending piracy". The plotters were [[Hanging|hanged]] that day and [[Burial at sea|buried at sea]]. Some noted that Captain Mackenzie could have waited to take action since the ship was only thirteen days from reaching home port. In response, Mackenzie noted the fatigue of his officers, the ship's small size, and the inadequacies of the confinement as reasons for moving forward with the executions.

''Somers'' reached St. Thomas on 5 December and returned to New York on 14 December. She remained there during a naval court of inquiry that investigated the alleged mutiny and subsequent executions. The court exonerated Mackenzie, as did a subsequent [[court-martial]] that was held at his request to avoid a trial in civil court.

However, according to maritime historian [[Samuel Eliot Morison]] false accusations that Mackenzie was an incompetent martinet whose brutality brought on the mutiny continued to appear for years afterwards.<ref name="Morison">{{cite book
| last =Morison 
| first =Samuel Eliot 
| author-link = 
| title = "Old Bruin": Commodore Matthew C. Perry
| publisher =Little, Brown 
| series = 
| volume = 
| edition = first
| date =1967
| location = 
| pages =143,161
| language = 
| url = 
| doi = 
| id = 
| isbn = 
| mr = 
| zbl =
| jfm =}}</ref> Morison attributes the origin of the smear campaign to Whig politics, and a print vendetta by novelist [[James Fenimore Cooper#Historical and nautical work|James Fenimore Cooper]], because Mackenzie and others had published articles criticizing Cooper's history of the [[Battle of Lake Erie]].<ref name="Morison" />

==In the Home Squadron==
On 20 March 1843, Lt. John West assumed command of ''Somers'' and the brig was assigned to the [[Home Squadron]]. For the next few years, she served along the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies.

==Mexican–American War==
''Somers'' was in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] off [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]] at the opening of the [[Mexican–American War]] in the spring of 1846, and, except for runs to [[Pensacola, Florida]], for logistics, remained in that area on blockade duty until the winter. On the evening of 26 November, the brig, commanded by Lt. [[Raphael Semmes]] (later the celebrated commanding officer of the Confederate commerce raider [[CSS Alabama|CSS ''Alabama'']]), was blockading Veracruz when the [[Mexican schooner Criolla|Mexican schooner ''Criolla'']] slipped into that port. ''Somers'' launched a boat party that boarded and captured the schooner. However, a calm wind prevented the Americans from getting their prize out to sea, so they set fire to the vessel and returned through gunfire from the shore to ''Somers'', bringing back seven prisoners. Unfortunately, ''Criolla'' proved to be a US spy ship operating for [[Commodore (United States)|Commodore]] [[David Conner (naval officer)|David Conner]].
[[File:The Illustrated London News 23 January 1847 - loss of USS Somers off Vera Cruz.jpg|thumb|200px|Loss of USS ''Somers'' off Veracruz]]

On 8 December 1846, while chasing a [[blockade runner]] off Veracruz, ''Somers'' capsized and foundered in a sudden squall.<ref name=Congress/> Thirty-six of her 80 crew were lost. Eight survivors were rescued by {{HMS|Endymion|1797|6}}. Eight more swam to shore and were taken prisoner. English and French vessels rescued the other survivors.<ref name=DN150147>{{Cite news |title=America |newspaper=Daily News |location=London |date=15 January 1847 |issue=197 }}</ref> On 3 March 1847, Congress authorized gold and silver medals to the officers and men of French, British, and Spanish ships-of-war who aided in the rescue.<ref name=Congress>29th Congress, 9 Stat. 208</ref>

==Legacy and wreck==
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2018}}
[[Herman Melville]] – whose first cousin, Lt. Guert Gansevoort, was an officer aboard the brig at the time of the ''Somers'' Affair – may have been influenced by the notorious events involving the ''Somers'' mutineers. Melville may have used elements of the story in his novella [[Billy Budd (novel)|''Billy Budd'']].<ref name="dolin-kieran">{{Cite journal |last=Dolin |first=Kieran |title=Sanctioned irregularities : martial law in Billy Budd, Sailor |journal= Law Text Culture |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=1994 |pages=129–137 |url=http://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol1/iss1/12 |publisher=University of Wollongong |location=[[Wollongong]], Australia }}</ref>

The incident is detailed in the novel ''Voyage to the First of December'' by Henry Carlisle, written from the viewpoint of the naval surgeon on duty (from his old journals). It is also described in detail in the novel ''The Big Family'' by Vina Delmar.

