View source for Mixed-member majoritarian representation

{{Short description|Type of mixed electoral system}}
{{distinguish|Mixed-member proportional representation}}
{{Electoral systems}}

'''Mixed-member majoritarian representation''' ('''MMM''') is type of a [[mixed electoral system]] combining [[Winner-take-all system|winner-take-all]] and [[Proportional representation|proportional]] methods, where the disproportional results of the winner-take-all part are dominant over the [[Proportional representation|''proportional'']] component. Mixed member majoritarian systems are therefore categorized under [[Semi-proportional representation|''semi-proportional'' representation]], and are usually contrasted with [[Mixed-member proportional representation|mixed-member ''proportional'' representation]] (MMP) which aims to provide proportional representation compensation ("top-up") seats. 

The most common type of MMM system is the ''supplementary member'' (SM) system (a form of [[parallel voting]]), whereby representatives are voted into a chamber using at least two different systems independently of each other. Most commonly this combines [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post (single member plurality) voting]] (FPTP/SMP) with [[party-list proportional representation]] (list-PR). The system has been applied in the election of national parliaments as well as local governments in various places such as [[Taiwan]], [[Lithuania]], [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]]. While FPTP with list-PR is the most common pairing in parallel systems, any other combination is effectively possible. Therefore, not all parallel voting systems are mixed-member majoritarian (and not all MMM systems are strictly parallel - [[Compensation (electoral systems)|non-compensatory]]), however as most of them used in practice are, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.

More unusual types of mixed-member majoritarian system are used in [[Elections in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[South Korea]], [[Elections in Italy|Italy]] and [[Elections in Hungary|Hungary]].

== Types ==
According to the academic typology of Massicotte & Blais (1999)''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Massicotte & Blais |date=1999 |title=Mixed electoral systems: a conceptual and empirical survey |journal=}}</ref>'', mixed-member majoritarian systems can come in the following forms:

* ''Superposition'', or the ''supplementary member'' (SM) system where two different systems are used on different levels of the electoral system in a non-compensatory manner. This means if a party gets a disproportionally high share of seats in the majoritarian tier, they retain this absolute advantage even as their relative (percentage-wise) advantage may decrease due to a proportional component.
** [[Parallel voting]] is defined by the voter having two votes and there being no interaction between the two (or more) component systems of the election, most often a [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] vote and a [[List PR|list-PR]] vote. There are also examples for [[two-round system]] and list-PR (Lithuania) or [[Party-block voting|party block voting]] and list-PR (Andorra).
** There also exists a single vote version of superposition systems, in which the voter may not split their votes on the different levels of the election, but a single vote automatically determines both the local candidate and the party choice of the voter. Such a system is used in [[Elections in Italy|Italy]] ''(Rosatellum)'' for both houses of parliament which disallows vote splitting, thereby effectively using a [[mixed single vote]].
** In some systems, such as the one used in [[Elections in Pakistan|Pakistan]], list PR seats are not distributed based on votes cast, but proportionally with seats already won by the parties using FPTP/SMP. This means the winning parties absolute advantage over other parties increases in terms of seats won, and their relative (percentage-wise) majoritarian advantage stays the same.
* ''Fusion'', or [[Majority jackpot system|majority jackpot]] or [[majority bonus system]] (MBS) used in [[Italy]] and [[France]] for regional elections or where a group of councilors are chosen with a [[general ticket]], and the remaining part by a party-list proportional system, so to ensure that a single list wins well over half the seats'''<ref name=":0" />'''.
* ''Correction'' or compensation: Although compensation is the basis of mixed proportional (MMP) systems, some countries use systems which have so limited (compensatory) interaction between the local (FPTP/SMP) and national (list-PR) tiers, that in practice it qualifies more as MMM. Certain implementation of the [[Additional member system|additional-member system]] can be considered MMM or MMP or inbetween: proportionality varies based on the results of specific elections. This is especially the case, when a compensatory system is subverted by manipulation intended to negate the correction, which has been the case in multiple countries using MMP./AMS.
* [[File:Coexistence FPTP PR.png|thumb|A diagram of a coexistence based mixed electoral system combining first-past-the-post and party-list proportional representation.]]''[[Coexistence (electoral systems)|Coexistence]]:'' some type of mixed systems do not have two tiers (and so also use a single vote), but use majoritarian representation in many constituencies (single-member districts) but use proportional representations is some (multi-member districts), which makes the system as a whole mixed-member majoritarian if the winner-take-all districts are not just rare exceptions.
* ''Supermixed'': In [[Hungary]], elections to the National Assembly use the list vote as a parallel system would, but also add unused votes ("fractional votes" of both district winners and losers). In [[South Korea]] most list seats are allocated non-compensatory (supplementary members) as in parallel voting, but a small part of list seats (additional members) is allocated using the [[additional member system]] (AMS), which makes it partially compensatory (the effect however is cancelled by the party-list splitting strategy).

