View source for Anglian stage

{{Short description|Period of the Pleistocene epoch}}{{Infobox geologic timespan
| name                         = Anglian
| time_start                   = 0.478
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| timescales_used              = British Isles
| used_by                      = {{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
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The '''Anglian Stage''' is the name used in the [[British Isles]] for a middle [[Pleistocene]] glaciation. It precedes the [[Hoxnian Stage]] and follows the [[Cromerian Stage]] in the British Isles. It correlates to [[Marine Isotope Stage]] 12 (MIS 12),<ref name="McMillan11">{{cite journal |author=McMillan, A.A. |title=A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphic framework Great Britain |journal=Netherland Journal of Geosciences |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=87–107 |year=2005 |doi=10.1017/S0016774600022988 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Walker1">{{cite book |author=Walker, M. |title=Quaternary Dating Methods |publisher=Wiley |location=Chichester UK |year=2005 |isbn=0-470-86927-5 }}</ref><ref name="GibbardOthers2007">{{cite web|author1=Gibbard, P.L. |author2=Boreham, S. |author3=Cohen, K.M. |author4=Moscariello, A. |title=Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years |year=2007 |publisher=Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge |location=Cambridge UK |url=http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/POSTERSTRAT_v2007b_small.jpg |format=JPG 844 kb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910122430/http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/POSTERSTRAT_v2007b_small.jpg |archive-date=2008-09-10 }}</ref> which started about 478,000 years ago and ended about 424,000 years ago.<ref name=" Lisiecki2005">[[Lisiecki, L.E.]] (2005) [http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LR04_MISboundaries.txt Ages of MIS boundaries.] [http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/stack.html LR04 Benthic Stack] Boston MA:Boston University</ref><ref name=" LisieckiRaymo">{{cite journal |author=Lisiecki, L.E.|author2 =  Raymo, M.E. |author-link=Lorraine Lisiecki|author-link2=Maureen Raymo|title=A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records |journal=Paleoceanography |volume=20 |pages=PA1003 |year=2005 |doi=10.1029/2004PA001071 |url=http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LisieckiRaymo2005.pdf |bibcode=2005PalOc..20.1003L|hdl=2027.42/149224 |s2cid = 12788441 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Description==
The Anglian stage has often been correlated to the [[Elsterian Stage]] of northern Continental Europe and the [[Mindel Stage]] in the [[Alps]].<ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.734.1691&rep=rep1&type=pdf Böse et al. (2012), Quaternary Glaciations of Northern Europe, Quaternary Science Reviews 44, page 17-22.]</ref>

The Anglian was the most extreme [[glaciation]] during the last two million years. In Britain the ice sheet reached the Isles of Scilly and the Western Approaches, the furthest south the ice reached in any Pleistocene ice age.<ref>Scourse, JD (ed) (2006) The Isles of Scilly: Field Guide.  Quaternary Research Association, London, 2006.</ref> In the [[south East England|south-east of England]] it diverted the [[River Thames]] from its old course through the Vale of [[St Albans]] south to its present position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID14.aspx|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140605090108/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID14.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2014|publisher=Natural England|title=Greater London|access-date=28 March 2013}}</ref>

This stage had been equated to the Kansan Stage in [[North America]]. The stage names "Kansan", "Yarmouth", "Nebraskan" and "Aftonian" were later abandoned by North American [[Quaternary]] geologists and merged into the [[Pre-Illinoian]] stage.<ref name="Hallberg1">{{cite journal |author=Hallberg, G.R. |title=Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the Central Plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=5 |pages=11–15 |year=1986 |bibcode=1986QSRv....5...11H |doi=10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1 }}</ref><ref name="RichmondOther1">{{cite journal |author1=Richmond, G.M. |author2=Fullerton, D.S. |title=Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=5 |pages=183–196 |year=1986 |bibcode=1986QSRv....5..183R |doi=10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8 }}</ref> The Anglian Stage is now correlated with the period of time which includes the Pre-Illinoian B glaciation of North America.<ref name="GibbardOthers2007"/><ref name="RichmondOther1"/>

==See also==
*[[Glacial period]]
*[[Last glacial period]]
*[[Timeline of glaciation]]

