View source for Amarna letter EA 19

{{Infobox artefact|image=AmarnaLetterOfMarriageNegotiation-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|created={{circa}} 1386 BC|location=[[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]|discovered_place=[[Minya Governorate|Minya]], [[Egypt]]|material=[[Clay]]|caption=EA 19. [[Tushratta]] to Pharaoh, mid-1300s BC.
Lines, obverse, 1-41 (of 85).}}

'''Amarna letter EA 19''' is a tall [[clay tablet]] letter of 13 paragraphs, in relatively pristine condition, with some minor flaws on the clay, but a complete enough story that some included words can complete the story of the letter. Entitled '''"Love and Gold"''', the letter is about [[gold]] from Egypt (gold mine production), love between father-king ancestors and the current relationship between the King of Mitanni and the Pharaoh of Misri (Egypt), and marriage of women from King [[Tushratta]] of [[Mitanni]] to the Pharaoh of Egypt.

Besides the Double Line Ruling, for [[paragraph]]ing (7 paragraphs on ''obverse''), an overwritten Single Line Rule is at clay tablet left margin, as well as cuneiform characters inscribed upon a vertical right margin line of Single Line Rule. (see left margin here: [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/AmarnaLetterOfMarriageNegotiation-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg])

The [[Amarna letters]], about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are a mid 14th century BC, around 1386 BC and 45 years later, [[Text corpus|correspondence]]. The initial corpus of letters were found at [[Akhenaten]]'s city [[Akhetaten]], in the floor of the [[Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh]]; others were later found, adding to the body of letters.

==The letter==

===EA 19: ''Love and gold''===
Letter three<ref>Moran, 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters,'' pp. 43-46. '''''EA 19: Love and gold'''''.</ref> of thirteen between Tushratta and the Pharaoh of Egypt (named Misri in the letters).
(Obverse only, Paragraphs I-VII):

:(Para I, 1-8)&ndash;'''Say to Nimmureya, Great King, the king of Egypt (Misri), [my] [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]], my son-in-law, who loves me, and whom I lov[e]: Message of [[Tushratta]], Great King, [your] father-in-law, who loves you, the king of [[Mitanni]], your [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]]. For me all goes well. For you may all go well. For your household, for my sister, for the rest of your wives, for your sons, for your chariots, for your horses, for your''' ''warriors,'' '''for your country, and for whatever else belongs to you, may all go "very, very well"-(''"[[dan (cuneiform)|dan]]-is, [[dan (cuneiform)|dan]]-is"'').'''
:''' '''
:(Para II, 9-16)&ndash;'''As far back as the time of your ancestors, they always showed love to my ancestors. You yourself went even further and showed very great love to my father. Now, in keeping with our constant and mutual love, you have made it ten times-(Akkadian: ''[[a (cuneiform)|a]]-na [[U (cuneiform)|10]] [[Šu (cuneiform)|šu]]''&mdash;"for ten times") greater than the love shown my father. May the gods grant it, and may [[Teshub|Tessup]], my lord, and [[Amun|Aman]] and [[Teshub|Tessup]], my lord, and Aman make''' ''flour[ish]'' '''for evermore, just as it is now, this mutual love of ours.'''
:''' '''
:(Para III, 17-24)&ndash;'''When my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]] sent Mane, his messenger, saying,''' ("um-ma")-''"Send your daughter here to be my wife and the mistress of Egypt,"'' '''I caused my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]] no distress and''' ''immediately'' '''I said,''' ("um-ma")-''"Of course!"'' '''The one whom my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]] requested I showed to Mane, and he saw her. When he saw her, he praised her greatly. I will''' ''l[ea]d'' '''her in safety to my brother's country. May [[Shaushka]] and [[Amun|Aman]] make her the image of my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]]'s desire.'''
:''' '''
:(Para IV, 25-29)&ndash;'''Keliya, my messenger,''' ''brou[ght]'' '''my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]]'s words to me, and when I heard (them), they were very pleasing, and I rejoiced very, very much, saying,''' ("um-ma")-''"'Certainly' there is this between us: we love each other.-(?!)"'' '''Now, with such words let us love (each other) forevermore.'''
:''' '''
:(Para V, 30-33)&ndash;'''When I wrote to my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]], I said,''' ("[[um (cuneiform)|um]]-[[ma (cuneiform)|ma]]")-''"Let us love (each other) very, very much, and between us let there be friendship."'' '''I also said to my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]],''' ("um-ma")-''"May my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]] treat me ten times better than he did my father.''"
:''' '''
:(Para VI, 34-38)&ndash;'''I also asked my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]] for much gold-([[KÙ (cuneiform)|KU3]]-SIG17.[[Meš (cuneiform)|MEŠ]]), saying:''' ("[[um (cuneiform)|um]]-[[ma (cuneiform)|ma]]")-''"May my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]] grant me more than he did by father and send it to me. You sent my father much gold. You sent him large gold jars and gold jugs. You se[nt him] gold bricks as if they 'were (just) the equivalent of' copper.''"
:''' '''
:(Para VII, 39-42)&ndash;'''When I sent Keliya to my brother, I asked for [much] gold saying,''' ("um-ma")-''"May my [[ŠEŠ (brother Sumerogram)|brother]] treat me [ten times] better than he did my father, and may he send much gold that has not been worked.''" &ndash;EA 19, Obverse, lines 1-42, mostly complete (minor [[lacuna (manuscripts)|lacunae]], restored)