== Advantages and disadvantages ==

=== General ===
Mixed-member majoritarian systems generally allow smaller parties that cannot win individual elections to secure some representation in the legislature; however, unlike in a proportional system, they will have a substantially smaller delegation than their share of the total vote. It is also argued that MMM does not lead to the degree of fragmentation found in party systems under forms of [[proportional representation]], which some consider to be an advantage and some a disadvantage.<ref name="reynolds112">Reynolds et al (2008), ''Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook'', Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, pg. 112</ref>

A criticism of adding a proportional component to winner-take-all electoral systems is that the largest parties are more likely to rely on the support of smaller ones in order to form a government, than if the system was majoritarian only. However, smaller parties are still disadvantaged as the larger parties still predominate. In countries where there is one dominant party and a divided opposition, the proportional seats may be essential for allowing an effective opposition. Furthermore, the likelihood of no governing majority is dependent on many other factors, same as under first-past-the-post. In many democracies, coalition governments are not only the norm, but seen as desirable as the government is formed with wider (indirect) support of the electorate and via compromise between factions. 

In parallel voting and other supplementary member systems, it is sometimes considered a negative, that there are two classes of representatives with one class beholden to their electorate seat, and the other concerned only with their party.

The major critique of MMM systems is that they cannot guarantee overall proportionality. Large parties can win very large majorities, disproportionate to their percentage vote. For example, in the [[2014 Hungarian parliamentary election|2014 Hungarian election]], the Fidesz/KDNP grouping won 133 of 199 Parliamentary seats with 44.87% of the overall vote.

Combined with a high threshold, small parties may still be shut out of representation entirely despite winning a substantial portion of the overall vote.<ref>''The Standard'' (2009) http://www.thestandard.org.nz/the-emerging-consensus-to-keep-mmp/ accessed: 8, May, 2010</ref> So that their constituency vote is not wasted, voters may vote for a large party's local candidate tactically, while voters of large parties may vote for allied smaller parties with their list vote so as to help them over the threshold. An example of this being played out can be seen in the [[2014 Japanese general election|2014 Japanese election]] where the government's junior coalition partner, [[Komeito]] took only 1.5% in the local constituencies, but 13.7% on the PR list. Most of the Komeito votes came from the ruling [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}.

=== Compared to mixed member proportional ===
Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) systems are often contrasted with mixed-Member proportional (MMP) systems. There are a unique set of advantages and disadvantages that apply to this specific comparison.

Under MMM a party that can [[gerrymander]] local districts can win more than its share of seats, so parallel systems need fair criteria to draw district boundaries. Normally, under [[mixed member proportional representation]] a gerrymander can help a local candidate, but it cannot raise a major party's share of seats, unless the compensatory link is effectively disentangled, for example using decoy lists and tactical voting.

