View source for Strasbourg Bishops' War

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Strasbourg Bishops' War
| partof            = [[European wars of religion]]<br>and the [[Protestant Reformation]]
| campaign          = 
| colour_scheme     = background:#bbcccc
| image             = File:Guerre des Evêques-1592-Chartreuse de Molsheim.jpg
| caption           = Etching depicting skirmishes between [[Dachstein, Bas-Rhin|Dachstein]] and [[Molsheim]] on 2 December 1592.
| casus             = 
| date              = 1592–1604
| place             = [[Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg]]
| result            = 
| territory         = 
| combatant1        = [[Strasbourg]] <br>  [[File:Wuerttemberg Banner.svg|22px]] [[Duchy of Württemberg|Württemberg]] <br>  [[Anhalt-Bernburg]]
| combatant2        = [[File:Flag of Lorraine.svg|22px]] [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]]
| commander1        = [[File:Wuerttemberg Banner.svg|22px]] [[Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg|Frederick I]] <br>[[File:Flag of Anhalt Duchies.png|22px]]  [[Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg|Christian I]]
| commander2        = [[File:Flag of Lorraine.svg|22px]] [[Charles III, Duke of Lorraine|Charles III]]
| strength1         = 
| strength2         = 
| casualties1       = 
| casualties2       = 
}}

The '''Strasbourg Bishops' War''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Bischöflicher Krieg''<ref>{{cite book |title=Die Politik der Stadt Strassburg im Bischöflichen Kriege, 1592–93 |first=Oskar |last=Ziegler |year=1906 |location=Strasbourg |publisher=August Hoffman}}</ref> or ''Straßburger Kapitelstreit'';<ref>Gerhard Taddey: ''Straßburger Kapitelstreit''. In: Gerhard Taddey (ed.): ''Lexikon der deutschen Geschichte. Personen, Ereignisse, Institutionen. Von der Zeitwende bis zum Ausgang des 2. Weltkrieges.'' 2., überarbeitete Auflage. Kröner, Stuttgart 1983, {{ISBN|3-520-81302-5}}, p. 1204f.</ref> {{langx|fr|Guerre des Evêques}}; {{langx|gsw-FR|D'r Bischäflig Kriag}}) (1592–1604) was a conflict between [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] and [[Protestantism|Protestants]] for control of the [[Bishopric of Strasbourg]]. It was one of only two sectarian or confessional conflicts, both highly localised, that occurred within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] between the [[Peace of Augsburg]] (1555) and the outbreak of the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618). It was less bloody than the [[Cologne War]] (1583–88).{{sfn|Wilson|2011|p=41}} It coincided with the [[Counter-Reformation]] and the [[Siege of Rees (1599)|Spanish Winter]] (1598–99), and the Catholic victory caused Protestants in Germany great worry that the tide had turned decidedly against them.{{sfn|Wilson|2011|p=41}}

==Background==
The emergence of the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] and [[Calvinist]] doctrines following the [[Reformation]], soon led to the first large scale interdenominational conflict between those new creeds. The [[Schmalkaldic War]] ended in 1555 with signing of the [[Peace of Augsburg]]. The [[Free Imperial City]] of [[Strasbourg]] benefited from the treaty by gaining further autonomy, now being able to pursue its own ecclesiastical policies. Strasbourg's status as an important trading hub along with the appeal of its [[University of Strasbourg|university]], attracted radical thinkers from both sides of the religious spectrum including [[Hans Denck]], [[Girolamo Zanchi]], and [[Michael Servetus]] to name but a few. However, by the second half of the century the city started leaning towards Lutheranism under the leadership of [[Johann Marbach]], a former doctoral student of [[Martin Luther]]. In his capacity as the President of the Company of Pastors, Marbach organized annual visitations to the 14 rural parishes under the city's control. The visitations included meetings during which [[catechism]]s were delivered, while the life and beliefs of every parishioner were publicly examined and those not in accord with the official doctrine were admonished.{{sfn|Kittelson|1982|pp=155–159}}

