View source for African immigration to the United States

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = {{nowrap|Sub-Saharan African Americans}} {{nowrap|the United States}}
| native_name      = Sub-Saharan African Americans
| native_name_lang = 
| population       = African: 3,183,104 (Sub-Saharan African: 2,847,199 + North African: 335,895)  (2010 U.S. Census) <ref name="ancestry2010"/>
| regions          = <!--?:[[Colleges]],--> [[New York City]], [[Washington-Baltimore metropolitan area]], [[Philadelphia]], [[New Jersey]], [[Houston]], [[Atlanta]], [[Dallas]], [[Los Angeles]], [[San Diego]], [[San Francisco]]/[[Oakland]]/[[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[Minneapolis]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Miami]], [[New Orleans]],  [[San Antonio]], [[Tennessee]], [[Albuquerque]], [[Salt Lake City]], [[Seattle]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Denver]]
| languages        = <!--Ordered according to [[Languages of the United States#Immigrant languages]]:--> [[English language|English]] ([[African English]], [[American English]]), [[Arabic]], [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Akan language|Akan]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Nuer language|Nuer]], [[Meta’ language|Meta]], [[Dinka language|Dinka]], [[Shilluk language|Shilluk]], [[French language|French]], [[Wolof language|Wolof]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Amharic language|Amharic]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Afrikaans]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Cape Verdean Creole|Cape Verdean Crioulo]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Languages of Africa|others]]
| religions        = {{hlist|[[Christianity]] | [[Islam]] | [[Traditional African religions|traditional]] | [[Religion in Africa|others]]}}
| related          = Other [[list of ethnic groups of Africa|African people]] <!-- Per Template:Infobox ethnic group, this parameter is reserved for "list of other ethnic groups related to the group"; cited e.g. Tajiks => Other Iranian people -->
}}
'''African immigration to the United States''' refers to [[Immigration to the United States|immigrants to the United States]] who are or were nationals of modern [[Africa]]n countries. The term ''African'' in the scope of this article refers to geographical or [[Nationality|national]] origins rather than [[Race (human categorization)|racial]] affiliation. From the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] to 2017, Sub-Saharan African-born population in the United States grew to 2.1 million people.<ref name="Voice of America">{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/a/african-immigrant-population-on-the-rise-in-us/3728715.html/ |title= Sub-Saharan African Population on Rise in US|last1=Solomon |first1=Salem|date= February 17, 2017|publisher=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>

[[Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africans]] in the United States come from almost all regions in Africa and do not constitute a homogeneous group. They include peoples from different national, [[Linguistics|linguistic]], ethnic, racial, cultural and social backgrounds.<ref name="Kyoso">David E. Kyoso, ''Immigrants in the United States'', (Godfrey Mwakikagile: 2010), p. 110.</ref> U.S. and foreign born Sub-Saharan Africans are different and distinct from native-born [[African Americans]], many of whose ancestors were involuntarily brought from [[West Africa]] to the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial United States]] by means of the historic [[Atlantic slave trade]]. African immigration is now driving the growth of the Black population in [[African Americans in New York City|New York City]].<ref name=AfricanMigrationNYC>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html|title=African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis|author=Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 13, 2023|access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref>

==Immigration legislation==
===Citizenship===
In the 1870s, the [[Naturalization Act of 1870|Naturalization Act]] was extended to allow "aliens, being free white persons and to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent" to acquire citizenship. Immigration from Africa was theoretically permitted, unlike non-white immigration from Asia.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Quotas enacted between 1921 and 1924===
Several laws enforcing national origins quotas on U.S. immigration were enacted between 1921 and 1924 and were in effect until they were repealed in 1965. While the laws were aimed at restricting the immigration of [[Jews]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] from Southern and Eastern Europe and immigration from Asia, they also impacted African immigrants. The legislation effectively excluded Africans from entering the country.

The [[Emergency Quota Act]] of 1921 restricted immigration from a given country to 3% of the number of people from that country living in the U.S. according to the census of 1910. [[Immigration Act of 1924|The Immigration Act of 1924]], also known as the Johnson-Reed Act, reduced that to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. in 1890. Under the system, the quota for immigrants from Africa (excluding Egypt) totaled 1,100 (the number was increased to 1,400 under the 1952 [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|McCarran–Walter Act]].) <ref>[Bashi, V. (2004, July 4). Globalizing Anti-Blackness: Transnationalzing Western Immigration law, policy and practice. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from Ethnic and Racial Studies: http://www.arts.yorku.ca/soci/goldring/4390/readings/pdf/bashi_globalized_anti-blackness.pdf{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}]</ref> That contrasted to immigrants from Germany, which had a limit of 51,227.<ref>George Mason University. (1998). Who was Shut Out?: Immigration Quotas, 1925-1927. Retrieved May 1, 2010, from History Matters: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216211400/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5078/ |date=2015-12-16 }}</ref>

===Repeal of quotas===
The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], also known as the ''Hart-Celler Act'', repealed the national quotas and subsequently there was a substantial increase in the number of immigrants from [[Developing country|developing countries]], particularly in Africa and Asia. This act also provided a separate category for [[Refugee|refugees]]. The act also provided greater opportunity for [[family reunification]].

=== Diversity Immigrant Visa ===
The [[Diversity Immigrant Visa|Diversity Visa]] Program, or green card lottery, is a program created by the [[Immigration Act of 1990]]. It allows people born in countries with low rates of immigration to the United States to obtain a lawful permanent resident status. Each year, 50,000 of those visas are distributed at random. Almost 38% of those visas were attributed to African born immigrants in 2016.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016/table10|title=Table 10. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status By Broad Class Of Admission And Region And Country Of Birth: Fiscal Year 2016|date=2017-05-16|work=Department of Homeland Security|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en}}</ref> African born persons also represent the most numerous group among the applicants since 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate/diversity-visa-program-entry/diversity-visa-program-statistics.html|title=Diversity Visa Program Statistics|website=travel.state.gov|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> The application is free of charge, and the requirements in terms of education are either a high school diploma or two years of a professional experience which requires at least two years of training.