In [[Japan]], an electoral system based on a single-seat constituency system was introduced in 1994 to facilitate a change of government and prevent corruption. It was decided that a portion of the seats would be elected through a proportional representation system to accommodate minority parties. In Japan's political culture, however, this system further reinforced the [[dominant-party system]], and except for a brief period between 2009 and 2012, the opposition parties faced the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|LDP]] as a minority force, aided by the proportional representation system. And subsequently [[Thailand]] and [[Russia]] adopted a parallel system to provide incentives for greater party cohesiveness.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The party is sure to elect the candidates at the top of its list, guaranteeing safe seats for the leadership. By contrast, under the MMP system a party that does well in the local seats might not need or receive any compensatory list seats, so the leadership has to run in the local seats. On the other hand, because of the low reputation of lawmakers elected by proportional representation in Japan, party leaders of major parties are implicitly expected to be elected in their electoral districts. Although political parties can designate the order of the list, it is customary for the order to change according to the percentage of close defeats.

Mixed-member majoritarian systems support the creation of single-party majorities more often than mixed proportional member systems. This may be a positive or a negative depending on the view of the voter.

== Use ==
=== Current use ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Lower (or only) house of legislature chambers
!Upper house of legislature chambers (where applicable)
|-
|[[File:Electoral systems map mmm.svg|500x500px|Countries using mixed-member majoritarian electoral systems.|center]]
|[[File:Electoral_systems_map_for_upper_houses_majoritarian.svg|center|frameless|500x500px]]
|-
| width="25%" |
| width="25%" |'''Other'''
|-
|{{legend|#FF0000|[[First past the post]] (FPTP/SMP) + PR seats in proportion to FPTP seats}}{{legend|#C87137|Mixed [[General ticket|Party block voting / General ticket]] (PBV) + FPTP/SMP or FPTP/SMP + majority jackpot (supermixed)}}{{legend|#FF00CC|Mixed-member majoritarian / [[parallel voting]] (FPTP/SMP + party-list PR)}} {{legend|#FF80E5|Mixed-member majoritarian / parallel voting (TRS + party-list PR)}} {{legend|#D400AA|Mixed-member majoritarian / parallel voting (BV or PBV + party-list PR)}} {{legend|#8B008B|Mixed-member majoritarian with compensation / [[scorporo]] (FPTP/SMP + party-list PR)}}{{legend|#646696|Majority bonus system (MBS) / Majority jackpot system (PBV + party-list PR)}}
|{{legend|10313a|Varies by federal states or constituencies}}{{legend|#808080|No direct election}} {{legend|#E6E6E6|No information}}
|}
Mixed-member majoritarian systems are primarily used in Asian and some of the European states.<ref>Reynolds et al. (2008), ''Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook'', Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, pg. 30–33</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Country
!Body/region
!Last election
!Type
!(Seats per
constituency)
! colspan="2" |Electoral system
!Total seats
![[Proportional representation#District magnitude|Constituencies]]
!Governmental system
!Notes
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Andorra}} [[Elections in Andorra|Andorra]]'''
|[[General Council (Andorra)|General Council]]
|[[2019 Andorran parliamentary election|2019]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|2 (local districts) / 14 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#D400AA" |
|[[General ticket|Party block voting]] (PBV) in 14 local districts + [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] in a single nationwide constituency
|28
|7 parishes,
1 nationwide constituency
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
| rowspan=3|'''{{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Elections in Argentina|Argentina]]'''
|[[Córdoba Province, Argentina|Legislature of Córdoba Province]]
|[[2019 Argentine general election|2019]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 44 (provincewide constituency)
|
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) and [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]]
|70
|[[Departments of Argentina|Departments]]
|
|
|-
|[[San Juan Province, Argentina|San Juan Province]]
|[[2019 Argentine general election|2019]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 17 (provincewide constituency)
|
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) and [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]]
|36
|[[Departments of Argentina|Departments]]
|
|
|-
|[[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz Province]]
|[[2019 Argentine general election|2019]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 10 (provincewide constituency)
|
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) and [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]]
|24
|[[Municipalities of Argentina|Municipalities]]
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Elections in Cameroon|Cameroon]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]]
|[[2020 Cameroonian parliamentary election|2020]]
|Hybrid/''Supermixed'' (''Conditional''+''coexistence'')
|1–7
| style="background:#C87137" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies,
party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies ([[General ticket|party block voting]]), otherwise highest party gets half, rest distributed by [[Largest remainder method|largest remainder]] ([[Hare quota]])
|180
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Chad}} [[Elections in Chad|Chad]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Chad)|National Assembly]]
|[[2011 Chadian parliamentary election|2011]]
|Hybrid/''Supermixed'' (''Conditional''+''coexistence'')
|
| style="background:#C87137" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies ([[General ticket|party block voting]]), otherwise [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] (largest remainder, closed list)
|188
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]'''
|[[National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|National Assembly]]
|[[2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election|2018]]
|''Coexistence''
|1–18
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and [[open list]] in multi-member districts
|500
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Elections in Djibouti|Djibouti]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Djibouti)|National Assembly]]
|[[2018 Djiboutian parliamentary election|2018]]
|Majority jackpot (MBS) / ''fusion''
|3–28
| style="background:#646696" |
|80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes ([[General ticket|party block voting]]), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% ([[closed list]], [[D'Hondt method]])