==Gold, Akkadian language ''hurāṣu''==
In letter EA 19, '[[Gold#Cultural history|gold]]' is referenced 21 times. It is used in connection with other gift names in the closing paragraph, P. XIII, as examples: '1 gold goblet', and '19 pieces of gold, its centerpiece being of genuine lapis lazuli set in gold.'
<ref>Moran 1987, 1992, EA 19, ''Love and Gold'', pp. 43-46, p. 45.</ref> The entire list contains ten items, ending with: '10 teams of horses; 10 wooden chariots along with everything belonging to them; and 30 women (and) men.'

The first mention of 'gold', [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]
''hurāṣu'',<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''hurāṣu''', p. 126.</ref> occurs on the obverse, EA 9 (photo above), in paragraphs VI and VII. Unlike [[Amarna letter EA 9|EA 9]] (from [[Burna-Buriash II]] of Babylon) which just uses the [[sumerogram]] KUG.GI for 'gold' (sumerogram KUG.GI = ''hurāṣu''), EA 19 uses the plural form in some of the [[cuneiform]] signs. For lines 34, 37, Para VI, and line 41, Para VII the form is [[KÙ (cuneiform)|KUG]].[[Gi (cuneiform)|GI]].[[MEŠ (cuneiform)|MEŠ]]. Of note KUG is used infrequently in the Amarna letters (Buccellati, 1979).<ref>[[Giorgio Buccellati|Buccellati]], 1979, ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian'', in UF11, (Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn), 1979).</ref> ''GI'', or ''gi'' is used more commonly (probably mostly as a syllabic) in the Amarna letters (Buccellati, 143 times)<ref>Buccellatti, 1979 ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian'', GI, (UF11), p. 130</ref> An example of its Amarna letter usage is a letter from Jerusalem, stating intrigues of people and surrounding cities. It is used in Jerusalem letter [[Amarna letter EA 289]], titled ''A Reckoning Demanded'', for the name of [[Tagi (Ginti mayor)|Tagi]] ([[Ta (cuneiform)|Ta]]-[[Gi (cuneiform)|gi]], first usage tablet obverse, line 11).

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
*[[Amarna letters–phrases and quotations]]<!--, for: '''"'''7 times and 7 times, ''"on the back and on the stomach"''.'''"'''-->
*[[List of Amarna letters by size]]
**[[Amarna letter EA 5]], [[Amarna letter EA 9|EA 9]], [[Amarna letter EA 15|EA 15]], EA 19, [[Amarna letter EA 26|EA 26]], [[Amarna letter EA 27|EA 27]], [[Amarna letter EA 35|EA 35]], [[Amarna letter EA 38|EA 38]] 
**[[Amarna letter EA 153|EA 153]], [[Amarna letter EA 161|EA 161]], [[Amarna letter EA 288|EA 288]], [[Amarna letter EA 364|EA 364]], [[Amarna letter EA 365|EA 365]], [[Amarna letter EA 367|EA 367]]

==Photo links, including EA 19==
*[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=409799001&objectid=327168 British Museum image gallery for E29791, EA 19]

===Amarna letters (photos)===
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King of Babylon: <!-- Date updated: 15-Jul-07 -->
*[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/a-burnaburiash3.htm EA 9-(Obverse)]; see: [[Karaduniyaš]]