== Recent migration trends and factors ==
[[File:AfricanImmigration.png|thumb|African immigration to the U.S. by broad class of admission]]
The continent of Africa has seen many changes in migrations patterns over the course of history.<ref>Collyer, Michael, ed. ''Emigration nations: Policies and ideologies of emigrant engagement''. Springer, 2013.</ref> The graph below shows African immigration to the United States in 2016 based on class of admission with numbers from the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]]'s Yearbook.<u><ref name=":03"/></u> The number of Black immigrants living in the United States reached 4.6 million in 2019, an increase from approximately 800,000 in 1980, and which accounted for 19% of the growth in the overall U.S. Black population. Close to 31% came to the U.S. between 2010 and 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Key findings about Black immigrants in the U.S. |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/27/key-findings-about-black-immigrants-in-the-u-s/ |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>

The influx of African immigrants began in the latter part of the 20th century and is often referred to as the "fourth great migration." About three-fourths of all out-migration from Africa went to the United States after 1990.<ref>Gambino, Christine P., Edward N. Trevelyan, and John Thomas Fitzwater. "The foreign-born population from Africa: 2008–2012." ''American Community Survey Briefs'' 5 (2014). {{verify source |date=September 2023 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/831693984 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829493546 cite #7 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> This trend began after [[Decolonization of Africa|decolonization]], as many Africans moved to the U.S. seeking an education and to escape [[poverty]], and has risen steadily over time. The increase in the rate of migration is projected to continue for the coming decades.<ref>The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 6.</ref> Originally, these immigrants came with the sole purpose of advancing themselves before returning to their respective countries. Nevertheless, many immigrants never return. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of African immigrants interested in gaining permanent residence in the U.S.; this has led to a severe [[brain drain]] on the economies of African countries due to many skilled hard-working Africans leaving Africa to seek their economic fortunes in the U.S. and elsewhere.

One major factor that contributes to migration from Africa to the United States is labor opportunities. It has been relatively easier for African immigrants with advanced education to leave and enter international labor markets. In addition, many Africans move to the United States for advanced training. For example, doctors from different African nations would move to the U.S. in order to gain more economic opportunities compared to their home country.<ref>Hagopian, Amy, et al. "The migration of physicians from sub-Saharan Africa to the United States of America: measures of the African brain drain." ''Human resources for health'' 2.1 (2004): 17. {{verify source |date=September 2023 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/831693984 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829493546 cite #14 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> However, as more Africans emigrate to the United States, their reasoning and factors tend to become more complex.<ref>Thomas, Kevin JA. "What explains the increasing trend in African emigration to the US?." ''International Migration Review'' 45.1 (2011): 3-28. {{verify source |date=September 2023 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/831693984 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/829493546 cite #15 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref>

Many Africans who migrate to the United States return their income to Africa in the source of [[remittance]]s. In [[Nigeria]], for example, remittances from Nigerians in the United States to Nigeria totaled to $6.1 billion in 2012, approximately 3% of Nigeria's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2015|title=The Nigerian Diaspora in the United States|journal=Migration Policy Institute}}</ref> The important role of remittances in improving the lives of family members in the United States has led to both migration and migrants remaining in the United States.

Following educational and economic trends of migration, family reunification has driven recent trends of migration. [[Family reunification]] refers to the ability of U.S. citizens to sponsor family members for immigration. Sponsoring immediate family members and other family preferences led to 45% and 10% of all African immigration in 2016 respectively.<ref name=":03"/> Legal service organizations such as the African Advocacy Network aid in family members sponsoring new immigrants to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aansf.org/|title=African Advocacy Network|website=African Advocacy Network|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref>

Additionally, [[refugee]]s make up a large class of admission to the United States. Recent crises in the [[Central African Republic]], [[South Sudan]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Burundi]] have been sources of migrants in recent years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/africa.html|title=Africa|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|work=UNHCR|access-date=2018-03-03|language=en}}</ref> With recent restrictions on refugee entrance to the United States, refugees may face a harder time entering the United States.

==Population==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+''' African immigrants' (US) [[Maps of American ancestries|ancestries]] in the 2000<ref name=ancestry2000>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls |title=Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000 |access-date=2010-12-02 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref> – 2010<ref name=ancestry2010>{{cite web|title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2015|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> [[American Community Survey]] (from more than 1,000 people)'''

|- style="background:#efefef"
!Ancestry||2000||2000 (% of U.S. population) ||2010||2010 (% of U.S. population)
|-
|"African"
|1,183,316<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|1,676,413<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Algeria.svg|size=23px}} [[Algerian Americans|Algerian]]
|8,752<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|14,716<ref name=Congoancestry2010>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_SF4_B05001&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212314/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_SF4_B05001&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-02-12|title=Citizenship Status in the United States: Total population in the United States. 2006–2010 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables.|access-date=2013-12-06 |publisher=US Census Bureau}}</ref>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Angola.svg|size=23px}} [[Angolan American|Angolan]]
|1,642<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Cameroon.svg|size=23px}} [[Cameroonian American|Cameroonian]]
|8,099<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|16,894<ref name="USCB">{{cite web|title=Place of Birth for the Foreign-Born Population in the United States, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_B05006&prodType=table|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=16 July 2013}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Cape Verde.svg|size=23px}} [[Cape Verdean American|Cape Verdean]]
|77,103<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|95,003<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|size=23px}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|size=23px}} [[Congolese American|Congolese]]
|5,488 (of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|11,009<ref name="USCB"/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|"Eastern Africans"
|2,129<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt.svg|size=23px}} [[Egyptian American|Egyptian]]
|142,832<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|197,000<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Eritrea.svg|size=23px}} [[Eritrean American|Eritrean]]
|18,917<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia.svg|size=23px}} [[Ethiopian American|Ethiopian]]
|68,001<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
| 202,715<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Gambia.svg|size=23px}} [[Gambian American|Gambian]]
|3,035<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Ghana.svg|size=23px}} [[Ghanaian American|Ghanaian]]
|49,944<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|91,322<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Guinea.svg|size=23px}} [[Guinean American|Guinea]]
|3,016<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|size=23px}} [[Ivorian American|Ivorian]]
|3,110<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Kenya.svg|size=23px}} [[Kenyan American|Kenyan]]
|17,336<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|51,749<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Liberia.svg|size=23px}} [[Liberian American|Liberian]]
|25,575<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|51,296<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Libya.svg|size=23px}} [[Libyan American|Libyan]]
|2,979<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Mali.svg|size=23px}} [[Malian American|Malian]]
|1,790<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Moroccan Americans|Moroccan]]
|38,923<ref name=ancestry2000/> 
|negligible (no data)
|82,073
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Nigeria.svg|size=23px}} [[Nigerian American|Nigerian]]
|162,938<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|264,550<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
| "[[North Africans in the United States|North African]]/[[Berber American|Berber]]"
|4,544 <br>("North Africans": 3,217; "Berbers": 1,327)<ref name=ancestry2000/>  
|negligible (no data)
| 
| 
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Rwanda.svg|size=23px}}  Rwandan 
|1,480<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Senegal.svg|size=23px}} [[Senegalese American|Senegalese]]
|6,124<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|11,369<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|size=23px}} [[Sierra Leonean American|Sierra Leonean]]
|12,410<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|16,929<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Somalia.svg|size=23px}} [[Somalian American|Somali]]
|36,313<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|120,102<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of South Africa.svg|size=23px}} [[South African American|South African]]
|44,991<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|57,491<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Sudan.svg|size=23px}} [[Sudanese American|Sudanese]]
|14,458<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|42,249<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Tanzania.svg|size=23px}} [[Tanzanian American|Tanzanian]]
|2,921<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Togo.svg|size=23px}} [[Togolese American|Togolese]]
|1,716<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Tunisia.svg|size=23px}} [[Tunisian American|Tunisian]]
|4,735<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Uganda.svg|size=23px}} [[Ugandan American|Ugandan]]
|4,707<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|12,549
|negligible (no data)
|-
|"[[West Africans in the United States|Western African]]"
|6,810<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Zambia.svg|size=23px}} [[Zambian Americans|Zambian]]
|1,500<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|
|negligible (no data)
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|size=23px}} [[Zimbabwean American|Zimbabwean]]
|4,521<ref name=ancestry2000/>
|negligible (no data)
|7,323<ref name=ancestry2010/>
|negligible (no data)
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|'''More than 1,000,000'''
|'''0.2%'''{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}
|'''NA'''
|'''NA'''
|}