|65
|regions
|[[Presidential system]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Elections in Egypt|Egypt]]'''
|[[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]]
|[[2020 Egyptian parliamentary election|2020]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 42–100 (list districts)
| style="background:#FF80E5" |
|[[Two-round system]] (TRS) and [[General ticket|party block voting]] (PBV/General ticket){{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|596 (568 directly elected + 28 appointed)
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|
|-
|Senate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Elections in Georgia (country)|Georgia]]'''
|[[Parliament of Georgia|Parliament]]
|[[2020 Georgian parliamentary election|2020]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts),
120 (national constituency)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] (closed list) + [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP)
|150
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|[[Georgia's Parliament]] has 150 members, known as deputies, from which 120 members are proportional representatives and 30 are elected through a single-member district plurality system to represent their constituencies. Five parties and electoral blocs had representatives elected to the parliament in the 2008 elections: the United National Movement (governing party), The Joint Opposition, the Christian-Democrats, the Labour Party and Republican Party. Due to the large amount of support given to the ruling party the disproportionality of the 2008 election was very low (1.32 on the [[Gallagher Index]]).
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Greece}}''' '''[[Elections in Greece|Greece]]'''
|[[Hellenic Parliament]]
|[[2019 Greek legislative election|2019]]
|Majority bonus (MBS) / ''fusion''
|
| style="background:#646696" |
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Guinea}} [[Elections in Guinea|Guinea]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Guinea)|National Assembly]]
|[[2020 Guinean legislative election|2020]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts),
76 (national constituency)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] ([[Hare quota]]) + [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP)
|114
|single-member constituencies based on the 33 [[Prefectures of Guinea|prefectures]] and five communes of [[Conakry]]
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Elections in Hungary|Hungary]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] (Országgyűlés)
|[[2022 Hungarian parliamentary election|2022]]
|Hybrid/''Supermixed'' (''superposition''+''correction'')
|1 (local districts), 93 (national constituency)
| style="background:#8B008B" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)]] for 106 seats + national [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] for 93 seats (combination of [[Parallel voting|parallel]] and [[Mixed single vote|positive vote transfer]])
|199
|local electoral districts within country/capital borders and a single nationwide constituency that includes non-resident with Hungarian citizenship as well
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|[[Hungary]]'s [[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] uses a system where the parallel voting component shares a pool of seats (93) with the compensatory vote transfer system and with the minority list seats with a reduced entry threshold. This means, the number of seats effectively assigned proportionally based on the parallel party list votes is unknown/unknowable before the election takes place.<ref>Political Capital (2012) The new electoral law in Hungary - In-depth analysis http://www.valasztasirendszer.hu/wp-content/uploads/PC_ElectoralSystem_120106.pdf</ref>
Before the 2014, a different mixed system was used with a two-round system in single-member districts.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Elections in Italy|Italy]]'''
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[2018 Italian general election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |''Superposition''
|1 (local districts), 12 (Italians abroad constituency), ?-? (multi-member districts){{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] + [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) - mixed single vote
|630
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Parliamentary system]]
| rowspan="2" |Starting with the [[2018 Italian general election|2018 election]], both houses of the [[Italian parliament]] are elected using a system similar to parallel voting. 62.5% of the seats are assigned proportionally to party lists; party lists are also linked in coalitions supporting constituency candidates running for the remaining 37.5% of the available seats, who are elected by means of a first-past-the-post system. Electors have a single vote with two-fold proportional effects for a party list and its associated coalition candidate (split-ticket voting is not allowed).
Between 1993 and 2005 ''scorporo'', [[Scorporo|parallel voting with modifications]] (negative vote transfer compensation) was used.
|-
|[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate]]
|[[2018 Italian general election|2018]]
|1 (local districts), 6 (Italians abroad constituency), ?-? (multi-member districts){{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] + [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) - mixed single vote
|315
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Elections in Japan|Japan]]'''
|
|
|
|
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] (open list) + [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP)
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Elections in South Korea|Republic of Korea]] (South Korea)'''
|[[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]]
|[[2020 South Korean legislative election|2020]]
|Hybrid/''Supermixed'' (''superposition''+''correction'')
|1 (local districts), 17 supplementary seats (parallel voting), 30 additional seats (AMS),
| style="background:#8B008B" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) and [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] (hybrid of [[parallel voting]] and [[Additional member system|AMS]])
|300
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Presidential system]]
|[[South Korea]]'s [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] used parallel voting from 1988 to 2019. Since 2019, it uses a hybrid system of parallel voting and mixed-member proportional, with both compensatory seats (30) and supplementary seats (17).
|-
|'''{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}'''
|[[Mäjilis]]
|[[2023 Kazakh legislative election|2023]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 69 (national constituency)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] (closed list) + [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP)