== See also ==
* [[Pleistocene]], which covers:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical names of the "four major" glacials in four regions.
! Region
! Glacial 1
! Glacial 2
! Glacial 3
! Glacial 4
|-
| '''Alps'''
| [[Gunz glaciation|Günz]]
| [[Mindel glaciation|Mindel]]
| [[Riss glaciation|Riss]]
| [[Würm glaciation|Würm]]
|-
| '''North Europe'''
| [[Eburonian]]
| [[Elsterian]]
| [[Saalian]]
| [[Weichselian]]
|-
| '''British Isles'''
| [[Beestonian stage|Beestonian]]
| [[Anglian Stage|Anglian]]
| [[Wolstonian Stage|Wolstonian]]
| [[Devensian]]
|-
| '''Midwest U.S.'''
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Nebraskan]]
| [[Kansan glaciation|Kansan]]
| [[Illinoian (stage)|Illinoian]]
| [[Wisconsinian Glaciation|Wisconsinan]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical names of interglacials.
! Region
! Interglacial 1
! Interglacial 2
! Interglacial 3
|-
| '''Alps'''
| [[Cromerian Stage|Günz-Mindel]]
| [[Hoxnian Stage|Mindel-Riss]]
| [[Eemian Stage|Riss-Würm]]
|-
| '''North Europe'''
| Waalian
| Holsteinian
| [[Eemian Stage|Eemian]]
|-
| '''British Isles'''
| [[Cromerian Stage|Cromerian]]
| [[Hoxnian Stage|Hoxnian]]
| [[Eemian Stage|Ipswichian]]
|-
| '''Midwest U.S.'''
| [[Pre-Illinoian|Aftonian]]
| [[Yarmouthian Interglacial (Stage)|Yarmouthian]]
| [[Sangamonian]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |author=Bowen, D.Q. |title=Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work |publisher=Pergamon Press |location=Oxford UK |
year=1978 |isbn=978-0-08-020409-3 }}
*{{cite book|first=D. R. |last=Bridgland|title=Quaternary of the Thames|publisher=Chapman and Hall|location=London, UK|year=1994}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Ehlers |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Gibbard |editor2-first=P.L. |title=Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |year=2004 |isbn=0-444-51462-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xpIEPH7RW4C }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Ehlers |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Gibbard |editor2-first=P.L. |editor3-last=Rose |editor3-first=J. |title=Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Balkema |location=Rotterdam |year=1991 |isbn=978-90-6191-875-2 }}
*{{cite book |editor1=Mangerud, J. |editor2=Ehlers, J. |editor3=Gibbard, P. |title=Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |year=2004 |isbn=0-444-51462-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmPwAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite journal |author1=Sibrava, V. |author2=Bowen, D.Q. |author3=Richmond, G.M. |title=Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=5 |pages=1–514 |year=1986 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80002-6 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web |author=Aber, J.S. |title=Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska |year=2006 |publisher=Emporia State University |location=Emporia KS |url=http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec17/lec17.htm |access-date=2008-08-21 |archive-date=2008-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704171916/http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec17/lec17.htm |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |author=Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy |title=Global correlation tables for the Quaternary |year=2007 |publisher=Department of Geography, University of Cambridge |location=Cambridge UK |url=http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/chart.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106161815/http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/chart.html |archive-date=2008-11-06 }}
*{{cite web |author=Gibbard, P. |title=How Britain Became An Island: The report |year=2007 |location=Cambridge UK |publisher=Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group |url=http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/englishchannelformation/ }}
*{{cite web |author=Gibbard, P. |title=Map 5. Palaeogeography of the Elsterian / Anglian / Oka Stage |year=2008 |work=North West European Rivers |publisher=Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group |location=Cambridge UK |url=http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/nweurorivers/elsteriananglian.html }} (Includes PDF file of map)
*{{cite web |author=Rolfe, C. |title=Annotated photographs of the North Norfolk coast |year=2004 |publisher=Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group |location=Cambridge UK |url=http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/events/northnorfolk/index.html |display-authors=etal }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Roy, M. |author2=Clark, P.U. |author3=Barendregt, R.W. |author4=Glasmann, J.R. |author5=Enkin, R.J. |title=Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |volume=116 |issue=1–2 |pages=30–41 |year=2004 |doi=10.1130/B25325.1 |url=http://geo.oregonstate.edu/files/geo/Royetal-GSAB-2004.pdf |format=PDF 1.2 Mb |bibcode=2004GSAB..116...30R |access-date=2010-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928051015/http://geo.oregonstate.edu/files/geo/Royetal-GSAB-2004.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-28 |url-status=dead }}
*Shotton, F.W., nd, [https://archive.today/20050306103231/http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/quatuk/quateastanglia.htm ''East Anglia and the English Midlands.''] [https://archive.today/20021130201519/http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/quatuk/quaternaryhome.htm Ice Age Britain.], The Shotton Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.
{{refend}}
{{Ice Ages}}

[[Category:Ice ages]]
[[Category:Pleistocene]]

[[de:Elsterkaltzeit]]