[[Tushratta]]:
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/img/28000.jpg EA 19-(Obverse)], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/mba18.htm Article], Tushratta
*[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/amarnaletters.htm EA 23-(Reverse)], with ''''' ''Black'' [[Hieratic]]'''''; [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/a-tushratta_3.htm Article]-([[British Museum]]); see: [[Shaushka]]
*[http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/ElAmarnaT.htm EA 28-(Obverse)], see: [[Pirissi and Tulubri]]
'''[[Alashiya]] letters'''
*[http://katherinestange.com/egypt/tablet.jpg EA 34-(Obverse)] See: [[Amarna letter EA 34|EA 34]]

Rib-Hadda letters:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223918/http://bible.gen.nz/amos/pics/amarna_sm.jpg EA 126-(Obverse)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20131001072028/http://bible.gen.nz/amos/archaeology/amarna.htm#amarna Article-(Click for larger Picture)]; See: [[Salhi (region)]]

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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061217005154/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnabw.jpg #1: EA 153-(Obverse)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606044223/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnal.html Article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234526/http://80.65.232.176/Photos/00/00/02/72/ME0000027293_2.JPG #2: EA 153-(Obverse)-2nd]; see: Abimilku

[[Abdi-Tirši]]:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015408/http://www.greatcommission.com/london/2003035.jpg EA 228-(Obverse)//(228,330,299,245,252)], (EA 330, for [[Šipti-Ba'lu]]); [https://web.archive.org/web/20130304090935/http://www.greatcommission.com/london/ Article], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015216/http://www.greatcommission.com/london/2003036.jpg Pic writeup]

[[Biridiya]]:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070724203641/http://www.lidden.demon.co.uk/temples/amarna.jpg EA 245-(Obverse)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010109/http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/imagen/origen8.jpg EA 245-(Reverse)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070503123644/http://www.lidden.demon.co.uk/temples/datum1.htm Article-1]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516071442/http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/origen_hebreos.htm Article-2]; [[Hannathon]]/''[[Hinnatuna]]''

Labaya:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185043/http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/imagen/origen7.jpg EA 252-(Obverse)], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516071442/http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/origen_hebreos.htm Article], see [[Labaya]]

Others:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070105053836/http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/images/bb005.jpg EA 299-(High Res.)(Obverse)]; see [[Yapahu]]
*[http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/record.aspx?id=1105&lan=A EA 369-Front/Back-(Click on each)]; see: [[Milkilu]]
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===Letters===
<!-- The following page has three Picks (But Adds interrupt)
*[http://ib205.tripod.com/budge.html 3 el-Amarna letters: EA 26-([[Tushratta]]), EA 147-(Abimilku)-('''Obverse'''), and a EA 34 (from King of [[Alashiya]]) ]; [http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/imagen/origen8.jpg EA 147 (Reverse)]; [http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/origen_hebreos.htm Article] ADDS INTERRUPT- REMOVING -->
*Letter: EA 147
*[http://katherinestange.com/egypt/tablet.jpg EA 147-(Obverse)]; [http://katherinestange.com/egypt/literature.htm Article]
*Letter: EA 153
*[http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnabw.jpg #1: EA 153-(Obverse)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217005154/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnabw.jpg |date=2006-12-17 }}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606044223/http://www.courses.psu.edu:80/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnal.html Article]
*[http://80.65.232.176/Photos/00/00/02/72/ME0000027293_2.JPG #2: EA 153-(Obverse)-2nd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234526/http://80.65.232.176/Photos/00/00/02/72/ME0000027293_2.JPG |date=2007-09-26 }}; [http://www.insecula.com/us/oeuvre/O0004800.html Article]

===Articles===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509155833/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/letters.html Write-up of Letter EA 151, concerning Zimredda of Sidon]-([[Sea peoples]], '''Abimilku''' letter)

==References==
{{Commons category|Amarna letter EA 19, Tushratta to Pharaoh, "Love and Gold"}}
{{reflist}}
*[[Giorgio Buccellati|Buccellati, Giorgio]]. ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian'', from ''Ugarit-Forschungen 8'', (Neukirchen-Vluyen).
*[[William L. Moran|Moran, William L.]] ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, {{ISBN|0-8018-6715-0}})
* Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', [[Simo Parpola|Parpola, Simo]], [[Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project]], c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp.&nbsp;119–145), 165 pages.
*Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) honors [[Claude Schaeffer]], with about 100 articles in 900 pages. pp 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of [[Akkadian language|Old Babylonian]] and Western Akkadian", ( i.e. Ugarit and [[Amarna letters|Amarna]] (letters), three others, [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], OB,Royal, OB,non-Royal letters). See above, in text.