|98
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|The [[Kazakhstan Parliament]] has two chambers: the Assembly and the Senate. The Assembly (Mäjilis) has 98 seats, 29 of these are constituency seats and 69 list seats determined by proportional representation.
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Elections in Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]]'''
|[[Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)|Supreme Council]]
|[[2021 Kyrgyz parliamentary election|2021]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 54 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] (open list) + [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP)
|90
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Elections in Lithuania|Lithuania]]'''
|[[Seimas]]
|[[2020 Lithuanian parliamentary election|2020]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 70 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#FF80E5" |
|[[Two-round system]] (TRS) for 71 seats + [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] ([[Largest remainder method|Largest remainder]]) for 70 seats
|141
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Elections in Madagascar|Madagascar]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Madagascar)|National Assembly]]
|[[2019 Malagasy parliamentary election|2019]]
|''Coexistence''
|1–2
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) in 87 single-member districts, [[Party-list proportional representation|party-list PR]] ([[Closed list]], [[highest averages method]]) in 32 two-member districts (64 seats in [[Binomial voting|binomial system]])
|151
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Elections in Mauritania|Mauritania]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Mauritania)|National Assembly]]
|[[2018 Mauritanian parliamentary election|2018]]
|Hybrid/''Supermixed'' (''coexistense''+''superposition'')
|1–3 (local districts), 40 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#D400AA" |
|[[Two-round system]] (TRS) in single-member districts, [[Multiple non-transferable vote|two-round block voting]] (BV) in dual-member districts, and [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]]  (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) in larger districts + twice 20 nationally [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] (one set of 20 reserved for women)
|157
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagicon|Mexico}}''' '''[[Elections in Mexico|Mexico]]'''
|[[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Chamber of Deputies]]
|[[2021 Mexican legislative election|2021]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 40 (multi-member districts)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) + [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] ([[Largest remainder method|Largest remainder]]:[[Hare quota]])
|500
|the local (single-member) districts are called [[Federal electoral districts of Mexico|federal electoral districts]] (with each [[States of Mexico|state]] divided into at least two districts), and the remaining seats are assigned through rules of [[proportional representation]] in 5 multi-state, 40-seat [[Electoral regions of Mexico|constituencies]].
|[[Presidential system]]
|Since 1996, a party cannot get more seats overall than 8% above its result nationally (i.e., to win 50% of the legislative seats, a party must win at least 42% of the vote nationwide). There are three exceptions on this rule: first, a party can only lose PR-seats due to this rule (and no plurality-seats); second, a party can never get more than 300 seats overall (even if it has more than 52% of the vote nationally); and third, a party can exceed this 8% rule if it wins the seats in the single-member districts.
|-
|[[Senate of Mexico|Chamber of Senators]]
|[[2018 Mexican general election|2018]]
|''Superposition''
|3 (local districts), 32 (multi-member districts)
|
|''Superposition'' using a single party vote: [[Limited voting|Limited (party) block voting]] locally (2 seats from each constituency to largest party, 1 to the second largest party) + [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] nationwide
|128
|three-seat [[Constituency|constituencies]] corresponding to the nation's 31 [[States of Mexico|states]] and Mexico City (the former Federal District which is the national capital) and  a nationwide electoral district
|[[Presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Monaco}} [[Elections in Monaco|Monaco]]'''
|[[National Council (Monaco)|National Council]]
|[[2018 Monegasque general election|2018]]
|''Superposition''
|24 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#D400AA" |
|Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) using a single ([[panachage]]) ballot:
[[Plurality block voting]] (BV) in single nationwide constituency for 16 seats; [[D'Hondt method]] (8 seats)
|24
|single nationwide constituency
|[[Parliamentary system]] {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Nepal}}''' '''[[Elections in Nepal|Nepal]]'''
|[[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
|[[2017 Nepalese general election|2017]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 110 (multi-member districts)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) + [[Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR]] ([[Closed list|closed lists]])
|275
|electoral districts and a single nationwide constituency
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Panama}} [[Elections in Panama|Panama]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Panama)|National Assembly]]
|[[2019 Panamanian general election|2019]]
|''Coexistence''
|
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts, Saripolo or Sartori method ([[Largest remainder method|Largest remainder]], but remainders only for those with no seats) in multi-member districts
|71
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Elections in Pakistan|Pakistan]]'''
|[[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]
|[[2018 Pakistani general election|2018]]
|''Superposition''
|1 (local districts), 60 (seats reserved for women), 10 (seats reserved for religious minorities)
| style="background:#FF0000" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) for 272 seats + 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won
|342
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
|{{Flagicon|Philippines}} '''[[Elections in the Philippines|Philippines]]'''
|[[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]]
|[[2019 Philippine general election|2019]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 61 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts (243 in 2019) + [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] ([[Closed list|closed lists]]; modified [[Hare quota]] with 3-seat cap and no remainders) (61 in 2019)
|304
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Presidential system]]
