View source for Kelantan-Pattani Malay

{{Short description|Austronesian language}}
{{hatnote|"Kelantanese" redirects here. For the ethnic group, see [[Kelantanese Malays]].}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Kelantan-Pattani Malay
| altname          = Baso/Kecek Taning<br/>Baso/Kecek Klate<br/>Baso/Kecek Nayu {{small|(only in Thailand)}}
| nativename       = {{lang|mfa|ภาษายาวี}}<br/>{{lang|mfa|{{Script/Arabic|بهاس ملايو ڤطاني / كلنتن}}}}<br/>''Bahasa Melayu Kelantan''/{{transl|mfa|Pattani}}
| states           = [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]]
| ethnicity        = [[Thai Malays|Patani Malays]]<br/>[[Bangkok Malay]]s<br/>[[Kelantanese Malays]]<br/>[[Baling Malay]]<br/>[[Perak Malay|Grik Malay]]<br/>[[Kingdom of Reman|Reman Malays]]
| region           = [[Malaysia]]:<br/><small>[[Kelantan]]<br/>[[Merapoh]], [[Pahang]]<br/>[[Besut]] and [[Setiu]], [[Terengganu]]<br/>[[Baling]], [[Sik District|Sik]] and [[Padang Terap]], [[Kedah]]<br/>[[Hulu Perak]] ([[Pengkalan Hulu]] and [[Grik]]), [[Perak]]</small><br/>[[Thailand]]:<br/><small>[[Pattani Province|Patani region]], [[Songkhla Province]] ([[Saba Yoi District|Sabayoi]], [[Chana District|Chana]], [[Na Thawi District|Nathawi]], [[Thepha District|Thepha]]), [[Min Buri District|Minburi area (Min Buri)]], [[Lat Krabang District|Lat Krabang]], [[Khlong Sam Wa District|Khlongsamwa]], [[Nong Chok District|Nong Chok]])</small>
| speakers         = 1.5 million in Thailand
| date             = 2010
| ref              = e22
| speakers2        = 2 million in Malaysia{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
| script           = [[Latin script]], [[Thai script]], [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi script]]
| iso3             = mfa
| iso3comment      = Pattani
| glotto           = patt1249
| glottorefname    = Kelantan-Pattani Malay
| lingua = 33-AFA-cb (Kelantan)<br>33-AFA-cc (Pattani)
| map              = Kelantan-Pattani Malay spoke map.png
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#FF5500|Majority language}}
{{legend|#BF5757|Minority language}}
| notice           = IPA
| minority         = {{flag|Thailand}}
}}
'''Kelantan-Pattani Malay''' ({{Langx|ms|bahasa Melayu Kelantan/Patani}}; {{Langx|th|ภาษายาวี}}; {{lang|mfa-Latn-TH|baso Taning}} in Pattani; {{lang|mfa-Latn-MS|kecek Klate}} in Kelantan) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] of the [[Malayic languages|Malayic subfamily]] spoken in the Malaysian state of [[Kelantan]], as well as in [[Besut]] and [[Setiu]] districts of [[Terengganu]] state and the [[Perhentian Islands]], and in the southernmost provinces of [[Thailand]]. It is the primary spoken language of [[Thai Malays]] and used as a [[lingua franca]] by ethnic Southern Thais in rural areas, Muslim and non-Muslim and the Sam-Sam, a mostly Thai-speaking population of mixed Malay and Thai ancestry.

Kelantan-Pattani Malay is highly divergent from other Malay varieties because of its geographical isolation from the rest of the Malay world by high mountains, deep rainforests and the [[Gulf of Thailand]]. It is also influenced by [[Thai language|Thai]] in Thailand.

Kelantanese-Pattani Malay is distinct enough that radio broadcasts in [[Malaysian language|Standard Malay]] cannot be understood easily by native speakers of Kelantan-Pattani Malay, such as those in Thailand, who are not taught the [[Standard language|standard variety of the language]]. Unlike Malaysia, where Standard Malay is compulsory in the school curriculum, no one is required to learn Standard Malay in Thailand and so there is potentially less language influence from Standard Malay but potentially more from [[Thai language|Thai]]. It is also distinct from [[Kedah Malay]], [[Pahang Malay]] and [[Terengganu Malay]], but those languages are much more closely related to the Kelantanese-Pattani Malay language than Standard Malay.