The story of the ''Somers'' Affair and the subsequent trial is dramatized in the penultimate episode of the sixth [[Season (television)|season]] of the [[Season (television)#Seasons.2Fseries|television series]] [[JAG (TV series)|''JAG'']]. The presentation takes place as a dream by Lt. Col. [[Sarah MacKenzie]], while she prepares to give a lecture at the [[United States Naval Academy]], which came into existence as a result of the ''Somers'' Affair.<ref>Lehman, John (8 August 2010). "Review of William Leeman's Naval Academy history, The Long Road to Annapolis". Washington Post: p. B6.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/06/AR2010080602819.html]. Retrieved 3 June 2021. "In 1842 Midshipman Philip Spencer, who happened to be the son of the secretary of war, was hanged aboard the training brig ''Somers'' by his captain on suspicion of conspiracy to mutiny. In 1845 Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft seized on the ''Somers'' affair as a reason finally to establish a naval academy at Annapolis."</ref> The regular cast portrayed the people involved. [[Trevor Goddard]] played the role of Mackenzie, and [[Catherine Bell (actress)|Catherine Bell]] (in a play on the identical surname of her usual role in JAG) played Mrs. Mackenzie.

In 1986, an expedition led by George Belcher, an [[art dealer]] and [[Exploration|explorer]] from San Francisco, California, discovered the wreck, and in 1987 [[archaeology|archaeologists]] [[James Delgado]] and Mitchell Marken confirmed the identification of the wreck.  In 1990, Delgado, along with [[Pilar Luna Erreguerena]], co-directed a joint Mexican-US expedition, which involved archaeologists and divers from the US [[National Park Service]], the [[Armada de Mexico]], and the [[Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia]].  The project determined that unknown people had looted the wreck sometime after the 1987 expedition.  The wreck remains as a site protected by legislation.

The most notable legacy of the ''Somers'' Affair is the US Naval Academy which was founded as a direct result of the affair. 
Appalled that a midshipman would consider mutiny, senior naval officials ordered the creation of the academy so that midshipmen could receive a formal and supervised education in naval seamanship and related matters.

==References==
{{DANFS}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*McFarland, Philip (1985). ''Sea Dangers: The Affair of the Somers'' (New York: Schocken Books), 308 pp., illust. {{ISBN|0-8052-3990-1}}
*{{cite book | last = Melton | first = Buckner | title = A Hanging Offense: The Strange Affair of the Warship ''Somers'' | publisher = Free Press | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-7432-3283-6 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/hangingoffensest0000melt }}
* Sherman, William Thomas (2012). ''[https://archive.org/details/AProposedSolutionToTheSomersMutinyTragedy A Proposed Solution to the Somers Mutiny Tragedy]''

==External links==
{{Commons|USS Somers (1842)}}
* [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/archive/research-archive/histories/ship-histories/danfs/danfs-archvies/somers.html: USS ''Somers'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040314190732/http://data2.itc.nps.gov/submerged/dispproj.cfm?projcode=SOMR National Park Service: Wreck exploration]
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/somers_mutiny.htm CASE of the Somers' MUTINY.]  DEFENCE of ALEXANDER SLIDELL MACKENZIE, COMMANDER OF THE U.S. BRIG Somers, BEFORE THE COURT MARTIAL HELD AT THE NAVY YARD, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK: TRIBUNE OFFICE, 160 NASSAU STREET, 1843.
* [https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/405.html Records of the United States Naval Academy &#91;USNA&#93;] –  In National Archives

{{Pirates}}
{{1846 shipwrecks}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somers (1842)}}
[[Category:1842 ships]]
[[Category:Brigs of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Herman Melville]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in December 1846]]
[[Category:Mexican–American War ships of the United States]]
[[Category:Mutinies in the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places]]