|The Philippines' electoral system for Congress is an exceptional case on this list. Political parties running for party-list seats are legally required to be completely separate from those running in constituency seats. Furthermore, political parties are capped at 3 seats (out of 61). As a result, the mixed-member system utilized in the Philippines is not representative at all of the share of the vote that "normal" political parties obtain (even amongst mixed-member majoritarian systems), let alone for those in full proportional representation systems.
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Russian Federation}} [[Elections in Russia|Russian Federation]]'''
|[[State Duma]]
|[[2021 Russian legislative election|2021]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) and [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]]
|450
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|San Marino}} [[Elections in San Marino|San Marino]]'''
|[[Grand and General Council]]
|[[2019 San Marino general election|2019]]
|Majority jackpot / ''fusion''
|
| style="background:#646696" |
|Majority jackpot system (35 seat jackpot)
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Senegal}} [[Elections in Senegal|Senegal]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Senegal)|National Assembly]]
|[[2017 Senegalese parliamentary election|2017]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1-? (local districts), 60 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#D400AA" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and [[Plurality block voting]] (BV) in two-seat districts for 115 seats in total (including overseas) + [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] for 60 seats ([[largest remainder method]])
|165
|single- or multi-member constituencies based on the 35 [[Departments of Senegal|departments]], with an additional 15 elected by overseas voters and a single nationwide constituency
|[[Presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Elections in Seychelles|Seychelles]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Seychelles)|National Assembly]]
|[[2020 Seychellois general election|2020]]
|''Superposition''
|1 (local districts), up to 10 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) for 26 seats + up to a further ten are elected based on the percentage of votes received by each party; for each 10% of the total national vote received, a party gets one additional sea ([[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]])
|35 (currently, may vary based on election results)
|single member constituencies and a single nationwide constituency
|[[Presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|South Ossetia}} [[Elections in Senegal|South Ossetia]]'''
|
|2019
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), up to 17 (nationwide constituency)
|
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) for 17 seats + [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]])
|34
|single member constituencies and a single nationwide constituency
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Sudan}} [[Elections in Sudan|Sudan]]'''
|[[National Assembly of Sudan|National Assembly]]
|[[2015 Sudanese general election|2015]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1–26 (local districts), 128 (seats reserved for women), 85 (unreserved seats)
| style="background:#D400AA" |
|[[Plurality block voting]] (BV) in multi-member districts for 213 seats in total + [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] for 213 seats (?{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} method, [[closed list]])
|450
|18 [[States of Sudan|states]] and a single nationwide constituency
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Elections in Taiwan|Taiwan]](Republic of China)'''
|[[Legislative Yuan]]
|[[2024 Taiwanese legislative election|2024]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 6 (seats reserved for indigenous), 34 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) for 73 seats, [[single non-transferable vote]] for 6 seats reserved for indigenous + [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] for 34 seats
|113
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}  and a single nationwide constituency
|[[Semi-presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Elections in Tajikistan|Tajikistan]]'''
|[[Assembly of Representatives (Tajikistan)|Assembly of Representatives]]
|[[2020 Tajik parliamentary election|2020]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 22 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#FF80E5" |
|[[Two-round system]] (TRS) for 41 seats + [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] for 22 seats
|63
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}  and a single nationwide constituency
|[[Presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Elections in Tanzania|Tanzania]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]]
|[[2020 Tanzanian general election|2020]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 75 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) for 264 seats, [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] for 113 seats reserved for women'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Art. 66, Constitution of Tanzania|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Tanzania_1995?lang=en#857|website=Constitute Project}}</ref>'''
|393 (377 directly elected)
|
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Thailand}} [[Elections in Thailand|Thailand]]'''
|[[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]
|[[2023 Thai general election|2023]]
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|1 (local districts), 400 (nationwide constituency)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) for 400 seats + [[Party-list proportional representation|List PR]] for 100 seats
|500
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}  and a single nationwide constituency
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|The next election is scheduled to be held under parallel voting again, after one election (2019) held using a single vote MMP system
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Elections in Venezuela|Venezuela]]'''
|[[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]]
|2020
|Parallel voting / ''superposition''
|
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) and [[Party-list proportional representation|list PR]]
|280 (277 directly elected)
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Presidential system]]
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Elections in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]'''
|[[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|National Assembly]]
|[[2018 Zimbabwean general election|2018]]
|''Superposition''
|1 (local districts),
10 (proportional constituencies)
| style="background:#FF00CC" |
|210 seats by [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) in local districts