==Demographics==
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px;"
|+<br>'''Metros with largest African-born population (2010 Census)'''
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!Metropolitan area
!width="75"|African population
!width="75"|% of total metro population
|-
|[[Washington metropolitan area|Washington, DC]], MD-VA-WV
|171,000
|2.9
|-
||[[Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Minneapolis-St. Paul]], MN
|70,100
|1.3
|-

||[[Atlanta metropolitan area|Atlanta]], GA
|70,100
|1.3
|-

||[[Greater Boston|Boston]], MA-NH
|61,600
|1.3
|-
||[[Baltimore metropolitan area|Baltimore Area]], MD
|33,100
|1.2
|-
||[[New York metropolitan area|New York, NY]]
|223,000
|1.1
|-
|[[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas–Fort Worth, TX]]
|64,300
|0.9
|-
|[[Greater Houston|Houston]], TX
|56,100
|0.9
|-
|[[Greater San Antonio|San Antonio]], TX <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.tpr.org/border-immigration/2019-06-10/san-antonio-is-temporary-home-for-central-african-migrants?_amp=true|title=San Antonio is home for Central African Migrants|date=10 June 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>
|68,100
|0.5
|-
||[[Greater Los Angeles Area]]
|68,100
|0.5
|-
||[[San Francisco Bay Area]]
|24,500
|0.5
|-
|}
'''The total immigrant population from Africa estimated for 2015-2019 was 2,256,700.<ref name="migrationpolicy.org">{{Cite web|date=2014-02-04|title=U.S. Immigrant Population by State and County|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-immigrant-population-state-and-county|access-date=2022-02-23|website=migrationpolicy.org|language=en}}</ref> The top counties were:'''

1) [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County, TX]] ----------------------------- 70,200

2) [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County, CA]] ------------------- 59,900

3) [[The Bronx|Bronx Borough, NY]] --------------------------- 56,000

4) [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County, MD]] ----------------- 54,700

5) [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin County, MN]] ---------------------- 53,700

6) [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County, MD]] ------------- 53,000

7) [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County, TX]] ----------------------------- 46,700

8) [[King County, Washington|King County, WA]] ------------------------------- 42,500

9) [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook County, IL]] -------------------------------- 42,100

10) [[Franklin County, Ohio|Franklin County, OH]] ----------------------- 41,400

11) [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax County, VA]] -------------------------- 39,400

12) [[Tarrant County, Texas|Tarrant County, TX]] ------------------------- 34,900

13) [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn Borough, NY]] -------------------- 32,500

14) [[Gwinnett County, Georgia|Gwinnett County, GA]] ---------------------- 26,800

15) [[Essex County, New Jersey|Essex County, NJ]] --------------------------- 26,700

16) [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County, Mass.]] -------------------- 25,000

17) [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia County, PA]] ----------------- 25,000

18) [[Queens|Queens Borough, NY]] ---------------------- 24,700

19) [[DeKalb County, Georgia|DeKalb County, GA]] ------------------------- 24,500

20) [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County, AZ]] --------------------- 24,000

21) [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County, Mass.]] --------------- 23,500

22) [[Fort Bend County, Texas|Fort Bend County, TX]] --------------------- 22,000

23) [[Manhattan|Manhattan Borough, NY]] ---------------- 21,700

24) [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County, MD]] ------------------ 21,500

25) [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey County, MN]] ---------------------- 20,300

It is estimated that the 2017 population of African immigrants to the United States was about 2.1 million.<ref name="Voice of America" /> According to the [[Migration Policy Institute]], as of 2009 two-thirds of the African immigrants were from either East or West Africa.<ref>McCabe, Kristen. "African immigrants in the United States." ''Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute'' (2011).</ref> Countries with the most immigrants to the U.S. are [[Nigeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Ghana]], [[South Africa]], [[Somalia]], [[Eritrea]], and [[Kenya]]. Seventy five percent (75%) of the African immigrants to the U.S. come from 12 of the 55 countries, namely Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Ethiopia, South Africa, Kenya, [[Liberia]], Somalia, [[Morocco]], [[Cape Verde]], [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Sudan]] (including what is now the independent country of [[South Sudan]]), which is based on the 2000 census data.<ref>{{cite news|last=Otiso|first=Kefa|title=African Immigrants a Successful Bunch, But Not Overall|url=http://www.mshale.com/article.cfm?articleID=1464|access-date=30 October 2016|newspaper=MShale news|date=11 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622204743/http://mshale.com/article.cfm?articleID=1464|archive-date=22 June 2007}}</ref>

In 2024, the African immigrant population in the United States continued to grow steadily. According to the latest data, the number of African immigrants in the United States has already surpassed that of 2017, with the immigrant population increasing from about 2.1 million to more than 2.4 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Monica |date=2017-02-14 |title=African immigrant population in U.S. steadily climbs |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/02/14/african-immigrant-population-in-u-s-steadily-climbs/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The trend that African immigrants mainly come from West Africa and East Africa remains unchanged. Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya and Ethiopia continue to be the main source countries for immigrants to the United States.

Recently, the proportion of immigrants from sub-Saharan African countries has increased, reflecting the rapid population growth in the region and the impact of economic, social, and political factors. The immigrant population from West African countries has increased significantly. Most immigrants from these countries are well educated and seek opportunities in technical and professional fields in the United States. Meanwhile, immigrants from countries such as Eritrea and Sudan are mostly seeking refuge due to political and conflict-related difficulties.

