View source for September 1923

{{short description|Month of 1923}}
{{for|the film|September 1923 (film)}}
{{Events by month|1923}}
{{calendar|year=1923|month=September}}

[[File:Yurakucho after Great Kanto earthquake.JPG|400px|thumb|left|September 1, 1923: Earthquake kills over 100,000 people in Japan, leaves two million homeless]]
[[File:NH 66721 Honda Point.gif|250px|thumb|right|September 8, 1923: Seven U.S. Navy destroyers wrecked during exercises]] 
[[File:Firpo saca a Dempsey-Radiofoto del Gráfico.jpg|250px|thumb|September 14, 1923: Champion Dempsey knocked out of the ring by challenger Firpo]]

The following events occurred in '''September 1923''':

==September 1, 1923 (Saturday)==
*A [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|devastating earthquake]] with an approximate magnitude of 7.9 struck Japan at two minutes before noon. Over 120,000 people were killed and 2 million left homeless as half the city of Tokyo was destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatkantoearthquake.com/ |title=The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-great-japan-earthquake-of-1923-1764539/?no-ist |title=The Great Japan Earthquake of 1923 |date=May 2011 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref><ref>"ALL TOKIO IN FLAMES; DEATH TOLL STAGGERING— Yokohama in Ruins as Temblor Rocks East Coast of Nation", ''Los Angeles Times'', September 2, 1923, p. 1</ref><ref>"DEATH TOLL EXCEEDS 100,000 IN JAPAN'S HOLOCAUST", ''Los Angeles Times'', September 3, 1923, p. 1</ref> Among the dead were [[Nebukawa Station accident|112 people who were killed by a mudslide]] that swept the train that they were on down a {{convert|150|ft}} embankment and into the ocean after it had stopped at the [[Nebukawa Station]]  while traveling between Atami and Odawara.<ref name=Hammer>Joshua Hammer, ''Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II'' (Simon & Schuster, 2006) pp. 113–114</ref>
*The [[Chosen Railway]] was established in [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]] (at the time a part of Japan under the name "Chōsen") by the merger of six separate companies, and served as the largest privately owned corporation on the Korean Peninsula.<ref>[http://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1923090300209202017&edtNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1923-09-03&officeId=00020&pageNo=2&printNo=1101&publishType=00020 Establishment of the Chosen Railway], Dong-A Ilbo, 3 September 1923 (in Korean)</ref>
*The council of the [[League of Nations]] met at the request of Greece to discuss the [[Corfu incident|Corfu crisis]].<ref name="tribune sept 2">{{cite news |last=De Santo |first=V. |date=September 2, 1923 |title=Mussolini, Defiant, Will Deal with Greece | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> The Italian government telegraphed the League that night saying that any decision made by the League regarding the [[Corfu incident]] would be ignored by Italy.<ref name="tribune sept 2" />
*[[1923 Bellbird Mining Disaster|An explosion killed 21 coal miners]] in [[Australia]] at the Bellbird Colliery in [[Bellbird, New South Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bellbird Mine 1923- Mining Accident Database|url=http://www.mineaccidents.com.au/mine-event/60/bellbird-mine-1923|access-date=2020-11-08|website=www.mineaccidents.com.au}}</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Rocky Marciano]] (ring name for Rocco Marchegiano), American heavyweight boxer and world heavyweight champion 1952–1956, known for retiring undefeated; in [[Brockton, Massachusetts]] (killed in plane crash, 1969)
**[[McAllister Hull]], American theoretical physicist who took part in the creation of the 1945 atomic bomb dropped on [[Nagasaki]] to force the surrender of [[Japan]]; in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] (d. 2011)
**[[Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet]], Canadian businessman and collector; in [[North Bay, Ontario]], (d. 2006)
**[[Karen Chandler]] (stage name for Eva Nadauld), American pop music singer who had hits in the 1940s as "Eve Young" and in the early 1950s as Chandler; in [[Rexburg, Idaho]] (d. 2010)
*'''Died:''' 
**[[Matsuoka Yasukowa]], 77, Japanese politician, former Agricultural Minister and the first president of [[Nippon University]] was killed when his house collapsed during the Kanto Earthquake.
**[[Josephine Blatt]], 60, American circus performer known for her tremendous strength, generally billed by promoters as "Minerva"

==September 2, 1923 (Sunday)==
*Admiral [[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]] was installed as [[Prime Minister of Japan]] as part of an "emergency cabinet" installed the day after the earthquake, and to fill the vacancy left by the August 24 death of [[Katō Tomosaburō]], 
*The [[Kantō Massacre]] of non-Japanese ethnic minorities began in Japan in the aftermath of the earthquake the day before, starting with vigilante groups targeting [[Koreans in Japan|Korean]] residents on the island of [[Honshu]], at first with the encouragement of local police, and then with the participation of police and the Imperial Japanese Army. An estimated 6,000 people of Korean, [[Chinese people in Japan|Chinese]] or [[Ryukyuan people|Ryukyuan]] descent were killed after rumors were spread that minorities were seeking to overthrow the Japanese government during the chaos following the earthquake.<ref name=Hammer/><ref>[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/08/317_213147.html "1923 Kanto Earthquake Massacre seen through American viewpoints"], by Robert Neff, August 31, 2016</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://WWW.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=fRyglIx09ag | title=Remembering the Great Kanto Earthquake killingsーNHK WORLD-JAPAN NEWS | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
*A "German Day" rally attended by over 100,000 nationalists was held in [[Nuremberg]] to commemorate the 53rd anniversary of victory over the French in the [[Battle of Sedan]]. [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Erich Ludendorff]] were in attendance as Nazis were among the paraders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schudak.de/timelines/germany-therepublicincrisis1920-1923.html |title=Germany – The Republic in Crisis 1920–1923 |website=The World War |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/online/film/display/detail.php?file_num=4503 |title=Interwar Germany, Nuremberg Rally 1923 |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref>
*German Chancellor [[Gustav Stresemann]] suggested in a speech in [[Stuttgart]] that the passive resistance campaign in the Ruhr should be ended. "Every honest person in the Ruhr district and along the Rhine is longing for the hour when he will again return to work", Stresemann said. "This hour will have to come, and through German productive work the real solution of the conflict can be found. The purpose of passive resistance was to bring about this solution. We are ready to make the greatest material sacrifices, but we are not willing to give up the liberty of German soil."<ref>{{cite news |date=September 3, 1923 |title=Alliance with France Sought by Stresemann | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=3 }}</ref>
[[File:Hunchback of Notre Dame.jpg|150px|thumb|Chaney as Quasimodo]]
*[[Lon Chaney]] established his role as the "Man of 1,000 Faces" portraying [[Quasimodo]] in the debut of the popular silent film adaptation of ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'', released by Universal Pictures and making its debut at the Astor Theatre in New York before going into nationwide release on September 6.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0014142/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_dt_rdat |title=The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) |work=Internet Movie Database}}</ref>
*'''Died: '''[[J. Campbell Cantrill]], 53, U.S. Congressman for Kentucky and Democratic nominee for Governor, died in the middle of his campaign for state office, six days after having undergone surgery for a ruptured appendix.<ref>"Congressman J. C. Cantrill Loses Battle for Life— Leader Meets First Defeat Against Odds", ''Lexington (KY) Herald'', September 3, 1923, p. 1</ref> [[William J. Fields]], another incumbent U.S. Representative, was nominated by the Democratic Party's central committee to fill the vacancy left by Cantrill's death and would win the general election in November.<ref>"Fields, William Jason", by John E. Kleber, in ''The Kentucky Encyclopedia'' (University Press of Kentucky, 1992)</ref>