60 seats reserved for women by [[Party-list proportional representation|list PR]]
|270
|electoral districts{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|[[Presidential system]]
|Voters cast a single vote
|}

=== Former use ===
Countries that replaced majoritarian representation before 1990 are not (yet) included.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Country
!Legislative body
!Last use
!Type of majoritarian system
!Mixed majoritarian electoral system (old system)
!Replaced by (new system)
!Governmental system
!Notes
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Albania}}''' '''[[Albania]]'''
|
|
|Parallel voting
|
|
|
|[[Albania]] used parallel voting in the 1996 and 1997 elections (before switching to [[mixed-member proportional representation]] from 2001 to [[2005 Albanian parliamentary election|2005]]).{{sfnm|1a1=Gallagher|1y=2011|1p=185|2a1=Gallagher|2y=2014|2p=18}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Lublin |first=David |title=Albania |url=http://www.electionpassport.com/electoral-systems/albania/ |access-date=24 March 2016 |website=Election Passport |publisher=American University}}</ref>
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Elections in Armenia|Armenia]]'''
|
|2012
|Parallel voting
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] (FPTP/SMP) and [[Party-list proportional representation|list PR]]
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}}''' '''[[Azerbaijan]]'''
|
|
|Parallel voting
|
|
|
|Azerbaijan's [[Azerbaijan's National Assembly|National Assembly]] used an SM system in which 100 members were elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies and 25 were members were elected by proportional representation. Since 2020 it uses [[FPTP]].
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Elections in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]'''
|
|1990, 2009
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Elections in Croatia|Croatia]]'''
|
|1995
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|Used between 1993 and 2001
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]'''
|
|2020
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Jordan}} [[Elections in Jordan|Jordan]]'''
|
|2013
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Moldova}} [[Elections in Moldova|Moldova]]'''
|
|2018
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[Elections in North Macedonia|North Macedonia]]'''
|
|1994{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Palestine}} [[Elections in Palestine|Palestine]]'''
|[[Palestinian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]
|[[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006]]
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|For the [[2014 Palestinian general election|next election]] (which is still yet to be held) the system was changed to [[party-list proportional representation]].
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Timor-Leste}} [[Elections in East Timor|Timor-Leste]] (East Timor)'''
|
|2001
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Elections in Tunisia|Tunisia]]'''
|
|2009
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Elections in Ukraine|Ukraine]]'''
|
|2019
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|According to the election law that became valid on 1 January 2020 the [[2023 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] will be held under a proportional scheme.
|-
|
|2002
|Parallel voting
|
|[[Party-list proportional representation]] (List PR)
|
|1994 election was held under a two-round system
|}
* [[Santiago del Estero Province]], [[Argentina]] (1997–2009)