==Names==
The language is often referred to in Thai as {{transl|th|phasa Yawi}} ({{Langx|th|ภาษายาวี}}; {{IPA|th|pʰāːsǎː jāːwīː|IPA}}), which is a corruption of the Malay name for the modified Arabic alphabet for writing Malay, [[Jawi script|Jawi]] ([[Jawi script|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|جاوي}}; {{IPA-xx|ɟaˈwi|IPA}}). It is also referred to in Thai as {{transl|th|phasa Malayu Pattani}} ({{Langx|th|ภาษามลายูปัตตานี}}; {{IPA|th|pʰāːsǎː mālāːjūː pàttāːnīː|IPA}}) and similarly locally in Malay as {{lang|ms|bahasa Melayu Patani}} ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{Lang|ms|{{Script/Arabic|بهاس ملايو ڤطاني}}}}, [[Latin script|Rumi]]: {{Lang|ms|bahasa Melayu Patani}}, {{IPA-xx|baˈsɔ ˈnːaju ˈtːaniŋ|local}}). The language is often called {{transl|th|bahasa Patani}} in Pattani.

Kelantanese is known in Standard Malay as {{lang|zsm|bahasa Kelantan}}, and in Kelantanese as {{lang|mfa-Latn-MS|baso Kelate}}. It is also known as {{Transliteration|mfa|baso Besut}} or {{Transliteration|mfa|Kecek Kelate-Besut}} in Besut and Setiu of Terengganu State.

One variant of Kelantan-Pattani Malay is the Reman variant, also known as {{Transliteration|mfa|bahasa Reman}} (according to the speakers of this area; the areas where this variant was spoken were under the [[Kingdom of Reman|Reman state]] of ''the'' [[Pattani Kingdom|Kingdom of Pattani]] that was abolished in 1902 in which the areas were Batu Kurau, inland Perak (Gerik, Pengkalan Hulu, Lenggong) and inland Kedah (Sik, Baling, Padang Terap)). The Reman viarants are known as various names such as {{Transliteration|mfa|bahasa Patani}}, {{Transliteration|mfa|bahasa Patani Kedah-Perak}}, {{Transliteration|mfa|basa Grik}}, {{Transliteration|mfa|Cakak Hulu}}, {{Transliteration|mfa|basa Kapong}}, {{Transliteration|mfa|basa Baling}} etc. It is also known as the Kedah Hulu dialect (in Kedah) and the Perak Hulu dialect (in Perak). However, these terms only apply to political and geographical factors rather than linguistic ones. This Reman variant has many dialects and subdialects across the areas where this variant is spoken.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Writing system==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Kelantanese Malay is written both in Latin and in the [[Jawi alphabet]], a writing system based on the [[Arabic script]]. This is in stark contrast to the rest of the general population of Malay speakers in both Malaysia and Indonesia that now mainly use the Latin script, known in Malay as {{Lang|ms|rumi}} ({{Lang|ms|رومي}}), for daily communication. Today, Pattani Malay is generally not a [[written language]], though it is sometimes written in informal settings. An old-fashioned form of standard Malay is used when writing is needed rather than the local dialect. A phonetic rendering of Pattani Malay in the Thai alphabet has been introduced, but it has not been met with much success due to the socio-religious significance of Jawi to Muslim Malays.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

==History==
[[Southern Thailand]] has continued to be a region affected by two cultural spheres: the mainly Buddhist, Thai-speaking [[Siam]]ese kingdoms and the mainly Muslim, Malay-speaking sultanates. The region was a warehouse of trade where merchants from Europe, India, Arabia, China, Siam, and other parts of the Malay world met. At first dominated by Hindu-Buddhist Indian influences, the great kingdom of [[Srivijaya]] would later fall into chaos. [[Islam]] was introduced by Arab and Indian traders in the 11th century and has been the dominant religion ever since, replacing Buddhism and Hinduism that had held sway. By the 14th century, the area became vassals to [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]], but the region was autonomous and never fully incorporated into modern Thai [[nation-state]] until 1902. This political autonomy and isolation from the rest of the Malay world allowed for the preservation of the Malay language and culture but also led to the divergence of the dialect.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Variation==
Kelantan-Pattani Malay can be divided into three major variants and several dialects (and a few subdialects):

'''Kelantan''': Coastal (Narathiwat, Besut dialects), Central / River, Dabong / Inland

'''Pattani''': Yala, Saiburi, Bana Taning, Chenok / Chana, Nonthaburi / Bangkok

'''[[Reman Malay|Reman]]''': Grik, Sik, Baling, Padang Terap, Batu Kugho / Selama, Southern Yala

* The Reman variants of Kedah and Perak show some vocabulary influence from Perak Malay and Kedah Malay (e.g. {{Transliteration|mfa|mika}} ('you'), {{Transliteration|mfa|ang/hang}} ('you'), {{Transliteration|mfa|ciwi}} ('brag/show off'), etc.).