A major push factor for African immigration was the Diversity Visa Program and the 1980 [[Refugee Act]], which facilitated the immigration of many Africans from conflict-affected regions such as Somalia and Eritrea. African immigrants are highly concentrated in states such as Texas, New York, and California, and they account for a significant proportion of the immigrant population in places such as Maryland and Minnesota.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Wendy |title=African Migration Trends to Watch in 2024 |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/african-migration-trends-to-watch-in-2024/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Africa Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

Additionally, according to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census]], 55% of immigrants from Africa are male, while 45% are female. Age groups with the largest cohort of African-born immigrants are 25–34, 35–44, and 45–54 with 24.5%, 27.9%, and 15.0% respectively.<ref name="USCensus">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-africa.pdf|title=US Census Bureau – People Born in Africa}}</ref>

Africans typically congregate in [[urban area]]s, moving to [[suburban area]]s over time. They are also one of the groups who are least likely to live in [[Racial segregation|racially segregated]] areas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Logan|first1=John|last2=Deane|first2=Glenn|title=Black Diversity in Metropolitan America|url=http://mumford.albany.edu/census/BlackWhite/BlackDiversityReport/black-diversity07.htm|website=Lewis Mumford Center|access-date=30 October 2016|date=15 August 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobalist.com/african-americans-african-immigrants-differ/|title=How African-Americans and African Immigrants Differ|work=The Globalist|date=16 November 2013|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> The goals of Africans vary tremendously. While some look to create new lives in the US, some plan on using the resources and skills gained to go back and help their countries of origin. Either way, African communities contribute millions to the economies of Africa through [[remittances]]. Ogbuagu (2013) found that [[Diaspora|Diasporic]] Nigerians across the globe reportedly remitted $21 billion (N3.36 trillion-Naira) to the homeland in 2012 alone.

Immigrants from Africa, once they arrive in the U.S., typically settle in heavily urban areas upon arrival. Areas such as [[Washington, D.C.]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Dallas]], [[Houston]], [[San Antonio]], [[Atlanta]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Boston]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], and [[Minneapolis]] have heavy concentrations of African immigrant populations.<ref name="auto"/> Often there are clusters of nationalities within these cities. The longer African immigrants live in the United States, the more likely they are to live in suburban areas.

In the San Francisco Bay Area, there are officially 40,000 African immigrants, although it has been estimated that the population is actually four times this number when considering [[undocumented immigrants in the United States|undocumented immigrants]]. The majority of these immigrants were born in Ethiopia, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa.

African immigrants like many other immigrant groups are likely to establish and find success in small businesses. Many Africans that have seen the economic stability that comes from [[ethnic enclaves]] such as [[Chinatowns]] have recently been establishing ethnic [[Enclave and exclave|enclaves]] of their own at much higher rates to reap the benefits of such communities.<ref>{{cite news|title=African immigrants hope for a Chicago community of their own|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/01/14/african-immigrants-hope-for-a-chicago-community-of-their-own/|access-date=14 July 2013 | work=Chicago Tribune|date=14 January 2013}}</ref> Such examples include [[Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles|Little Ethiopia]] in Los Angeles and [[Little Senegal]] in New York City.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State/territory !! Subsaharan African<br />population (2019 Census)<ref name="2019 Census">{{cite news | title=2019 Census | publisher= | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&g=0400000US55&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&hidePreview=true | access-date=2021-05-08}}</ref> !! Percentage
|-
| {{flag|Alabama}} || 44,872 || 
|-
| {{flag|Alaska}} ||  2,200<ref name="migrationpolicy.org"/>||
|-
| {{flag|Arizona}} ||  58,584 || 
|-
| {{flag|Arkansas}} || 42,549  || 
|-
| {{flag|California}} || 319,119 || 
|-
| {{flag|Colorado}} || 56,591  || 
|-
| {{flag|Connecticut}} || 38,138 || 
|-
| {{flag|Delaware}} || 15,648 || 
|-
| {{flag|District of Columbia}} || 20,108 || 
|-
| {{flag|Florida}} || 161,983  || 
|-
| {{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] ||  199,299 || 
|-
| {{flag|Hawaii}} || 4,510 || 
|-
| {{flag|Idaho}} || 3,243 || 
|-
| {{flag|Illinois}} || 127,008 || 
|-
| {{flag|Indiana}} ||  61,567 || 
|-
| {{flag|Iowa}} || 31,301 || 
|-
| {{flag|Kansas}} || 26,179 || 
|-
| {{flag|Kentucky}} || 38,745 || 
|-
| {{flag|Louisiana}} || 45,340 || 
|-
| {{flag|Maine}} || 14,674 || 
|-
| {{flag|Maryland}} || 248,180 || 
|-
| {{flag|Massachusetts}} || 149,753 || 
|-
| {{flag|Michigan}} || 80,461 || 
|-
| {{flag|Minnesota}} || 178,662 || 
|-
| {{flag|Mississippi}} ||  2,300<ref name="migrationpolicy.org"/>||
|-
| {{flag|Missouri}} || 54,003 || 
|-
| {{flag|Montana}} || 2,760 ||  
|-
| {{flag|Nebraska}} || 28,566 || 
|-
| {{flag|Nevada}} || 45,510 || 
|-
| {{flag|New Hampshire}} || 8,701 || 
|-
| {{flag|New Jersey}} || 122,485 || 
|-
| {{flag|New Mexico}} ||  6,826 || 
|-
| {{flag|New York}} || 263,282 || 
|-
| {{flag|North Carolina}} || 133,428 || 
|-
| {{flag|North Dakota}} ||  8,100<ref name="migrationpolicy.org"/>||
|-
| {{flag|Ohio}} || 137,487 || 
|-
| {{flag|Oklahoma}} || 17,477 || 
|-
| {{flag|Oregon}} || 24,159 || 
|-
| {{flag|Pennsylvania}} || 131,704 ||
|-
| {{flag|Rhode Island}} ||  30,235 || 
|-
| {{flag|South Carolina}} ||  47,684  || 
|-
| {{flag|South Dakota}} ||  7,200<ref name="migrationpolicy.org"/>||
|-
| {{flag|Tennessee}} || 95,626 || 
|-
| {{flag|Texas}} || 446,330 || 
|-
| {{flag|Utah}} || 18,672 ||  
|-
| {{flag|Vermont}} ||  2,400<ref name="migrationpolicy.org"/>||
|-
| {{flag|Virginia}} || 226,140 || 
|-
| {{flag|Washington}} || 114,071 || 
|-
| {{flag|West Virginia}} || 8,748 || 
|-
| {{flag|Wisconsin}} || 32,632 || 
|-
| {{flag|Wyoming}} ||  -||
|-
| ''USA'' || 2 million ||  
|}