==Conflict==
At the start of the war, Strasbourg was a Protestant-majority city and [[Strasbourg Cathedral|its cathedral chapter]] comprised twelve Protestants and seven Catholics.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}} The immediate cause of the war was the death of Bishop [[Johann von Manderscheid]] and the disputed election to replace him.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}}{{sfn|Monter|2007|pp=78–79}} The Protestants feared the powerful Cardinal [[Charles of Lorraine (bishop of Metz and Strasbourg)|Charles of Lorraine]], whom the Catholic canons had invited to join the chapter in 1585, and who stood for election as bishop.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}}{{sfn|Monter|2007|pp=78–79}} To hedge against this, the Protestants seized the episcopal offices and held their own election on 20 May to replace Manderscheid.{{sfn|Bornert|1981|p=68}} Their choice fell upon the 15-year-old [[Johann Georg von Brandenburg|Johann Georg]], son of the [[Elector of Brandenburg]], [[Joachim III Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg|Joachim III Frederick]].{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}} This decision was designed to unite Protestants across Germany behind them.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}} On this occasion, [[Johannes Pappus]], president of the ''Compagnie des Pasteurs'' (''Kirchenconvent''), delivered a sermon on the "ministry, character and election of a bishop", but only the Protestants were present to hear it.{{sfn|Bornert|1981|p=68}} After the election, the Catholic canons had fled to [[Saverne]] and there elected Charles bishop in opposition to Johann Georg on 9 June.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}}{{sfn|Bornert|1981|p=68}}

At first, the Protestants purchased the support of Duke [[Frederick I of Württemberg]] by accepting from him a loan of 300,000 [[florin]]s. In turn Johann Georg ceded to Württemberg the district of [[Oberkirch (Baden)|Oberkirch]], which connected the duchy to two of its enclaves in [[Alsace]].{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}} Frederick's son, [[Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard|Louis Frederick]], aged six, was made a canon and promised the succession to Johann Georg.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}}

In the first year of the war, locally raised troops under [[Christian of Anhalt]] halted the invasion of Charles of Lorraine.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}} At Saverne, Charles was joined by his 20-year-old brother [[Francis II, Duke of Lorraine|Francis]], who brought with him forty cavalrymen.{{sfn|Monter|2007|pp=78–79}} Charles's war treasury, managed at Paris by his treasurer, Stefano del Poggio, disbursed 15,386 [[franc]]s during his time at Saverne, and in 1593 another 35,392 francs were spent on military ventures in Alsace.{{sfn|Monter|2007|pp=78–79}}

The reclusive [[Emperor Rudolph II]] refused to mediate the conflict, and so [[Henry IV of France]]—a Protestant convert to Catholicism—intervened in 1593. In September, he secured the division of the bishopric between the contending prelates: seven districts, including Saverne, went to Charles and six, including Oberkirch, to Johann Georg.{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}} Charles felt compelled to apologise to King [[Philip II of Spain]], whose Catholic troops were at that moment [[Eighty Years' War|fighting the Protestant Dutch]], for this compromise.{{sfn|Monter|2007|pp=78–79}} This provisional state persisted until 1604, when the Duke of Württemberg offered to pension Johann Georg and pay off his debts if he would resign the bishopric to Charles. This he did, and in return Charles ceded Oberkirch to Württemberg for a term of thirty years in the [[Treaty of Haguenau]] (22 November 1604).{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}}{{sfn|Whaley|2011|pp=412–13}} The Bishops' War turned out to be less about confessionalism than the dynastic interests of the [[House of Württemberg]].{{sfn|Wilson|2014|pp=210–11}}

==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|first=René |last=Bornert |title=La réforme protestante du culte à Strasbourg au XVI<sup>e</sup> siècle (1523–1598): Approche sociologique et interprétation théologique |trans-title=The Protestant Reformation in Strasbourg in the Sixteenth Century (1523–1598): Sociological Approach and Theological Interpretation |language=fr|year=1981 |publisher=Brill|location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004062641}}
*{{cite journal | last =Kittelson | first =James | year =1982| title =Successes and Failures in the German Reformation: A Report from Strasbourg |journal=Archive for Reformation History |volume=73 |pages=153–75 |doi=10.14315/arg-1982-jg07 | s2cid =159870915 }}
*{{cite book |first=William |last=Monter |title=A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and Its Dukes, 1477–1736 |publisher=Librairie Droz |year=2007|isbn=978-2-600-01165-5}}
*{{cite book|first=Peter |last=Wilson |title=The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 |edition=2nd |year=2011 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |location=London |isbn=9780230239784}}
*{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Wilson|title=The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy|publisher=Belknap Press|location=London|year=2014|isbn=978-0674062313}}
*{{cite book |first=Joachim |last=Whaley |title=Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2011 |isbn= 9780198731016 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Strasbourg Bishops' War}}
[[Category:Diocesan feuds]]
[[Category:1590s conflicts]]
[[Category:European wars of religion]]
[[Category:1600s conflicts]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1590s in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:1600s in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of Strasbourg]]