'''Creole/Pidgin''': Samsam Malay (a mixed language of Thai and Pattani Malay spoken by those of mixed Thai-Malay ancestry)

==Distribution==
Kelantanese is spoken in the Malaysian state of [[Kelantan]], as well as in [[Besut]] and [[Setiu]] districts of [[Terengganu]] and the [[Perhentian Islands]]. It is also spoken in the [[Merapoh]] township, in the [[Lipis]] district of [[Pahang]] since this town borders the state of Kelantan.

Many people in the districts of [[Baling]], [[Sik District|Sik]] and [[Padang Terap]] in [[Kedah]] as well as the [[Hulu Perak]] district of [[Perak]] speak Kelantan-Patani language of ''Reman'' dialects, since most of the Malay people there are the descendants of Kelantanese migrants and Pattani refugees (in which whereby these regions were once parts of the Reman Kingdom of Pattani).

Pattani Malay is the main language of the Thai provinces [[Narathiwat]], [[Yala Province|Yala]] and [[Pattani Province|Pattani]] where ethnic Malays make up the majority of the population, it is also spoken in parts of [[Songkhla]] and [[Bangkok]].  It is less spoken in the province of [[Satun]], where despite making up the majority, ethnic Malays generally speak [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]] and their Malay dialect is similar to [[Kedah Malay]]. It is also spoken in scattered villages as far north as [[Hat Yai]]. In the past, Malay was the main language as far north as the [[Isthmus of Kra]], the traditional division between [[Central Thailand]] and [[Southern Thailand]], based on the preponderance of etymologically Malay place names.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Phonology==
There are 21 consonants and 12 vowels in Pattani Malay.{{sfn|Nawanit Yupho|1989|pp=126–127}} The phonemes {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} only appear in some loanwords or proper names.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Nawawit (1986)
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|c}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|ɟ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Nawawit (1986)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|{{IPA link|ũ}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e̞|e}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|
|-
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
|{{IPA link|ä|a}}
|{{IPA link|ã}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Adi Yasran (2010), Teoh (1994)
!
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|i}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|e̞|e}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Low]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|a}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
Note(s):

* The close central unrounded vowel {{IPAslink|ɨ}} is believed to actually be a schwa {{IPAslink|ə}} according to Teoh (1994) and Adi Yasran (2005)
* Before a final {{IPAslink|k}} and final {{IPAslink|h}} coda and in open-ended words, {{IPA|/a/}} is pronounced as:
** Open back unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑ}} according to Adi Yasran (2006, 2010){{sfn|Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz|Zaharani Ahmad|p=76}}{{sfn|Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz|2010|p=1}} and Zaharani (2006){{sfn|Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz|Zaharani Ahmad|p=76}}
** Open-mid back rounded {{IPAblink|ɔ}} according to Nawanit (1986)
** Near-open central {{IPAblink|ɐ}} according to Teoh (1984){{sfn|Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz|2010|pp=14–15}}
* Many such as Adi Yasran (2010) and Teoh and Yeoh (1988) believe that the nasal vowels of Kelantan-Pattani Malay do not count as phonemes