==Educational attainment==
{{Main|Model minority}}
African immigrants to the US are among the most educated groups in the United States. Some 48.9 percent of all African immigrants hold a college diploma. This is more than double the rate of native-born white Americans, and nearly four times the rate of native-born African Americans.<ref>African Immigrants in the United States are the Nation's Most Highly Educated Group. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 26 (Winter, 1999–2000), pp. 60–61 {{doi|10.2307/2999156}}</ref> According to the 2000 Census, the rate of college diploma acquisition is highest among Egyptian Americans at 59.7 percent, followed closely by Nigerian Americans at 58.6 percent.<ref name="census.gov: Nigeria">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-nigeria.pdf|title=Table FBP-1. Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics: 2000; Population Universe: People Born in Nigeria; Geographic Area: United States|website=census.gov}}</ref><ref name="census.gov: Egypt">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-egypt.pdf|title=Table FBP-1. Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics: 4113; Population Universe: People Born in Egypt; Geographic Area: United States|website=census.gov}}</ref>

In 1997, 19.4 percent of all adult African immigrants in the United States held a graduate degree, compared to 8.1 percent of adult white Americans and 3.8 percent of adult black Americans in the United States, respectively.<ref>African Immigrants in the United States have the highest rate of education. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 26 (Winter, 1999–2000), pp. 60–61 {{doi|10.2307/2999156}}</ref> According to the [[2000 United States census|2000 Census]], the percentage of Africans with a graduate degree is highest among Nigerian Americans at 28.3 percent, followed by Egyptian Americans at 23.8 percent.<ref name="census.gov: Nigeria"/><ref name="census.gov: Egypt"/>

Of the African-born population in the US age 25 and older, 87.9% reported having a [[high school]] [[academic degree|degree]] or higher,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asian-nation.org/immigrant-stats.shtml |title=Demographics and Statistics of Immigrants : Asian-Nation :: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues |publisher=Asian-Nation |access-date=2010-11-08}}</ref> compared with 78.8% of [[Asian people|Asian]]-born [[immigrants]] and 76.8% of [[European ethnic groups|European]]-born [[immigrants]], respectively.<ref>Characteristics of the African Born in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. January, 2006</ref> Africans from [[Kenya]] (90.8 percent), [[Nigeria]] (89.1 percent), [[Ghana]] (85.9 percent), [[Botswana]] (84.7 percent), and [[Malawi]] (83 percent) were the most likely to report having a high school degree or higher.

Those born in [[Cape Verde]] (44.8 percent) and [[Mauritania]] (60.8 percent) were the least likely to report having completed a high school education.<ref name="Dixon, D. 2006">Dixon, D. (2006). Characteristics of the African Born in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. January, 2006</ref>

The educational attainment of immigrant groups varies by region of origin. Among all black immigrant subgroups, the share of adults aged 25 and over with a bachelor's degree or higher increased. Between 2000 and 2019, the degree attainment of black adults born in the Caribbean and South America increased by 7 percentage points (from 16% to 23% for black Caribbean adults and from 20% to 27% for black South American adults). As of 2019, about 40 percent (41 percent) of black adults aged 25 and older had a bachelor's degree or higher, while about a quarter (23 percent) of black adults of Caribbean descent had at least a bachelor's degree, compared with 33 percent of all foreign-born and U.S.-born adults.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Christine Tamir and Monica |date=2022-01-20 |title=3. A growing share of Black immigrants have a college degree or higher |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2022/01/20/a-growing-share-of-black-immigrants-have-a-college-degree-or-higher/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

Black immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa are generally more highly educated than other groups in the United States (this region accounts for more than 40% of the foreign-born black population). This phenomenon is related to immigration patterns and the way in which people enter the United States. Many African immigrants come to the United States through the [[Diversity Immigrant Visa|Diversity Visa Program]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confirm Your Qualifications |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate/diversity-visa-program-entry/diversity-visa-if-you-are-selected/diversity-visa-confirm-your-qualifications.html#:~:text=The%20Diversity%20Immigrant%20Visa%20(DV)%20Program%20requires%20the,you%20are%20not%20eligible%20for%20a%20diversity%20visa. |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=travel.state.gov |language=en}}</ref> which requires applicants to have completed formal primary and secondary education. <ref name=":0" />

African immigrants excel in many ways. They have a high rate of [[naturalization]], a higher level of education than the overall U.S. population, and are more likely to earn degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). In addition, they make important contributions to several key economic sectors, such as healthcare, which have been facing labor shortages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power of the Purse: How Sub-Saharan Africans Contribute to the U.S. Economy {{!}} Immigration Research Library |url=https://www.immigrationresearch.org/report/other/power-purse-how-sub-saharan-africans-contribute-us-economy |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=www.immigrationresearch.org}}</ref>

==Health==
U.S. immigrants that come from predominantly black nations in Africa are generally healthier than black immigrants from predominantly white nations or from Europe. A study conducted by Jen'nan Ghazal Read, a [[sociology]] professor at the [[University of California, Irvine|UC Irvine]], and [[Michael Emerson|Michael O. Emerson]], a [[sociology]] professor at [[Rice University]], studied the health of more than 2,900 black immigrants from top regions of emigration: the West Indies, Africa, South America and Europe. Black people born in Africa and South America have been shown to be healthier than U.S.-born black people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medicineworld.org/cancer/lead/9-2005/black-immigrants-from-africa-arrive-healthier-than-those-from-europe.html|title=Black immigrants from Africa arrive healthier than those from Europe: From MedicineWorld.Org|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027033401/http://today.uci.edu/news/release_detail.asp?key=1374 Today@UCI: Press Releases:<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The study was published in the September issue of [[Social Forces]] and is the first to look at the health of black immigrants by their region of origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/social_forces/v084/84.1read.html|title=Project MUSE |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

==Culture==
African immigrants tend to retain their culture once in the United States. Instead of abandoning their various traditions, they find ways to reproduce and reinvent themselves.<ref>Olupona, J. K., & Gemignani, R. (Eds.). (2007). African Immigrant Religion in America. New York: New York University Press.</ref> Cultural bonds are cultivated through shared ethnic or national affiliations. Some organizations like the Ghanaian group Fantse-Kuo and the Sudanese Association organize by country, region, or ethnic group. Other nonprofits like the [[Malawi Washington Association]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131207233006/http://www.malawiwashginton.org/ Malawi Washington Association]</ref> organize by national identity, and are inclusive of all [[Malawians]]. Other groups present traditional culture from a [[Pan-Africanism|pan-African]] perspective. Using traditional skills and knowledge, African-born entrepreneurs develop services for immigrants and the community at large. In the Washington area, events such as the annual Ethiopian soccer tournament, institutions such as the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church|AME Church]] African Liberation Ministry, and "friends" and "sister cities" organizations bring together different communities. The extent to which African immigrants engage in these activities naturally varies according to the population.