==September 3, 1923 (Monday)==
*U.S. President [[Calvin Coolidge]] appealed to the American public for aid in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|Japanese earthquake disaster]].<ref>{{cite news |date=September 4, 1923 |title=The President's Appeal for Help | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*The film ''[[Rosita (film)|Rosita]]'' premiered at the [[Lyric Theatre (1903 New York City)|Lyric Theatre]] in New York City.<ref name="holston">{{cite book |last=Holston |first=Kim R. |date=2013 |title=Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |page=33 |isbn=978-0-7864-6062-5 }}</ref>
*The ''[[Illustrated Daily News|Los Angeles Illustrated Daily News]]'' was first published after being founded by [[Cornelius Vanderbilt IV]]. The newspaper would cease publication on December 18, 1954.<ref>Robert A. Rosenstone, "Manchester Boddy and the L.A. Daily News", ''The California Historical Society Quarterly'' (December 1970) pp. 291–307</ref>
*The musical ''[[Poppy (1923 musical)|Poppy]]'' made its debut on Broadway, premiering at the [[Apollo Theater]] for a run of 346 performances, and included in its cast comedian [[W. C. Fields]] as Professor Eustace McGargle.<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/poppy-9261#OpeningNightCast "Poppy"], Internet Broadway Database</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Glen Bell]], American restaurant entrepreneur who founded the [[Taco Bell]] chain of fast food stores; in [[Lynwood, California]] (d. 2010)
**[[Mort Walker]], comic artist known for ''[[Beetle Bailey]]'' and ''[[Hi and Lois]]''; in [[El Dorado, Kansas]] (d. 2018)
**[[Alan Bristow]], British entrepreneur who founded Bristow Helicopters Ltd, one of the world's largest helicopter service companies; in [[Balham]], [[London]] (d. 2009)
**[[Alice Gibson]], Belizean librarian who established most of the libraries in the [[British Honduras]], later [[Belize]]; in [[Belize City]] (d. 2021)

==September 4, 1923 (Tuesday)==
*[[Benito Mussolini]] threatened to have Italy withdraw from the [[League of Nations]] if it insisted on arbitrating the [[Corfu incident|Corfu crisis]], saying the League was "absolutely not competent" to address the issue.<ref>{{cite news |last=De Santo |first=V. |date=September 5, 1923 |title=Italy Defies League | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*The airship [[USS Shenandoah (ZR-1)|USS ''Shenandoah'']] made its first flight.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*The musical revue ''[[London Calling!]]'', produced by [[André Charlot]] with music by [[Noël Coward]] and [[Philip Braham]], opened at London's [[Duke of York's Theatre]]. The musical was the first for Coward, and featured a 3-D [[stereoscopic]] [[shadowgraph]] as part of its opening act.<ref>Raymond Mander and Joe Mitchenson, ''Theatrical Companion to Coward'' (Oberon Books, 1957) p. 74</ref>
*[[Sad Sam Jones]] pitched a [[no-hitter]] for the [[New York Yankees]] against the [[History of the Philadelphia Athletics|Philadelphia Athletics]] by a final score of 2–0. It was the first no-hitter ever thrown by a visiting player in [[Shibe Park]], and only the second in which none of the players had struck out.<ref name="westcott">{{cite book |last=Westcott |first=Rich |date=1996 |title=Philadelphia's Old Ballparks |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press |page=152 |isbn=978-1-56639-454-3 }}</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Warren M. Robbins]], American art collector whose collection led to the formation of the [[National Museum of African Art]] at the [[Smithsonian Institution]]; in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] (d. 2008)
**[[Gloria Shayne Baker]], American composer and songwriter known for the melody of the 1962 Christmas carol "[[Do You Hear What I Hear?]]" (with lyrics by Noël Regney); in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]] (d. 2008)<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-mar-15-me-baker15-story.html "Pianist wrote music for holiday song"], by Claire Noland, ''Los Angeles Times''], March 15, 2008</ref> 
**[[Mirko Ellis]], Swiss actor; in [[Locarno]] (d. 2014)
**[[Ram Kishore Shukla]], Indian politician and activist, in [[Beohari]], [[British Raj|British India]] (d. 2003)
**[[Mushtaq Ahmad Yusufi]], Pakistani humorist and satire writer; in [[Tonk, India|Tonk]], [[Jaipur State]], [[British India]] (d. 2018)
*'''Died:''' 
**[[Howdy Wilcox]] (Howard Wilcox Jr.), 34, American racecar driver who won the [[1919 Indianapolis 500]], was killed while racing at the Altoona Speedway in [[Altoona, Pennsylvania]]. Wilcox was the first of three Indianapolis 500 winners to be killed at the Altoona Speedway. [[Joe Boyer]] died less than three months after winning the 1924 Indianapolis 500 and 1929 winner [[Ray Keech]] died two weeks after his Indy victory.
**[[Kawai Yoshitora]], 21, Japanese Communist activist, was [[Kameido incident|shot and killed in prison]] two days after his arrest on accusations of causing anarchy in the aftermath of the September 1 earthquake.
**[[Paul Friedländer (chemist)|Paul Friedländer]], 66, German chemist known for the [[Friedländer synthesis]] process of extracting dyes.

==September 5, 1923 (Wednesday)==
*Nearly all the coal mines in the [[Ruhr]] were active as the passive resistance campaign in the region wound down.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Thomas |date=September 6, 1923 |title=Workers Back in Ruhr Mines with 6 Hour Day | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=6 }}</ref>
*The musical stage comedy ''[[The Beauty Prize]]'', with music by [[Jerome Kern]], book and lyrics by [[George Grossmith]] and [[P. G. Wodehouse]], opened at the [[New London Theatre|Winter Garden Theatre]] in London.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jasen |first=David A. |date=2002 |title=P.G. Wodehouse – A Portrait Of A Master |location=New York |publisher=Schirmer Trade Books |page=97 |isbn=978-0-85712-754-9 }}</ref>
*'''Born: '''[[Gustavo Rojo]], Uruguayan and Mexican film and television actor, was born on the German cruise ship ''Krefeld'' as it was transporting his family across the Atlantic Ocean to [[Montevideo]]. (d. 2017)<ref>[https://impactolatino.com/gustavo-rojo-pinto-pinto-su-camino-de-exitos-2/ "Gustavo Rojo Pinto: Pintó su camino de éxitos"], by Gustavo Suárez Ojeda, ''Impacto Latino'', May 2, 2017</ref>
*'''Died:''' [[Dots Miller|John "Dots" Miller]], 36, American baseball player for 9 seasons between 1909 and 1921, died of tuberculosis.