<gallery mode=packed heights=370>
Image:Cuneiform letter to Amenhotep III.jpg|'''''Reverse''''', <br>Para VIII-XIII, <br>Para VIII, lines 43-48, (6) <br>Para IX, lines 49-53, (5) <br>Para X, lines 54-58, (5) <br>Para XI, lines 59-70, (12) <br>Para XII, lines 71-79, (9) <br>Para XIII, lines 80-85, (6).
File:AmarnaLetterOfMarriageNegotiation-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|'''''Obverse''''', <br>Para. I-VII, <br>Para I, lines 1-8, (8) <br>Para II, lines 9-16, (8) <br>Para III, lines 17-24, (8) <br>Para IV, lines 25-29, (5) <br>Para V, lines 30-33, (4) <br>Para VI, lines 34-38, (5) <br>Para VII, lines 39-42, (4) 
</gallery>
<!--*[[Anson Rainey|Rainey]], 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' [[Anson Rainey|Anson F. Rainey]], (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.-->
<!--*Held, Schmalstieg, Gertz, 1987. ''Beginning Hittite''. Warren H. Held, Jr, William R. Schmalstieg, Janet E. Gertz, c. 1987, Slavica Publishers, Inc. w/ Glossaries, Sign List, Indexes, etc, 218 pages.-->
<!--*[[William L. Moran|Moran, William L.]] 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0)
* Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', [[Simo Parpola|Parpola, Simo]], [[Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project]], c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp.&nbsp;119–145), 165 pages.
*[[Anson Rainey|Rainey]], 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' [[Anson Rainey|Anson F. Rainey]], (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.-->
<!--

*Held, Schmalstieg, Gertz, 1987. ''Beginning Hittite''. Warren H. Held, Jr, William R. Schmalstieg, Janet E. Gertz, c. 1987, Slavica Publishers, Inc. w/ Glossaries, Sign List, Indexes, etc, 218 pages.
*[[William L. Moran|Moran, William L.]] 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0)

<ref>[[William L. Moran|Moran, William L.]] 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' EA 147, ''A Hymn to the Pharaoh'', pp. 233-235. </ref>

EA 9
<ref>Moran 1987, 1992, EA 19, ''Love and Gold'', pp. 43-46, p. 45.</ref>

* Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', [[Simo Parpola|Parpola, Simo]], [[Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project]], c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp.&nbsp;119–145), 165 pages.
*[[Anson Rainey|Rainey]], 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' [[Anson Rainey|Anson F. Rainey]], (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

SIGN
<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 068, p. 156.</ref>
<ref>Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Glossary:Vocabulary, pp. 55-87, p. 24.</ref>
<ref>[[Anson Rainey|Rainey]], 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' ''EA 365, [[Biridiya]] of [[Megiddo]] to the King,'' pp. 24-27.</ref>

GLOSS<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''aššum''', p. 122.</ref>
CCCCCCCCC

GLOSS-RAINEY
<ref>[[Anson Rainey|Rainey]], 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379'', ''Glossary:Vocabulary'', '''saparu''', pp. 55-87, p. 81.</ref>

GLOSS-Buccellatti
<ref>[[Giorgio Buccellatti|Buccellatti, Giorgio]], (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of [[Old Babylonian]] and Western Akkadian'', pp. 95-100.</ref>

UUU-FFFORS
*Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) honors [[Claude Schaeffer]], with about 100 articles in 900 pages. pp 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of [[Old Babylonian]] and Western Akkadian", ( i.e. Ugarit and [[Amarna letters|Amarna]] (letters), three others, [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], OB,Royal, OB,non-Royal letters). See above, in text.
*[[Giorgio Buccellati|Buccellati, Giorgio]]. ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian'', from ''Ugarit-Forschungen 8'', (Neukirchen-Vluyen).

REF
<ref>[[Giorgio Buccellatti|Buccellatti]], 1979, ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian'', in UF11, (Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn), 1979).</ref>

*[[Anson Rainey|Rainey]], 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' [[Anson Rainey|Anson F. Rainey]], (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

<ref>Held, Schmalstieg, Gertz, 1987. ''Beginning Hittite'', Sign List, page 194, page 200.</ref>

Amarna letter mp3h8878.jpg
KUG.GI, [[KÙ (cuneiform)|KUG]].[[Gi (cuneiform)|GI]].[[MEŠ (cuneiform)|MEŠ]]
-->

{{British Museum}}

[[Category:Amarna letters]]
[[Category:Mitanni]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern objects in the British Museum]]
[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Egypt]]