=== Proposals for use ===
In [[New Zealand]], the [[Royal Commission on the Electoral System]] reviewed the electoral system in 1985–86 and considered SM to be a possible replacement for [[plurality voting]], which was in use at the time. They suggested the supplementary member system could be implemented in New Zealand with the following features: each elector would have 2 votes, 1 for a constituency candidate and the other for a party list; there would be a total of 120 seats, with 90 seats determined by votes in constituencies and the remaining 30 from party lists; a modified [[Sainte-Laguë method]] would be used to allocate list seats proportionate to a party's total share of votes, a threshold of 5% was suggested before parties could be allocated seats.<ref name="rc39">Royal Commission on Electoral Systems (1986), ''Report of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System: towards a better democracy'', Wellington N.Z.: Government Printing, pg. 39.</ref>

The commission came to the conclusion that SM would be unable to overcome the shortcomings of New Zealand's previous plurality electoral system (FPP). The total seats won by a party would likely remain out of proportion to its share of votes—there would be a “considerable imbalance between share of the votes and share of the total seats”—and would be unfair to minor parties (who struggle to win constituency seats).<ref name="rc39" /> In the [[Electoral reform in New Zealand|indicative 1992 electoral referendum]], SM was one of the four choices of alternative electoral system (alongside [[Mixed-member proportional representation|MMP]], [[Instant-runoff voting|AV]] and [[Single transferable vote|STV]]), but came last with only 5.5 percent of the vote. By clear majority, a change to MMP was favoured, as recommended by the Royal Commission, and was subsequently adopted after the [[1993 electoral referendum]].

In [[2011 New Zealand voting method referendum|another referendum in 2011]], 57.77% of voters elected to keep current the MMP system. Among the 42.23% that voted to change to another system, a plurality (46.66%) preferred a return to the pre-1994 plurality electoral system (also known as [[First-past-the-post]], FPTP). Supplementary member was the second-most popular choice, with 24.14% of the vote.
{{Portal|Politics
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.idea.int/publications/esd/index.cfm A Handbook of Electoral System Design] from [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]]
* [http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es Electoral Design Reference Materials] from the [http://www.aceproject.org/ ACE Project]
* [http://www.accuratedemocracy.com/e_intro.htm Accurate Democracy] suggests Parallel Voting by PR and Condorcet rules to make a balanced council with a few central swing voters.
{{voting systems}}



[[Category:Electoral systems]]
[[Category:Mixed electoral systems]]
[[Category:Semi-proportional electoral systems]]