==September 6, 1923 (Thursday)==
*The [[League of Nations]] handed the [[Corfu incident|Corfu crisis]] to the [[Conference of Ambassadors]] to mediate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wales |first=Henry |date=September 7, 1923 |title=League Bows to Italy |journal=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] said that Italy would abide by the Conference's decision.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sheean |first=Vincent |date=September 7, 1923 |title=Rome to Abide by Ruling of Ambassadors | journal=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*The comedy film ''[[Potash and Perlmutter]]'' was released.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
[[File:King Peter II in folk costume from Montenegro.jpg|120px|thumb|Prince Peter]]
*'''Born:''' [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Petar II Karadordević]], Crown Prince of Yugoslavia as the son of [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|King Alexander I]], later [[King of Yugoslavia]] from 1934 to 1945; in [[Belgrade]]<ref>"Jugo-Slav Heir Born to Throne; War Rumors Start as Guns in Morning Boom Out Royal Salute", ''Los Angeles Times'', September 8, 1923, p. 5</ref> (d. 1970)
*'''Died: '''[[Pedro José Escalón]], 76, [[President of El Salvador]] 1903 to 1907

==September 7, 1923 (Friday)==
[[File:Interpol ID card back.jpg|120px|thumb|An Interpol ID card<ref>Attribution: European Communities</ref>]] 
*[[Interpol]] was founded as the International Criminal Police Commission at a conference of police officials from 16 nations meeting in [[Austria]] at [[Vienna]]. It would adopt its present name in 1956. A century later, the Interpol network would be present in all but a few of the world's nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/Who-we-are/Our-History/1923-how-our-history-started |title=1923 – how our history started |website=[[Interpol]]}}</ref>
*[[Mary Katherine Campbell]] retained her title in the 3rd [[Miss America]] pageant.<ref name="winnerwinner">{{cite news |date=September 7, 1923 |title=Miss Columbus Again Captures Beauty Title |page=16 |newspaper=[[The Norwalk Hour]]}}</ref> She is the only Miss America to ever win twice, as previous winners were only eligible to be re-crowned during the earliest years of the pageant.
*[[Howard Ehmke]] of the [[Boston Red Sox]] pitched a [[no-hitter]] against the [[History of the Philadelphia Athletics|Philadelphia Athletics]], 4–0 at [[Shibe Park]]. It was the second time the Athletics were no-hit in the space of four days.<ref name="westcott" />
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Madeleine Dring]], English composer and actress; at [[Harringay]], [[London]] (d. 1977)
**[[Byron Seaman]], Canadian oil company magnate who was one of the owners of the [[Calgary Flames]] NHL team after purchasing the Atlanta franchise; in [[Rouleau, Saskatchewan]] (d. 2021)
*'''Died: '''
**[[James V. Ganly]], 44, U.S. Congressman representing the 24th New York district (including the Bronx, New York City), died from injuries sustained the night after he crashed his car into a tree.<ref>{{cite news |title=J. V. Ganly Dies After Car Crash |newspaper=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, New York |date=September 8, 1923 |page=20}}</ref>
**[[Charles Newton Little]], 65, American mathematician and expert in knot theory

==September 8, 1923 (Saturday)==
*Seven U.S. Navy [[destroyer]]s were accidentally sunk in the [[Honda Point Disaster]] off the coast of [[California]] in the largest peacetime loss of ships in U.S. history, and 23 sailors were killed after Captain [[Edward H. Watson]] ordered a squadron of 14 ships to make a fast passage to [[San Diego]] despite a heavy fog.<ref>"RADIO CONFUSION PUTS SEVEN DESTROYERS ON ROCKS— Twenty-two Dead, Three Missing, Many Injured— Air Clogged With Messages, Vessels Crash Off La Honda", ''Los Angeles Times'', September 10, 1923, p. 1</ref> Sailing in close formation, the column of ships began piling up as one after another ran aground.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pointhondamemorial.org/research/ |title=Point Honda Research |date=2006 |website=Point Honda Memorial |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref> The ships {{USS|Delphy|DD-261|6}}, {{USS|S. P. Lee|DD-310|6}}, {{USS|Young|DD-312|6}}, {{USS|Woodbury|DD-309|6}}, {{USS|Nicholas|DD-311|6}}, {{USS|Fuller|DD-297|6}} and {{USS|Chauncey|DD-296|6}}, all sustained irreparable damage. The cost to the U.S. of losing the destroyers was estimated to be $10.5 million, equivalent to $182 million a century later.<ref>"Navy Suffers Heavy Loss— Wrecked Destroyers Were Among Best Equipped in World; Total Value About $10,500,000", ''Los Angeles Times'', September 10, 1923, p. 2</ref>
*The [[Conference of Ambassadors]] announced the terms upon which the [[Corfu incident|Corfu dispute]] between Italy and Greece would be settled. The terms were highly favorable to Italy but both sides approved the settlement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barella |first=Gulio |date=September 9, 1923 |title=Greece Bows; Italy Wins | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*A parade of [[housewife|housewives]] marched through Berlin carrying empty baskets in protest of their inability to buy food due to [[hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|hyperinflation]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Seldes |first=George |author-link=George Seldes |date=September 9, 1923 |title=Hungry Berlin Housewives Riot | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*'''Born: '''[[Melitta Marxer]], 91, Liechtenstein women's rights activist who lobbied for decades for women to get the right to vote in elections in the European principality of [[Liechtenstein]] before suffrage was finally extended in 1984; in [[Schaanwald]] (d. 2015)
*'''Died: '''[[Ugo Sivocci]], 38, Italian auto racer and cyclist, was killed during a test drive of the new [[Alfa Romeo P1]] automobile.<ref>"Driver Sivocci Is Killed in Accident", ''Los Angeles Times'', September 9, 1923, p. 9</ref>

==September 9, 1923 (Sunday)==
*Apostolos Alexandris, the Foreign Minister of Greece, informed the Council of Ambassadors that he would accept the decision of their arbitration commission to resolve the Corfu incident.<ref>"Greece Accepts Demands— Foreign Minister Sees Diplomatic Victory for Athens in League of Nations Verdict", by Larry Rue, ''Los Angeles Times'', September 10, 1923, p. 2</ref> 
*Carlo Salamano of Italy won the [[1923 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite web|title=1923 Grands Prix, The GEL Motorsport Information Page |author=Darren Galpin |url=http://www.teamdan.com/archive/gen/1923.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029104959/http://www.teamdan.com/archive/gen/1923.html |archivedate=2008-10-29 |url-status=live |accessdate=2009-03-18 }}</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Cliff Robertson]], American film actor and Academy Award winner; in [[San Diego]] (d. 2011)
**[[Daniel Carleton Gajdusek]], virologist and 1976 recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]], later a convicted child molester; in [[Yonkers, New York]] (d. 2008)
**[[Max Lüscher]], Swiss psychotherapist and developer of the [[Lüscher color test]]; in [[Basel]] (d. 2017)
**[[Rosita Sokou]], Greek journalist; in [[Plaka]], [[Athens]] (d. 2021)
*'''Died:''' [[Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca]], 68, [[President of Brazil]] 1910 to 1914

==September 10, 1923 (Monday)==
*The [[Irish Free State]] was admitted to the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c.">{{cite book |last=Mercer |first=Derrik |date=1989 |title=Chronicle of the 20th Century |location=London |publisher=Chronicle Communications Ltd. |page=309 |isbn=978-0-582-03919-3 }}</ref>
*A [[Solar eclipse of September 10, 1923|total eclipse of the Sun]] occurred that was visible over much of the southwestern United States and Mexico, with residents of [[Los Angeles]], [[San Diego]] and [[Mexico City]] being in the path of the largest part of the eclipse. Unfortunately for California viewers, a thick high fog and cloud cover blocked their view of the Sun and the Moon.<ref>"Clouds prevent Study of Solar Eclipse Here— Scientists Disappointed; Look to Aerial Photographers for Record of Phenomenon", ''Los Angeles Times'', September 11, 1923, p.1</ref>
*French physicist [[Louis de Broglie]] presented his hypothesis on subatomic particles as waves before the Paris Academy of Sciences in his paper ''Ondes et quanta''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1923 |title=Membres de l'Académie des sciences depuis sa création: Louis de Broglie Ondes et quanta |language=fr |url=https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Broglie/Broglie_pdf/CR1923_p507.pdf |website=academie-sciences.fr}}</ref>
*'''Born: '''[[Glen P. Robinson]], American businessman and physicist who co-founded [[Scientific Atlanta]]; in [[Crescent City, Florida]] (d. 2013)
*'''Died: '''
**[[Sayed Darwish]], 31, Egyptian singer and composer
**[[Sukumar Ray]], 35, Bengali children's writer and poet, died of a [[leishmaniasis]] infection