==Comparison with Standard Malay==
Kelantan-Pattani Malay is different enough from Standand Malay that it is often unintelligible to speakers of the standard language. Differences include some differences in vocabulary, and different sound correspondences. The influence of Southern Thai and the Kelantan-Pattani Malay in Pattani upon each other is great, and both have large numbers of loanwords from the other. The influence of the Thai language makes comprehension between the Pattani variety of Kelatan-Pattani Malay and Standard Malay a bit more difficult than comprehension between the Kelantanese variety of Kelantan-Pattani Malay and Standard Malay.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Correspondence Rule
'''(SM ≙ KPM)'''
! colspan="2" |Standard Malay
(SM)
!Kelantan-Pattani Malay
(KPM)
!English Translation
|-
|Final {{IPA|/a/}} with nasal coda
|≙
|Long nasal {{IPA|[ɛ̃ː]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|ayam}}
|{{IPA|/ajam/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[ajɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}}
|'chicken'
|-
|Initial {{IPA|/ia/}}
|≙
|Open-mid front {{IPA|[ɛ]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|biasa}}
|{{IPA|/biasa/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[bɛsɑː]|lang=mfa}}
|'normal'
|-
|Final {{IPA|/a/}} in open-ended words
|≙
|Long {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|sana}}
|{{IPA|/sana/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[sanɑː]|lang=mfa}}
|'there'
|-
|{{IPA|/a/}} in final {{IPA|/ah/}}
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |Open back unrounded {{IPA|[ɑ]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|rumah}}
|{{IPA|/rumah/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[ɣumɑh]|lang=mfa}}
|'house'
|-
|{{IPA|/a/}} in final {{IPA|/ak/}}
|{{Lang|zsm|masak}}
|{{IPA|/masak/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[masɑʔ]|lang=mfa}}
|'cooking'
|-
|Initial {{IPA|/ua/}}
|≙
|Open-mid {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|puasa}}
|{{IPA|/puasa/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[pɔsɑː]|lang=mfa}}
|'fasting'
|-
|Final {{IPA|/ai/}}
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |Long {{IPA|[aː]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|sungai}}
|{{IPA|/suŋai/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[suŋaː]|lang=mfa}}
|'river'
|-
|Final {{IPA|/au/}}
|{{Lang|zsm|pisau}}
|{{IPA|/pisau/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[pisaː]|lang=mfa}}
|'knife'
|-
|{{IPA|/u/}} in coda {{IPA|/uŋ/}}
|≙
|Nasal {{IPA|[ũ]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|mungkin}}
|{{IPA|/muŋkin/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[mũkiŋ]|lang=mfa}}
|'maybe'
|}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Correspondence Rule
'''(SM ≙ KPM)'''
! colspan="2" |Standard Malay
(SM)
!Kelantan-Pattani Malay
(KPM)
!English Translation
|-
|Final coda {{IPA|/f/}}
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |Glottal fricative {{IPA|[h]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|maaf}}
|{{IPA|/maaf/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[maah]|lang=mfa}}
|'sorry'
|-
|Final coda {{IPA|/s/}}
|{{Lang|zsm|panas}}
|{{IPA|/panas/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[panah]|lang=mfa}}
|'hot'
|-
|Initial, mid and
final {{IPA|/r/}}
|≙
|Velar fricative {{IPA|[ɣ]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|reban}}
|{{IPA|/rəban/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[ɣəbɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}}
|'coop'
|-
|Coda {{IPA|/r/}}
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |Omitted
|{{Lang|zsm|permata}}
|{{IPA|/pərmata/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[pəmatɑ]|lang=mfa}}
|'jewellery'
|-
|Final coda {{IPA|/l/}}
|{{Lang|zsm|tinggal}}
|{{IPA|/tiŋɡal/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[tiŋɡaː]|lang=mfa}}
|'leave'
|-
|Final coda {{IPA|/p/}}
| rowspan="3" |≙
| rowspan="3" |Glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|letup}}
|{{IPA|/lətup/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[lətuʔ]|lang=mfa}}
|'to explode'
|-
|Final coda {{IPA|/t/}}
|{{Lang|zsm|sesat}}
|{{IPA|/səsat/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[səsaʔ]|lang=mfa}}
|'lost'
|-
|Final coda {{IPA|/k/}}
|{{Lang|zsm|masak}}
|{{IPA|/masak/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[masok]|lang=mfa}}
|'to cook'
|-
|Final coda {{IPA|/m/}}
and {{IPA|/n/}} after

non-a vowel
|≙
|Velar nasal {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|mungkin}}
|{{IPA|/muŋkin/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[mũkiŋ]|lang=mfa}}
|'maybe'
|-
|Initial and mid {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|≙
|Voiced palatal plosive {{IPA|[c]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|cuci}}
|{{IPA|/t͡ʃut͡ʃi/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[cuci]|lang=mfa}}
|'to wash'
|-
| rowspan="2" |Initial and
mid {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
| rowspan="2" |≙
| rowspan="2" |Voiced palatal plosive {{IPA|[ɟ]}}
|{{Lang|zsm|jalan}}
|{{IPA|/d͡ʒalan/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[ɟalɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}}
|'path'
|-
|{{Lang|zsm|panjang}}
|{{IPA|/pand͡ʒaŋ/|lang=zsm}}
|{{IPA|[paɲɟaŋ]|lang=mfa}}
|'long'
|}