==Religion==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion of African-born Americans (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faith Among Black Americans - 2. Religious affiliation and congregations
|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=February 16, 2021|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2021/02/16/religious-affiliation-and-congregations/}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
| value1 = 55
| color1 = DodgerBlue
| label2 = [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]]
| value2 = 20
| color2 = #d4213d
| label3 = Other Christian
| value3 = 8
| color3 = DeepSkyBlue
| label4 = Unaffiliated
| value4 = 8
| color4 = Honeydew
| label5 = Other Religion
| value5 = 10
| color5 = Green
}}
The religious traditions of African immigrants tend to be pluralistic; they are seen not only as religious institutions, but in many cases also as civic centers. These organizations are central to persevering ethnic identity among these communities.<ref name="Olupona & Gemignani, 2007">(Olupona & Gemignani, 2007)</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=page|date=May 2010}} African immigrant religious communities are also central networks and provide services such as counseling, shelter, employment, financial assistance, health services, and real estate tips.

===Christianity===
{{Further|Christianity in Africa}}
African immigrants practice a diverse array of religions, including [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], and various [[Traditional African religion|traditional African faiths]]. Of these adherents, the largest number are [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]]/[[Charismatic Christianity|Charismatic]] Christians. This form of Christianity is a "primarily [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]], born-again Pentecostal sect that emphasizes holiness, fervent prayer, [[charismatic revival]], proximate salvation, speaking in [[Tongues, Gift Of|tongues]], [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit|baptism of the Holy Spirit]], faith healing, visions, and divine revelations."<ref name="Olupona & Gemignani, 2007"/>

Among popular [[Christian denomination|denominational churches]] are the Brotherhood of the Cross and Star, [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh Day Adventist Church]], [[Celestial Church of Christ]], [[Cherubim and Seraphim (Nigerian church)|Cherubim and Seraphim]], [[Christ Apostolic Church|Christ Apostolic]] Church, Church of [[Pentecost]], Deeper Life Bible Church, [[Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries|Mountain of Fire]] and Miracle Ministries (MFM), the Presbyterian Church of Ghana, the Redeemed Christian Church of God and <ref name="Olupona & Gemignani, 2007"/>{{Citation needed|reason=page|date=May 2010}} Christ Embassy.

Additionally, Ethiopians and Eritreans have their own churches wherever there is a significant Ethiopian or Eritrean population. Their churches are mainly [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian]] or [[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Eritrean]] [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] and a few Catholic churches.

====Continental African churches====
{{Further|African-initiated church}}
Many African communities have created their own churches in the United States modeled on continental African churches. Many African churches are Pan-African, but some consist only of nationals from the country of origin. This allows for worship in the native languages of the congregation.

===Islam===
{{Further|Islam in Africa}}
[[Muslim]] immigrants from nations in Africa adhere to diverse Islamic traditions. These include various [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sufism|Sufi]] mainstream orders and schools (madhhab) from [[West Africa]], the [[Swahili Coast]], the [[List of Indian Ocean islands|Indian Ocean islands]], the [[Horn of Africa]], and [[North Africa]].

==Cultural influence==
===Television===
Many local cable channels are now purchasing programming channels operated by various African communities. For example, the [[The Africa Channel|Africa Channel]] is broadcast in the United States through [[Comcast]], [[Charter Communications]], [[Cox Communications]] and also available in Jamaica, the Bahamas, Trinidad & Tobago, St. Lucia, Barbados, Bermuda, Grenada and other islands throughout the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theafricachannel.com/about-us/|title=About Us|website=The Africa Channel|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> The channel is a showcase for outstanding travel, lifestyle and cultural series, specials and documentaries. These programs feature people of African descent and their stories. The network's premiere on September 1, 2005, marked a milestone in U.S. television history. For the first time, American audiences were able to experience the successes, celebrations and challenges of people living throughout Africa and the [[Diaspora]], all via a general entertainment network. The network is broadcast in the U.S. through national distribution deals with the largest cable MSOs in the country, including Comcast, Charter, and Cox. TV news services such as the Nigerian Television Authority, South African Broadcasting Channel and Ethiopian Television Programming are also available in some areas.

===Restaurants===
Immigrants from Africa have opened restaurants in urban areas. The Atlanta, DC, Dallas, Houston, New York and San Antonio Metro areas host many eateries belonging to the Liberian, Senegalese, Nigerian, Ethiopian, Tanzanian, South African and other communities.<ref>{https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/americas-best-new-restaurant-celebrates-the-flavors-of-west-africa-180984531/}</ref>

=== Music ===
''The New York Times'' and academic scholar Nnamdi O. Madichie have credited American African artists [[Kelela]] and [[Akon]] for employing fluidity of their cultural heritage through their U.S. and African identities. Recently, academic scholars have brought attention to the influence of African American music on U.S. culture.  According to ethnomusicologist [[Portia K. Maultsby|Portia Maultsby]], African immigrant artists have impacted the U.S. through fashion and mainstream music by utilizing their cultural heritage as a foundation for their artistry. In "Marketing Senegal through hip-hop-a discourse analysis of Akon's music and lyrics", Madichie cites Senegalese-American singer, Akon, as a first-generation African immigrant musician whose music and lyrics create a confluence of West Africa-styled vocals mixed with North America's East Coast and Southern beats.<ref name="Madichie 169–197">{{Cite journal|last=Madichie|first=Nnamdi O.|date=2011-07-26|title=Marketing Senegal through hip-hop – a discourse analysis of Akon's music and lyrics|url=https://www.emeraldinsight.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1108%2F17538331111153179|journal=Journal of Place Management and Development|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=169–197|doi=10.1108/17538331111153179|issn=1753-8335}}</ref> In [[Mama Africa and Senegal|''Mama Africa'' and ''Senegal'']], Akon builds connections between Diasporic communities and the "homeland" through his music.<ref name="Madichie 169–197"/>