==September 11, 1923 (Tuesday)==
*German military police shot six dead in a riot by unemployed people in front of [[Dresden]] City Hall.<ref>{{cite news |last=Seldes |first=George |author-link=George Seldes |date=September 12, 1923 |title=Dresden Red Riots Kill Six | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*'''Died: '''
**General [[Zhang Xun]], 68, Chinese military officer and royalist who attempted in July 1917 to restore [[Puyi|Emperor Xuantong]] to power with himself as Prime Minister before his coup failed after 11 days.
**[[Sigmund Lubin]], 72, Polish-born American motion picture producer whose [[Lubin Manufacturing Company]] created more than 1,000 films<ref>"Sigmund Lubin, Motion-Picture Pioneer, Dead", ''Los Angeles Times'', September 11, 1923, p. 1</ref>
**[[Raymond B. West]], 37, American motion picture director who directed more than 70 silent films until sustaining an injury
**[[Jean Marie Marcelin Gilibert]], 84, French law enforcement officer who organized the [[National Police of Colombia]] and became its first Commissioner.

==September 12, 1923 (Wednesday)==
*[[Southern Rhodesia]] became a British colony when the Crown took it over from the [[British South Africa Company]] following [[1922 Southern Rhodesian government referendum|a 1922 referendum]].<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /> 
*[[Finnair]], the flag carrier airline of [[Finland]], was incorporated by Bruno Lucander as "Aero O/Y" (Aero Osakeyhtiö, literally "Aero Share Company" or "Aero Corporation") and would begin flights on March 20, 1924.<ref>John Wegg, ''Finnair. The Art of Flying since 1923'' (Finnair Oy, 1983) p.23</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The history of Finnair |url=https://company.finnair.com/en/about/history |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=company.finnair.com |language=en}}</ref>
*The [[Convention for the Suppression of the Circulation of and Traffic in Obscene Publications]] was signed in [[Geneva]] by representatives of 34 members of the [[League of Nations]], and took effect on August 7, 1924.<ref>[http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/treaties/LNTSer/1924/143.html Text of 1923 Obscenity Convention], League of Nations Treaty Series</ref>
*The melodrama film ''[[The Daring Years]]'', starring [[Mildred Harris]], [[Charles Emmett Mack]] and [[Clara Bow]], was released.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*Police in [[Bulgaria]] began arrests of over 2,500 communists that the government suspected of plotting an uprising.<ref name="bnr">{{cite web |url=http://bnr.bg/en/post/100214107/the-1923-september-uprising-in-bulgarian-history |title=The 1923 September Uprising in Bulgarian history |date=September 23, 2013 |website=Bulgarian National Radio |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref>
*The town of [[Atherton, California]] was formally incorporated after approval by the landowners of the unincorporated community of Fair Oaks, and was named for the late entrepreneur [[Faxon Atherton]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090912044753/http://www.ci.atherton.ca.us/history.html "Atherton History"], archived in the Wayback Machine</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[David Westbury]], British forensic psychiatrist; in [[Rugby, Warwickshire]] (d. 1983)
**[[Larry Brink]], American football player; in [[Milaca, Minnesota]] (d. 2016)

==September 13, 1923 (Thursday)==
*A military coup orchestrated by General [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] seized control of Spain.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." />
*A localized uprising around [[Blagoevgrad|Gorna Dzhumaya]] in [[Bulgaria]] was quickly put down by the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]].<ref name="bnr" />

==September 14, 1923 (Friday)==
*The [[Jack Dempsey vs. Luis Ángel Firpo|Dempsey vs. Firpo]] boxing match took place before a crowd of 80,000 people at the [[Polo Grounds]] in New York City, with world heavyweight champion [[Jack Dempsey]] being challenged by [[Luis Ángel Firpo]] of [[Argentina]]. In the first three-minute round, Firpo knocked Dempsey to one knee; Dempsey knocked Firpo down seven times; and Firpo caused Dempsey to tumble backwards out of the ring. In the second round, Dempsey knocked Firpo out at the 57-second mark to retain the World Heavyweight Championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestboxingblog.com/twibh-september-14-1923-dempsey-vs-firpo/ |title=TWIBH: September 14, 1923 — Dempsey vs. Firpo |website=Best Boxing Blog |accessdate=January 28, 2015}}</ref>
*All five people aboard a [[Daimler Airway]] flight from [[London]] to [[Manchester]] were killed when the [[de Havilland DH.34]] stalled and [[1923 Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.34 crash|plummeted to the ground]] at [[Ivinghoe]], [[Buckinghamshire]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Air Mail Disaster |date=15 September 1923 |page=8 |issue=43447 |column=D}}</ref>
*[[Boston Red Sox]] first baseman [[George Burns (first baseman)|George Burns]] turned an [[unassisted triple play]] against the [[Cleveland Indians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/BOS/BOS192309140.shtml|title=September 14, 1923 Cleveland Indians at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score|work=Baseball-Reference.com|date=September 14, 1923|accessdate=January 28, 2015}}</ref>
*'''Born: '''[[Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri]], Indian physicist known for the [[Raychaudhuri equation]]; in [[Barisal]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]] (d. 2005)
*'''Died: '''[[Edward Millen]], 62, the first Australian Minister for Repatriation (later the Minister for Veterans' Affairs), and former Minister for Defence

==September 15, 1923 (Saturday)==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09414, Primo de Rivera.jpg|120px|thumb|Spain's Premier Primo de Rivera<ref>Attribution: Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-09414 / CC-BY-SA 3.0</ref>]]
*[[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] was sworn in as [[Prime Minister of Spain]] and appointed his new cabinet. At de Rivera's behest, King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]] suspended the Spanish Constitution and imposed [[martial law]].<ref>{{cite news |date=September 16, 1923 |title=Riveras Sworn as Spain's Premier; Names Cabinet | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=4 }}</ref>
[[File:Jack Walton.jpg|120px|thumb|Oklahoma's Governor Walton]]
*[[Oklahoma]] Governor [[Jack C. Walton]] declared "absolute [[martial law]]" statewide in his fight against the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. The official proclamation said that anyone who aided or abetted the Klan would be "deemed to be enemies of the sovereign state of Oklahoma and shall be dealt with by the military forces of the state."<ref>{{cite news |date=September 16, 1923 |title=Martial Law is Proclaimed; Censor is Out | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|pages=1–2 }}</ref> Governor Walton announced further that he was suspending the writ of habeas corpus in Tulsa County.
*Twelve people were killed and many injured in food riots in the German Silesian town of [[Żary|Sorau]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Seldes |first=George |author-link=George Seldes |date=September 18, 1923 |title=German Peace Hopes Wane as Food Riots Rage | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=13 }}</ref>
*In Britain, French socialite [[Marguerite Alibert]] was acquitted in her murder trial. On July 10, she had shot and killed her husband, Ali Kamel Fahmy Bey, at the [[Savoy Hotel]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Prince, the Princess and the Perfect Murder by Andrew Rose|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-prince-the-princess-and-the-perfect-murder-by-andrew-rose-68n5fm3qvdx|work=The Times|quote=People started queuing well before dawn on Monday, September 10, 1923.}}</ref>
*The costume adventure film ''[[Scaramouche (1923 film)|Scaramouche]]'' premiered at the Shubert-Belasco Theater in Washington, D.C.<ref name="holston" />
*'''Born: '''[[Mikhail Tanich]], popular Russian songwriter and 1990 founder of the group [[Lesopoval]]; in [[Taganrog]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (d. 2008)