=== Vocabulary ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Basic Words<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2010 |title=Kamus Kelantan: Loghat Kelate |url=https://w3hafizm.blogspot.com/2010/11/kamus-kelantan-loghat-kelate.html |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=Pencarian Bijak |language=ms}}</ref>
!Kelantan-Pattani Malay
!Standard Malay
!English Translation
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|jamah}}
|{{Lang|zsm|pegang}}
|'to hold'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|goba}}
|{{Lang|zsm|risau}}
|'worried'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|ghohok}}
|{{Lang|zsm|susah}}
|'difficult'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|getek}}
|{{Lang|zsm|juga}}
|'too'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|kekoh}}
|{{Lang|zsm|gigit}}
|'to bite'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|kelorek}}
|{{Lang|zsm|kedekut}}
|'greedy'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|kesit}}
|{{Lang|zsm|sunyi}}
|'quiet'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|tubik}}
|{{Lang|zsm|keluar}}
|'exit/out'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|mmupo}}
|{{Lang|zsm|mandi sungai}}
|'river bathing'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|nnate}}
|{{Lang|zsm|binatang}}
|'animal'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|gege}}
|{{Lang|zsm|bising}}
|'noisy'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|petong}}
|{{Lang|zsm|baling}}
|'to throw'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|ggapo}}
|{{Lang|zsm|apa}}
|'what'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|dok}}
|{{Lang|zsm|bukan}}
|'not'
|-
|{{Transl|mfa|betak}}
|{{Lang|zsm|kenyang}}
|'full'
|}
Note(s):

* The spelling used for the Kelantan-Pattani Malay words is an [[eye dialect]].

Speakers in the Pattani region are also noted to use loans directly from Thai such as ''tahang'' "army" from {{lang|th|ทหาร}} {{RTGS|''tá-hǎan''}}, ''torosak'' "telephone" from {{lang|th|โทรศัพท์}} {{RTGS|''toorá-sàp''}} and ''besek'' "receipt" from {{lang|th|ใบเสร็จ}} {{RTGS|''bai-set''}}.<ref>{{cite journal |page=16 |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis |doi=10.47191/ijmra/v5-i1-02 |volume=05 |issue=1 |date=January 2022 |author1=Abdonloh Khreeda-Oh |author2=Hishamudin Isam |author3=Mashetoh Abd Mutalib |title=The Borrowing Processes of Thai Language in Patani Malay Dialect in Thailand |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Gemination ==
Gemination occurs for various purposes and in various forms in Kelatan-Pattani Malay. At the phonemic level, these geminations are transcribed as {{IPA|/CC/}} but they are pronounced as {{IPA|[Cː]}} so {{IPA|/dd/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[dː]}}.{{sfn|Nawanit Yupho|1989|pp=129–133}}

=== Initial syllable reduction ===
These geminations are derived by deleting the initial syllable and replacing it with a geminated form of the initial consonant of the remaining word.

* From simple words
** {{Transl|mfa|betina}} {{IPA|/bətina/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ttina/ [tːinɑː]|lang=mfa}} 'woman'
** {{Transl|mfa|buwi}} {{IPA|/buwi/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/wwi/ [wːi]|lang=mfa}} 'to give'
* From prefixed words
** {{Transl|mfa|berjalan}} {{IPA|/bərɟalan/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ɟɟalan/ [ɟːalɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}} 'to walk'
** {{Transl|mfa|berdiri}} {{IPA|/bərdiri/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ddiri/ [dːiɣi]|lang=mfa}} 'to stand up'

=== Initial morpheme reduction ===
These geminates are derived by deleting the initial morpheme of a reduplicated word and replacing it with a geminated form of the remaining morpheme. Unlike the geminations acquired from initial syllable reduction, these geminates are not free variants of their Standard Malay counterparts.

* From the reduplicated form of a word
** {{Transl|mfa|baik-baik}} {{IPA|/baik baik/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/bbaik/ [bːaiʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'well'
** {{Transl|mfa|molek-molek}} {{IPA|/molek molek/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/mmolek/ [mːɔlɛʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'properly'
* From words that are reduplications of a single word
** {{Transl|mfa|layang-layang}} {{IPA|/lajaŋ lajaŋ/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/llajaŋ/ [lːajɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}} 'kite'
** {{Transl|mfa|kura-kura}} {{IPA|/kura kura/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/kkura/ [kːuɣɑː]|lang=mfa}} 'tortoise'

=== Functional word reduction ===
In this situation, a word with a function is deleted and the word afterwards is geminated. This sort of gemination is a free variant of its Standard Malay counterpart.