An examination of the role of Black American entrepreneurs in the hip-hop industry suggests that young Black people have been able to influence the White dominated music industry through transforming "Blackness into capital, staffing and business connections".<ref>Edmondson, V. (2008) A preliminary review of competitive reactions in the hip-hop music industry: Black American entrepreneurs in a new industry. Management Research News, Vol. 31, No. 9, pp. 637-649.</ref> The New York Times article, "25 Songs That Tell Us Where Music Is Going" illustrates how African immigrants have used their heritage to influence a new sound of mainstream music in the U.S.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/09/magazine/25-songs-that-tell-us-where-music-is-going.html|title='25 Songs That Tell Us Where Music Is Going.'|date=March 9, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 2, 2018|editor-last=Abebe|editor-first=Nitsuh}}</ref> Wortham cites Kelela, an Ethiopian-American musician, as an American African immigrant who has impacted U.S. culture by defying the notion that Blackness is monolithic through music that pushes the boundaries of R&B in uninhibited experimentation.<ref name=":1" />

Ethnomusicologist [[Mellonee V. Burnim|Mellonee Burnim]]'s area of aesthetic significance are style of delivery, sound quality, and mechanics of delivery-qualities common to African-derived music.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Africanisms in African-American Music. In A Turbulent Voyage: Readings in African American Studies|last=Maultsby|first=Portia|publisher=Collegiate Press|year=1997|isbn=9780939693269|location=San Diego, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/163 163]|url=https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/163}}</ref> Style of delivery is one of the most important aspects of Africanisms in music. This refers to the stage presentation and physical appearance of when music is performed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Africanisms in African-American Music. In A Turbulent Voyage: Readings in African American Studies|last=Maultsby|first=Portia|publisher=Collegiate Press|year=1997|isbn=9780939693269|location=San Diego, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/162 162]|url=https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/162}}</ref> Physical appearance is a fundamental part of the Black cultural expression in regard to African-American music. The sways and sashays as well as the physical appearance of African immigrant musicians has a significant influence on U.S. culture exemplified through fashion trends.<ref name=":3" />

Along with style of delivery, sound quality is another significant tradition of Black music that derives from Africanisms.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africanisms in African-American Music. In A Turbulent Voyage: Readings in African American Studies|last=Maultsby|first=Portia|publisher=Collegiate Press|year=1997|isbn=9780939693269|location=San Diego, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/164 164]|url=https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/164}}</ref> The sound quality of African-American music distinguishes itself because of its African sentiments that are foreign to Western patterns.<ref name=":3" /> Maultsby describes how in Africa and the black diaspora, black musicians have managed to cultivate an array of unique sounds that imitate nature, animals, spirits, and speech into their music.<ref name=":2" /> Mechanics of delivery involves improvisation of time, text, and pitch to deliver Black audiences a variety in performances.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Africanisms in African-American Music. In A Turbulent Voyage: Readings in African American Studies (2nd ed., pp. 158-174). San Diego, CA: Collegiate Press.|last=Maultsby|first=Portia|publisher=Collegiate Press|year=1997|isbn=9780939693269|location=San Diego, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/167 167]|url=https://archive.org/details/turbulentvoyager0000haye_b9z8/page/167}}</ref>

Textures can be increased through solo voices or adding layers of handclaps. This technique described as "staggered entrances" derives from the improvised singing of slaves.<ref name=":4" /> Time is another basic component that can be expanded by extending the length of notes. Finally, pitch produces juxtaposing voices of different ranges in a single voice.<ref name=":2" />

==Visibility==
Notable African academics in the U.S. include full tenured professors at the nation's top universities, including, at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Elfatih Eltahir|Elfatih A.B. Eltahir]] from [[Sudan]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/eltahir/www2/eltahir_cv.htm|title=Eltahir CV|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>
at [[Caltech]], 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winner [[Ahmed Zewail]] from Egypt; at [[Yale University|Yale]], professor [[Lamin Sanneh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/history/faculty/sanneh_l.html |title=Welcome |access-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101232233/http://www.yale.edu/history/faculty/sanneh_l.html |archive-date=1 November 2012 }}</ref> from Gambia; at Pennsylvania State University, professor [[Augustin Banyaga]], from Rwanda; at Harvard, professors [[Jacob Olupona]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hds.harvard.edu/people/jacob-k-olupona|title=Jacob K. Olupona|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> from Nigeria, [[Barack Obama Sr.]] from Kenya, [[Emmanuel K. Akyeampong]] from Ghana,<ref name="aaas.fas.harvard.edu">{{cite web|url=http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/directory/faculty |title=Department of African and African American Studies |access-date=2012-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416020520/http://www.aaas.fas.harvard.edu/directory/faculty |archive-date=2012-04-16 }}</ref> Biodun Jeyifo from Nigeria,<ref name="aaas.fas.harvard.edu"/> and John Mugane from Kenya;<ref name="aaas.fas.harvard.edu"/> and at Princeton, Adel Mahmoud  <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/molfac/mahmoud/|title=Adel Mahmoud|author=Princeton University|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310145838/http://www.princeton.edu/molfac/mahmoud/|archive-date=2015-03-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> from Egypt, [[Wole Soboyejo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/mae/people/faculty/soboyejo/|title=Soboyejo – Princeton University – Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> from Nigeria, [[Simon Gikandi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/complit/people/display_person.xml?netid=sgikandi&display=Associated%20Faculty|title=Comparative Literature|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> from Kenya, V. Kofi Agawu from Ghana,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/music/people/display_person.xml?netid=kagawu&display=All|title=Department of Music|author=Princeton University|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173451/http://www.princeton.edu/music/people/display_person.xml?netid=kagawu&display=All|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Kwame Anthony Appiah]] from Ghana.

In sports, [[Hakeem Olajuwon]], [[Dikembe Mutombo]], [[Darlington Nagbe]], and [[Freddy Adu]] are prominent.

Academy Award-winning actress [[Charlize Theron]], entrepreneur [[Elon Musk]], and [[Grammy Award]]-winning musician [[Dave Matthews]], are all white South Africans; and two-time [[Academy Award]]-nominated actor [[Djimon Hounsou]] and Grammy-winning musician [[Angelique Kidjo]], both from Benin; and recently [[Lupita Nyong'o]] and [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]], are most notable.