==September 16, 1923 (Sunday)==
*The [[Amakasu Incident]] occurred in Japan when two anarchists, [[Sakae Ōsugi]] and [[Noe Itō]], were beaten to death, along with Sakae's 6-year-old nephew Munekazu Tachibana, by a detachment of the Japanese military police, the ''[[Kenpeitai]]'', under the command of [[Masahiko Amakasu]].  The bodies of the man, woman and boy were then{{clarify|reason=thrown? dropped? placed?|date=September 2023}} into a well.<ref>Marius B. Jansen, ''The Making of Modern Japan'' (Harvard University Press, 2000) p. 573</ref>
*The popular Australian comic strip ''[[Fatty Finn]]'', created by [[Syd Nicholls]], made its first appearance, debuting in Sydney's ''Sunday News''.<ref name="IWW">{{Cite web|url=http://www.takver.com/history/nicholls.htm|title=Syd Nicholls – radical comic artist|publisher=takver.com|work=Radical Tradition|date=30 April 1999|accessdate=20 October 2011}}</ref>
*The romantic drama ''[[Zaza (1923 film)|Zaza]]'', starring [[Gloria Swanson]] and [[H. B. Warner]] was released.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*The [[Harold Lloyd]] comedy film ''[[Why Worry?]]'' was released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://haroldlloyd.us/the-films/harold-lloyd-filmography/ |title=Harold Lloyd Filmography |website=Harold Lloyd dot US |date=21 December 2011 |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Lee Kuan Yew]], the first [[Prime Minister of Singapore]] (1965 to 1990); in [[Singapore]] (d. 2015)
**[[Ki. Rajanarayanan]], Indian [[Tamil language]] writer and folklorist popularly known as Ki.Ra.; in Idaiseval, [[Madras Presidency|Madras Province]], [[British India]] (d. 2021)
*'''Died: '''[[Walter Edward Davidson|Sir Walter Davidson]], 64, British Governor of the Australian state of [[New South Wales]] since 1918, former colonial governor of the Seychelles (1903–1912) and the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] (1913–1917).

==September 17, 1923 (Monday)==
*[[Lamar University]], located in [[Beaumont, Texas]], began classes as South Park Junior College, so-called because of its location on the third floor of the [[South Park High School (Beaumont, Texas)|South Park High School]]. In 1932, it would be renamed Lamar College in honor of [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]], the second president (after [[Sam Houston]]) of the [[Republic of Texas]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Penny Clark and Brian Sattler |title=Lamar University History |url=https://www.lamar.edu/library/services/university-archive/lamar-university-history.html |publisher=Lamar University |access-date=January 7, 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Intersection of Scenic Ave and Virginia St right after the fire.jpg|200px|thumb|Berkeley homes after the fire]]
*A fast moving wildfire [[1923 Berkeley, California fire|destroyed 584 houses and 56 other buildings]] in [[Berkeley, California]], north of the University of California campus.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 18, 1923 |title=500 Houses Destroyed in Berkeley, Cal., Fire | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*Former Prime Minister [[Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha]] returned to Egypt after having spent nearly 15 months in exile in the [[Seychelles]] and then five more months in France.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*The [[Sutton Vane]] play ''[[Outward Bound (play)|Outward Bound]]'' premiered at the [[Everyman Cinema, Hampstead|Everyman Theatre]] in [[Hampstead]], London, England.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*[[C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo|Club Deportivo Luis Ángel Firpo]], commonly called "L.A. Firpo" and winner of 10 championships in [[Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador|La Primera]], El Salvador's top-level soccer league, was founded in the city of [[Usulután]]. Originally called Club Deportivo Tecún Umán, it was renamed four days later for Argentine boxer [[Luis Ángel Firpo]], who had recently fought world champion Jack Dempsey.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100829081411/http://www.luisangelfirpo.com.sv/sitio/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=173&Itemid=213 "Club Deportivo Luis Ángel Firpo: Historia], official website</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Hank Williams]] (stage name for Hiram King Williams), influential American country music singer, inducted into both the [[Country Music Hall of Fame]] (1961) and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] (1987); in [[Butler County, Alabama]] (d. 1953)
**[[Leon Merian]] (stage name for Leon Megerdichian), Armenian-American jazz trumpeter; in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]] (d. 2007)
**Lieutenant General [[Liu Yudi]], jet pilot flying ace for the [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] of Communist China during the Korean War; in [[Cangxian]], [[Hebei]] province (d. 2015)
*'''Died: '''[[William Henry Merrill]], 54, American electrical engineer who founded (in 1894) [[UL (safety organization)|Underwriters Laboratories]] to test, and certify as safe, industrial and consumer electrical appliances.

==September 18, 1923 (Tuesday)==
*Foreign Minister [[Balingiin Tserendorj]] became the new [[Prime Minister of Mongolia]] after the death of [[Sodnomyn Damdinbazar]].
*The first [[holotype|holotype specimen]] of the prehistoric bird ''[[Andrewsornis|Andrewsornis abottii]]'' was discovered. Paleontologist John Bernard Abbott of the U.S. found the fossilized remains (an incomplete skull, the lower jaws, part of the [[coracoid|shoulder bone]] and parts of a toe) while on an expedition in [[Argentina]]'s [[Chubut Province]]. The species had become extinct more than 21 million years earlier.<ref>"A new phororhacoid bird from the Deseado formation of Patagonia", by Bryan Patterson, in ''Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History'' (October 31, 1941) p.49-51</ref> 
*The newspapers of New York City were paralyzed by a pressman's strike.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 19, 1923 |title=N.Y. Newspapers Unite to Issue One Publication | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=3 }}</ref>
*Two Canadian mountaineers, [[Neal Carter]] and Charles T. Townsend, became the first persons to climb to the top of the {{convert|8428|ft}} high [[Diavolo Peak]].<ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=17309|name=Diavolo Peak|publisher=BC Geographical Names |accessdate=2023-05-11}}</ref>
[[File:Michael I 2014 Romanian stamp 2.jpg|100px|thumb|A 2014 stamp honoring King Michael and Queen Anne]]
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Bertha Wilson]], Scottish-born Canadian lawyer who became (in 1982) the first woman to serve as a justice on the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]; as Bertha Wernham in [[Kirkcaldy]], [[Fife|County Fife]] (d. 2007)
**[[Queen Anne of Romania]], French-born wife of King Michael I, having married him after his abdication; as Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma in [[Paris]] (d. 2016)
**[[Al Quie]], American politician who served in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and as the [[Governor of Minnesota]] (d. 2023)
**[[Joseph Todaro Sr.|"Lead Pipe Joe" Todaro]], American gangster and boss of the Mafia in [[Buffalo, New York]] from 1984 to 2006 (d. 2012)