* From a verbal linker
** {{Transl|mfa|basuh buwi cuci}} {{IPA|/basuh buwi cuci/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/basuh ccuci/ [basuh cːuci]|lang=mfa}} 'to wash clean'
** {{Transl|mfa|taruh buwi panjang}} {{IPA|/taruh buwi paɲɟaŋ/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/taruh ppaɲɟaŋ/ [taɣuh pːaɲɟɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}} 'to keep something so it'll grow long'
* From preposition reduction
** {{Transl|mfa|ke darat}} {{IPA|/kə darat/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ddarat/ [dːaɣaʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'to/at/from the shore'
** {{Transl|mfa|sejak pagi}} {{IPA|/səɟak paɡi/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ppaɡɡi/ [pːaɡi]|lang=mfa}} 'since the morning'

=== Loanwords ===
Many loanwords tend to have initial geminated consonants too.

* {{Transl|mfa|tar}} {{IPA|/tar/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ttar/ [tːaː]|lang=mfa}} 'tar'

== Stress ==
Kelantan-Pattani Malay has a set of stress rules that is quite different to that of Standard Malay.{{sfn|Nawanit Yupho|1989|pp=133–135}}

=== Words with initial simple consonants ===
Generally, in Kelantan-Pattani Malay, the primary stress falls on the last syllable if the word starts with a single consonant.

* {{Transl|mfa|nak}} {{IPA|/nak/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ˈnɑ̃ʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'to want'
* {{Transl|mfa|dalam}} {{IPA|/dalam/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ˌdaˈlɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}} 'in'
* {{Transl|mfa|gelisah}} {{IPA|/ɡəlisah/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ɡəˌliˈsɑh]|lang=mfa}} 'restless'

However, in words with more than one syllable, syllables with a schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} are unstressed.

* {{Transl|mfa|petang}} {{IPA|/pətaŋ/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[pəˈtɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}} 'afternoon'
* {{Transl|mfa|belakang}} {{IPA|/bəlakaŋ/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[bəˌlaˈkɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}} 'back'

Syllables that do not have the schwa and are not in the word-final position take the secondary stress.

* {{Transl|mfa|jalan}} {{IPA|/ɟalan/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ˌɟaˈlɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}} 'path'
* {{Transl|mfa|makanan}} {{IPA|/makanan/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|[ˌmãˌkɛˈnɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}} 'food'

=== Words with geminated consonants ===
If a word has an initial syllable with a geminated consonant, that syllable automatically takes the primary stress.

* {{Transl|mfa|berjalan}} {{IPA|/bərɟalan/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ɟɟalan/ [ˈɟːaˌlɛ̃ː]|lang=mfa}} 'to walk'
* {{Transl|mfa|ke darat}} {{IPA|/kə darat/|lang=mfa}} > {{IPA|/ddarat/ [ˈdːaˌɣaʔ]|lang=mfa}} 'to/at/from the shore'

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz |date=2010 |title=Inventori Vokal Dialek Melayu Kelantan: Satu Penilaian Semula |url=https://plm.org.my/ejurnal/index.php/jurnallinguistik/article/view/153 |journal=Jurnal Linguistik |language=ms |volume=11 |pages=1–19}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz |author2=Zaharani Ahmad |title=Kelegapan Fonologi dalam Rima Suku Kata Tertutup Dialek Kelantan: Satu Analisis Teori Simpati |url=http://digitalkelantancollection.umk.edu.my/koleksikelantan/items/show/516 |journal=Jurnal Bahasa |language=ms |volume=6 |pages=76–96}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ishii |first=Yoneo |title=The Junk Trade from Southeast Asia: Translations from the Tôsen Fusetsu-gaki, 1674–1723 |date=1998 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=981-230-022-8 |location=Singapore}}
* {{Cite book |last=Laver |first=John |title=Principles of Phonetics |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-45655-X |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Nawanit Yupho |date=1989 |title=Consonant Clusters and Stress Rules in Pattani Malay |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/nawanit1986consonant.pdf |journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]] |volume=15 |pages=125–137}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reungnarong |first=Prapon (ประพนธ์ เรืองณรงค์) |title= |script-title=th:บุหงาปัตตานี: คติชนไทยมุสลิมชายแดนภาคใต้ |date=1997 |publisher=มติชน |location=Bangkok |language=th}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smalley |first=William A. |title=Linguistic Diversity and National Unity: Language Ecology in Thailand |date=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-76288-2 |location=Chicago |author-link=William A. Smalley}}
* {{Cite book |title=Thailand |date=2005 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=1-74059-697-8 |edition=11th |location=Footscray, Victoria}}
{{refend}}

{{Incubator|code=mfa}}

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