==September 19, 1923 (Wednesday)==
*The [[Ernst Toller]] play ''The German Hinkemann'' premiered in [[Leipzig]], about the hardships of a soldier who returns from the war disabled. German nationalists disrupted the premiere of the play and the cast received death threats.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Hochman |editor1-first=Stanley |date=1984 |title=McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama (2nd Ed.) |url=https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl01hoch|url-access=registration |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc. |page=[https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl01hoch/page/28 28] |isbn=978-0-07-079169-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kaes |first=Anton |date=2009 |title=Shell Shock Cinema: Weimar Culture and the Wounds of War |url=https://archive.org/details/shellshockcinema00kaes|url-access=limited |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/shellshockcinema00kaes/page/n133 118]–119 |isbn=978-0-691-03136-1 }}</ref>
*The [[Irish Free State]]'s fourth parliament, the [[Oireachtas (Irish Free State)|Oireachtas]], was opened by [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State|Governor-General]] [[Tim Healy (politician)|Tim Healy]] 23 days after [[1923 Irish general election|elections]] for the [[Dáil Éireann]] had been held.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*'''Died: '''[[Kairakutei Black I|Kairakutei Black the First]] (''Shodai Kairakutei Burakku'', stage name for Henry James Black), 64, Australian-born actor and the first non-Japanese [[kabuki]] actor and [[rakugo]]ka storyteller.

==September 20, 1923 (Thursday)==
*[[September Uprising|A communist-led revolt]] broke out in [[Bulgaria]] against the government of Premier [[Aleksandar Tsankov]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsmitha.com/time/1923.htm |title=1923 |last=Smitha |first=Frank E. |date=2013 |website=Macrohistory and World Timeline |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref>
*The [[New York Yankees]] clinched their third straight [[American League]] pennant when they defeated the [[History of the St. Louis Browns|St. Louis Browns]] 4–3.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 21, 1923 |title=Yankees Clinch 3d Pennant by Beating Browns | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=27 }}</ref>
*The [[1920 Copa de Honor Cousenier]] was played after a delay of three years as the 15th, and final annual soccer football game between the winners of the Copas de Honor of Argentina and of Uruguay. [[Boca Juniors]] of [[Buenos Aires]] defeated [[Universal Football Club|Universal]] of [[Montevideo]], 2 to 0.
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Geraldine Clinton Little]], Irish-born American poet; in [[Northern Ireland]] (d. 1997)
**[[Stefan Bozhkov]], Bulgarian footballer with 53 games for the national team, later the Bulgarian National Team coach from 1966 to 1970; in [[Sofia]] (d. 2014)
**[[Ricardo Montez]] (stage name for Levy Isaac Attias), English TV actor; in [[Gibraltar]] (d. 2010)
**[[Jimmy Perry]], English writer, best known for his work on ''[[Dad's Army]]'', ''[[It Ain't Half Hot Mum]]'' and ''[[Hi-de-Hi!]]''; in [[Barnes, Surrey]] (d. 2016)
**[[Jørgen Rydder]], leader of the Danish resistance against the Nazis during World War II; in [[Aars]] (executed 1944)
*'''Died: '''[[Sen Yet Young|Young Sen-yat]], 31, Hawaiian-born Chinese aviator and entrepreneur, first director of the Chinese Aviation Bureau, dubbed by President Sun Yat-sen as "The Father of Chinese Aviation", was killed in a torpedo explosion.

==September 21, 1923 (Friday)==
*The pressman's strike in New York City ended.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 22, 1923 |title=Outlaw Strike in Newspapers of N.Y. is Ended | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=7 }}</ref>
*'''Died: '''Dr. [[Fidel Pagés]], 37, Spanish military surgeon who developed the technique of [[epidural anesthesia]], was killed in a traffic accident in the town of [[Quintanapalla]] while returning to [[Madrid]] after a vacation with his family in [[Zestoa|Cestona]].

==September 22, 1923 (Saturday)==
*Police cells in [[Chicago]] were filled to capacity after 600 arrests were made in a citywide raid on [[speakeasy|speakeasies]].<ref>{{cite news |date=September 23, 1923 |title=Cells Jammed in Police Mop-up of Beer | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Dannie Abse]], Welsh poet; in [[Cardiff]] (d. 2014)
**[[Agha Ibrahim Akram|A. I. Akram]], Pakistani Army officer and military historian; in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] (now part of Punjab state of India) (d. 1989)
*'''Died: '''[[Hermann Kiese]], 58, German rose cultivator known for creating multiple hybrids, including the [[Rosa 'Veilchenblau'|Veilchenbdlau]] blue violet rose
 
==September 23, 1923 (Sunday)==
*Lightning strikes killed five competitors in the annual [[Gordon Bennett Cup (ballooning)|Gordon Bennett Cup]] balloon race, and injured six others. The dead were U.S. Army lieutenants John W. Choptaw and Robert S. Olmsted, whose ''S-6'' balloon crashed in the Netherlands near [[Loosbroek]]; two people on the Swiss balloon ''Génève'' which burned after being hit by lightning; and a person on the Spanish balloon ''Polar''.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*King [[Boris III]] of [[Bulgaria]] dissolved parliament, which had not met since the overthrow of [[Aleksandar Stamboliyski]], and declared a state of emergency.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rue |first=Larry |date=September 24, 1923 |title=Parliament in Bulgaria Ends by King's Order | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=3 }}</ref>
*''[[The Call of the Wild (1923 film)|The Call of the Wild]]'', the first film adaptation of [[Jack London]]'s 1903 novel of the same name, premiered in the U.S.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*'''Born: '''
**[[Socorro Ramos]], Philippine entrepreneur and co-founder (in 1942) of the [[National Book Store]] chain; in [[Santa Cruz, Laguna]] (alive in 2024)
**[[Kim Williams (writer)|Kim Williams]] (stage name for Elizabeth Kandiko), American writer and public radio commentator; in [[Gallatin, New York]] (d. 1986)
*'''Died:''' 
**[[Carl L. Boeckmann]], 56, Norwegian-American artist 
**[[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn]], 84, British statesman and writer, [[Secretary of State for India]] 1905–1910, [[Lord President of the Council]] 1910–1914

==September 24, 1923 (Monday)==
*Governor [[Jack C. Walton|Walton]] of [[Oklahoma]] directed all citizen soldiers of the state to be prepared "with such arms as they possess or can obtain to come to the assistance of the sovereign state of Oklahoma when ordered to do so by the governor."<ref>{{cite news |date=September 25, 1923 |title=Gov. Walton Calls All Oklahoma to Arms | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*[[Murray State University]] began classes in the U.S. state of [[Kentucky]] as Murray State Normal School, with 202 students in at a former high school building until its permanent campus could be opened.<ref>[http://lib.murraystate.edu/pdf/Ledger&Times_Reprint.pdf "The Origin of Murray State University; History of University Publishes As Fiftieth Anniversary Draws Near"], by L. J. Hortin, ''Murray (KY) Ledger & Times'', December 11, 1970, p. 6</ref> Nearly 100 years later, it would have an enrollment of more than 9,000 students.
*The [[United States Fish Commission|U.S. Bureau of Fisheries]] vessel [[USS Polly (SP-690)|USFS ''Curlew'']] rescued 58 of the 75 passengers and crew from the Canadian ferryboat ''Waubic''.<ref>[https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn94057709/1923-09-27/ed-1/seq-2.pdf "Steamer Waubic Goes Aground"], ''Cape Vincent (NY) Eagle'', September 27, 1923</ref>
*'''Born: '''[[Ladislav Fuks]], Czech novelist; in [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]] (d. 1994)
*'''Died: '''[[William Henry Ellis (businessman)|William Henry Ellis]], 59, African-American entrepreneur and millionaire who had attempted to create a colony for African-Americans in [[Mexico]]'s [[Tlahualilo Municipality]].

==September 25, 1923 (Tuesday)==
*The German government, led by Friedrich Ebert, officially ended its campaign of passive resistance against occupying forces.<ref>{{cite news |last=Seldes |first=George |author-link=George Seldes |date=September 26, 1923 |title=Germans Fear Ruhr Revolt Against Toil | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref> In response, extremist groups, upset over Germany "losing another war", met to discuss overthrow of the government.<ref>Robert B. Kane, ''Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918–1945'' (McFarland, 2008) p. 56</ref> [[Nazi Party]] leader [[Adolf Hitler]] met in Munich with the top right-wing leaders who would form the ''[[Kampfbund]]'' and persuaded them to entrust him as their leader. [[Ernst Röhm]] would write later that [[Hermann Kriebel]], Hitler, [[Hermann Göring]] of the [[Sturmabteilung]], Adolf Heiss and Joseph Seydel of the [[Bund Reichskriegsflagge]], and [[Friedrich Weber (veterinarian)|Friedrich Weber]] of the [[Freikorps Oberland|Bund Oberland]], conferred on the situation and that "In a magnificent speech lasting two hours and a half, Hitler unraveled a gripping picture of the political situation, and at its conclusion requested us to entrust the full political leadership to him. Tears in his eyes... Heiss extended him his hand and acceded to his request, and Weber followed his example. I was also highly emotional, for I was seeing the concept take shape for which I had yearned for so long. Now I believed that the hour of our liberation was nearer..."<ref>''The Memoirs of Ernst Röhm'', by Ernst Röhm, translated by Eleanor Hancock (Eher Verlag, 1928, reprinted by Pen & Sword Books, 2012)</ref>
*The first scheduled passenger airline service by flying boat commenced as British Marine Air Navigation Company began flights with three Supermarine Super Eagle aircraft on flights between [[Southampton]] in Britain, and [[Guernsey]], one of the [[Channel Islands]].<ref>Leslie Dawson, ''20th Century Passenger Flying Boats'' (Pen & Sword Books, 2021) p. 150</ref>
*'''Born:'''
**[[John J. Graham]], American graphic designer, designer of the [[NBC logo]], in [[New York City]] (d. 1994)<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ftp.isdi.co.cu/Biblioteca/BASE%20DE%20DATOS%20DE%20GREENSTONE/designi1/archives/HASHcfac.dir/doc.pdf |title=John J. Graham: Behind the Peacock's Plumage |last=Jue-Steuck |first=Jennifer |magazine=Design Issues |volume=19 |issue=4 |date=Autumn 2003 |pages=91–96}}</ref>

==September 26, 1923 (Wednesday)==
*German Chancellor [[Gustav Stresemann]] suspended seven articles of the [[Weimar Constitution]] and [[German October|declared a state of emergency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/06/09/germany-gold-standard.html |title=In Hyperinflation's Aftermath, How Germany Went Back to Gold |last=Lewis |first=Nathan |date=June 9, 2011 |website=[[Forbes]] |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref>
*Bavarian Prime Minister [[Eugen von Knilling]] appointed [[Gustav Ritter von Kahr|Gustav von Kahr]] State Commissioner and granted him dictatorial powers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Seldes |first=George |author-link=George Seldes |date=September 27, 1923 |title=Bavaria Revolt Brings Drastic Berlin Action | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jackisch |first=Barry A. |date=2012 |title=The Pan-German League and Radical Nationalist Politics in Interwar Germany, 1918–39 |location=Burlington, Vermont |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-6142-5 }}</ref>
*Bulgarian troops went on the offensive against the rebels, attacking [[Montana, Bulgaria|Ferdinand]] and [[Boychinovtsi]].<ref>{{cite news |date=September 26, 1923 |title=Bulgars Storm Two Towns Held by 5,000 Rebels | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=3 }}</ref>
*The [[Council of Ambassadors]] awarded Italy an indemnity of 50 million lire against Greece over the [[Corfu incident]], over British protests.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wales |first=Henry |date=September 27, 1923 |title=Allies Force Greece to Pay Italy Millions | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=3 }}</ref>
*German intelligence agent [[Lothar Witzke]], who had been arrested in 1918 in the United States, was pardoned of his espionage conviction by U.S. President Calvin Coolidge, and deported to [[Berlin]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*The [[San Francisco Opera]] made its debut, presenting its first program, ''[[La bohème]]'', at the city's [[Bill Graham Civic Auditorium|Civic Auditorium]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*The dramatic film ''[[A Woman of Paris]]'', directed by [[Charlie Chaplin]] and starring [[Edna Purviance]], premiered at the Criterion Theatre in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.garenewing.co.uk/home/writing/paris.php |title=A Woman of Paris |last=Ewing |first=Garen |date=2005 |website=GarenEwing.co.uk |accessdate=January 28, 2015 }}</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Dev Anand]] (Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand), Indian film actor, director and producer; in [[Shakargarh Tehsil]]<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/dev-anand-338405-2016-09-26 "Remembering Dev Anand with facts on the evergreen Bollywood star"], ''India Today'', December 3, 2018</ref> [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in Pakistan) (d. 2011)
**[[Paul Joseph Kaesberg|Paul J. Kaesberg]], German-born American biochemist and virologist; in [[Engers]] (d. 2010), 
*'''Died: '''[[Aubrey Herbert]], 43, British diplomat and champion of Albanian independence, died of blood poisoning from a dental extraction<ref>Bejtullah Destani and Jason Tomes, ''Albania's Greatest Friend: Aubrey Herbert and the Making of Modern Albania: Diaries and Papers 1904–1923'' (I.B. Tauris, 2011)</ref> On two occasions, Herbert had been offered the throne of Albania during a search for a neutral monarch.<ref>Stephen Dorril, ''MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service'' (Simon & Schuster, 2002) p. 405</ref>

==September 27, 1923 (Thursday)==
*Italian forces withdrew from [[Corfu]] in compliance with the [[Council of Ambassadors]] agreement.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 28, 1923 | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=9 }}</ref>
*Bulgarian troops captured [[Montana, Bulgaria|Ferdinand]] from the rebels, effectively ending the [[September Uprising]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rue |first=Larry |date=September 29, 1923 |title=Bulgars Take Last Fortress of Communists | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=2 }}</ref>
*The first round of voting in [[1923–24 Egyptian parliamentary election|Egypt's first parliamentary elections]] took place as voters selected an electoral college of about 38,000 delegates. The delegates then cast the votes for the 215 seats in the Chamber of Deputies on January 12.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111216020324/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/483/chrncls.htm "Democracy is born"], by Dr Yunan Labib Rizk, ''Al-Ahram'' (May 25–31, 2000), archived by the Wayback Machine.</ref>
[[File:C., B. and Q. wreck near Casper, Wyo., Sept. 27, 1923.png|200px|thumb|The CB&Q Wreck]]
*[[Glenrock train wreck|A train wreck killed 30 people]] in the U.S. state of Wyoming after a bridge was washed away by flooding of the [[North Platte River]]. The [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]] train was making an overnight trip from [[Casper, Wyoming]] toward [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], and was only {{convert|15|mi}} out of Casper when it plunged into Cole Creek near what is now the community of [[Meadow Acres, Wyoming|Meadow Acres]] in the worst rail accident in Wyoming history. 
*German Army Major [[Bruno Ernst Buchrucker|Bruno Buchrucker]] sent out an order directing 4,500 men of the paramilitary group ''[[Black Reichswehr]]'' to assemble on September 30 to carry out a coup against the German government.<ref>John Wheeler-Bennett, ''The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics, 1918–1945'' (Macmillan, 1967)</ref> 
*The [[Oklahoma Supreme Court]] allowed a referendum to go ahead on October 2 in which voters would decide if the state legislature could convene without being called by the governor. If voters approved the measure then [[impeachment]] proceedings were sure to go ahead against Governor [[Jack C. Walton]], who was therefore fighting to block the referendum.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kinsley |first=Philip |date=September 28, 1923 |title=Election and Law Test Next in Oklahoma | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*The Soviet Union deported anarchists [[Senya Fleshin]] and [[Molly Steimer]], placing both of them on a ship bound for Germany after they had gone on a hunger strike while in a Soviet prison. Molly Steimer had been deported from the United States on November 24, 1921, after having served prison sentences in the U.S. for anarchist activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/sparrowsnest-2798|title=An Anarchist Life: Mollie Steimer (1897-1980)|first=Paul|last=Avrich|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
*'''Born: '''[[Violetta Farjeon]], English stage actress and singer; in [[Kensington]], [[London]] (d. 2015)

==September 28, 1923 (Friday)==
*[[Ethiopia|Abyssinia]] was admitted to the [[League of Nations]], by unanimous vote of the League's General Assembly.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ellis |editor1-first=Charles Howard |date=2004 |title=The Origin, Structure & Working of the League of Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/originstructurew00elli|url-access=limited |location=Clark, New Jersey |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange |page=[https://archive.org/details/originstructurew00elli/page/n100 103] |isbn=978-1-58477-320-7 }}</ref>
*Violent windstorms and flooding struck [[Louisville, Nebraska]] and [[Council Bluffs, Iowa]], killing 14 people.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 29, 1923 |title=Storm Near Omaha Kills 14 | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*The [[History of the New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]] beat the [[History of the Brooklyn Dodgers|Brooklyn Robins]] 3–0 to clinch the [[National League (baseball)|National League]] pennant and would meet the [[New York Yankees]] in the [[1923 World Series|World Series]] for the third straight year.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 29, 1923 |title=Giants Win 11th Flag as Robins Fall, 3–0 | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*The British magazine ''[[Radio Times]]'' began publication.<ref>[https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d58cef702a6a4b26adb3e9df7195cbd4 "Radio Times Issues"], BBC.co.uk</ref>
*'''Born: '''
**[[Giuseppe Casale]], Italian [[Roman Catholic]] bishop (d. 2023)
**[[Robert Guestier Goelet]], French-born American philanthropist, former president of the [[American Museum of Natural History]]; in [[Amblainville]], [[Oise]] département (d. 2019)
**[[Roedad Khan]], long-serving Pakistani government minister for six different prime ministers between from 1958 and 1993; including as Pakistan's Interior Secretary (1978 to 1988); in [[Mardan]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[British India]] (d. 2024)
**[[Tuli Kupferberg]], American singer, poet, and writer (d. 2010)
**[[John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch]], Scottish captain and politician, [[Lord Lieutenant of Selkirkshire]](d. 2007)
**[[William Windom (actor)|William Windom]], American actor (d. 2012)

==September 29, 1923 (Saturday)==
*The [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]] went into effect for what would become the nation of Israel.
*The French [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]] went into effect by France's agreement with the League of Nations.<ref>[https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/french-syria-1919-1946/ "French Syria (1919–1946)"], University of Central Arkansas</ref>
*Italy's Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]] ordered the return of 10 million of the 50 million lire that Greece had paid over the [[Corfu incident]] and directed it to be spent on needy Greek and Armenian refugees.<ref>{{cite news |last=De Santo |first=V. |date=September 30, 1923 |title=Italians Return $500,000 from Greek Indemnity | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=3 }}</ref> 
*Bavarian State Commissioner [[Gustav Ritter von Kahr|Gustav von Kahr]] defied the federal government and refused to obey an order directing the suppression of publications by [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Seldes |first=George |author-link=George Seldes |date=September 30, 1923 |title=Berlin Defied by Bavaria | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*The [[1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships|first U.S. Track & Field championships for women]] were held, at [[Weequahic Park]] in [[Newark, New Jersey]], with 11 events, with four running events, two for jumping, and five for throwing various items, including basketballs and softballs.<ref>Louise Mead Tricard, ''American Women's Track and Field: A History, 1895 Through 1980'' (McFarland, 1996) pp. 88–89.</ref>
*'''Born: '''
**[[Roland Gööck]], prolific (230 books) German non-fiction author; in [[Felchta]], [[Free State of Thuringia]] (d. 1991) 
**[[Jenny Berthelius]], Swedish writer of crime novels and children's books; in [[Stockholm]] (d. 2019)

==September 30, 1923 (Sunday)==
*The [[Küstrin Putsch]] was carried out by militants of the [[Black Reichswehr]], led by [[Bruno Ernst Buchrucker]], in an attempt to start a coup against the government by seizing three forts around the city of [[Kostrzyn nad Odrą|Küstrin]], east of Berlin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shirer |first=William L. |author-link=William L. Shirer |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany |year=2011 |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofthirdr00shir_1|url-access=limited |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=[https://archive.org/details/risefallofthirdr00shir_1/page/65 65] |isbn=978-1-4516-5168-3 }}</ref>
*A riot broke out in [[Düsseldorf]] in Germany after a mob rushed a crowd gathered outdoors to hear a speech by separatist leader [[Josef Friedrich Matthes]]. 16 were killed in the fighting.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Thomas |date=October 1, 1923 |title=Many Slain as Bullets Smash Rhine Meeting | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*The French airship ''[[Dixmude (airship)|Dixmude]]'' completed a record nonstop flight of 118 hours and 41 minutes from Cuers across the Mediterranean into the [[Sahara]] and back towards Paris and then back to Cuers again.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 1, 1923 |title=French Dirigible Flies 118 Hours, World Record | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
*The fifth and final film of stage magician [[Harry Houdini]], ''[[Haldane of the Secret Service]]'', was released by his own Houdini Picture Corporation. The 84-minute silent adventure film, starring Houdini as "Heath Haldane", was produced by the Houdini Picture Corporation and marked his last venture as a director and an actor.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0014112/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_1 "Haldane of the Secret Service"], Internet Movie Database
</ref>
*'''Born:''' 
**[[Donald Swann]], Welsh composer who was part of the writing team of [[Flanders and Swann]]; in [[Llanelli]] (d. 1994)
**[[Giuseppe Campora]], Italian operatic tenor; in [[Tortona]] (d. 2004)
**[[Thérèse Gouin Décarie]], Canadian Quebecois developmental psychologist; in [[Montreal]] (d. 2024)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
{{Events by month links}}

[[Category:September|1923]]
[[Category:1923|*1923-09]]
[[Category:Months in the 1920s|*1923-09]]