==Notable people of African ancestry ==
===Academia and science===
*[[Claude Ake]], Nigerian, professor at [[Yale University]]
*[[Emmanuel K. Akyeampong]], Ghanaian, professor of history at [[Harvard University]]
*[[Kwame Anthony Appiah]], British-born [[Ghana]]ian national, born to a Ghanaian father and British mother, philosopher and writer, professor of philosophy at Princeton University, 2012 [[National Humanities Medal]] winner <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S32/91/44I78/index.xml?section=topstories|title=Princeton University - Appiah awarded National Humanities Medal|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>
*[[Augustin Banyaga]], Rwandan, professor at Pennsylvania State University
* [[Elias Zerhouni]], Algerian former director of the [[National Institutes of Health]]
*[[Kwabena Boahen]], Ghanaian, professor of bioengineering, Stanford University <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/brainsinsilicon/boahen.html |title=Kwabena Boahen |publisher=Stanford.edu |access-date=2010-11-08 |archive-date=2011-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730151129/http://www.stanford.edu/group/brainsinsilicon/boahen.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bioengineering.stanford.edu/faculty/boahen.html |title=Faculty - Department of Bioengineering - Stanford University School of Medicine and School of Engineering |publisher=Bioengineering.stanford.edu |date=2008-06-20 |access-date=2010-11-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616064723/http://bioengineering.stanford.edu/faculty/boahen.html |archive-date=2010-06-16 }}</ref>
*[[Abbas El Gamal]], Egyptian-American electrical engineer, educator and entrepreneur, the recipient of the 2012 [[Claude E. Shannon Award]]
*[[Taher ElGamal]], Egyptian-American cryptographer, inventor of the [[ElGamal discrete log cryptosystem]] and the [[ElGamal signature scheme]]
* [[Mostafa El-Sayed]], Egyptian-American U S. [[National Medal of Science]] laureate; leading nanoscience researcher; known for the [[spectroscopy]] rule named after him, the [[El-Sayed rule]]
* [[Farouk El-Baz]] Egyptian-American space scientist who worked with [[NASA]] to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the Moon
*[[Mohammed Adam El-Sheikh]], Sudanese, executive director of the [[Fiqh Council of North America]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/10/AR2005061001869.html|title=Leader Named at Mosque|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>
*[[Bisi Ezerioha]], Nigerian, automotive engineer, racecar driver and industrialist
*[[Hany Farid]], Professor of computer science at [[Dartmouth College]], pioneer in [[Digital forensics]] (Egyptian)
*[[Simon Gikandi]], Kenyan, professor at Princeton University
*[[Sossina M. Haile]], Ethiopian, fuel cell engineer
*[[Essam Heggy]], Egyptian-American [[Planetary scientist]]
*[[Fatima Jibrell]], Somali, environmentalist
*[[Abdul Kallon]], Sierra Leonean, US District Judge for the Northern District of Alabama <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=3225&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na |title=Abdul Kallon |publisher=Fjc.gov |access-date=2015-07-14}}</ref>
*[[Ave Kludze]], Ghanaian, senior NASA spacecraft systems engineer
*[[Nawal M. Nour]], Sudanese, obstetrician and gynecologist, 2003 [[MacArthur Fellows Program|Genius Award]] winner<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/11/health/conversation-with-nawal-nour-life-devoted-stopping-suffering-mutilation.html?pagewanted=1 "A Conversation With Nawal Nour; A Life Devoted to Stopping The Suffering of Mutilation"], ''The New York Times'', [[Claudia Dreifus]], July 11, 2000</ref>
*[[John Ogbu]], Nigerian, professor at University of California at Berkeley
*[[Noureddine Melikechi]], Algerian-American Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physicist, member of the [[Mars Science Laboratory]]
*[[Niyi Osundare]], Nigerian, professor at University of New Orleans
*[[Ato Quayson]], Ghanaian, professor of literature [[Stanford University]]
*[[Said Sheikh Samatar]], Somali, historian
*[[Lamin Sanneh]], Gambian, professor at Yale University
*[[Jem Spectar]], Cameroonian, president of the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bakweri.com/2007/10/dr-jem-spectar-.html|title=President of the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown}}</ref>
*[[Ahmed Tewfik]], Egyptian-American electrical engineer, Professor and college administrator
*[[Victor Ukpolo]], Nigerian, chancellor of Southern University at New Orleans
*[[Kwasi Wiredu]], Ghanaian, distinguished university professor of philosophy at the Department of Philosophy in the University of South Florida<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philosophy.usf.edu/faculty/kwiredu/ |title=Kwasi Wiredu |publisher=Usf.edu |access-date=2015-07-14}}</ref>
*[[Paul Tiyambe Zeleza]], Case Western Reserve University
*[[Ahmed Zewail]], Egyptian, winner of 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; professor at California Institute of Technology

===Politics===
*[[Muna Khalif]], Somali, fashion designer and politician; MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia
*[[Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou]], Mauritanian, scholar and politician; former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Mauritania
*[[Joe Neguse]], Eritrean-American politician; first Eritrean-American elected to the United States Congress and Colorado's first congressman of African descent
*[[Barack Obama Sr.]], Kenyan immigrant who fathered the 44th President of the United States
*[[Ilhan Omar]], Somali, incumbent U.S. Representative for Minnesota's 5th congressional district
*[[Dina Powell]], Egyptian, current U.S. Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy,

===TV and film===
*[[Cynthia Addai-Robinson]], Ghanaian
*[[Michael Blackson]], Ghanaian, actor and comedian
*[[Monica Owusu-Breen]], Ghanaian, American [[Television producer|TV producer]] and [[screenwriter]]; work includes ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]'', ''[[Brothers & Sisters (TV series)|Brothers & Sisters]]'', ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'' and ''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]''
*[[Akosua Busia]], Ghanaian, played Nettie in [[Academy-Award]]-nominated film ''[[The Color Purple (1985 film)|The Color Purple]]''
*[[Edi Gathegi]], Kenyan, actor
*[[Danai Gurira]], American of Zimbabwean descent
*[[Sanaa Hamri]], Moroccan, film director
*[[Djimon Hounsou]], Beninese, two-time Academy Award-nominated actor
*[[Rami Malek]], American of Egyptian descent, Academy Award-winning actor
*[[Peter Mensah]], Ghanaian
*[[Lupita Nyong'o]], Mexican Kenyan, Academy Award-winning actress
*[[Omar Sharif]], Egyptian, [[Golden Globe]]-winning actor
*[[Cliff Simon]], South African
*[[Libianca]], Cameroonian, singer (born in Minneapolis, Minnesota)
*[[Nomzamo Mbatha]], South African Actress & [[UNICEF|UNCHR]] Ambassador
*[[Tyla (South African singer)|Tyla]], South African Musician
*[[Thuso Mbedu]], South African Actress
*[[Charlize Theron]], South African, Academy Award-winning actress
*[[Arnold Vosloo]], South African
*[[Ramy Youssef]], American of Egyptian descent, actor and comedian
*[[Vanessa Mdee]], Tanzanian singer/songwriter
*[[Trevor Noah]], South African comedian

===Sports===
*[[Ezekiel Ansah]], Ghanaian, NFL football
*[[Joseph Addai]], Ghanaian, NFL football (born in Houston to Ghanaian parents) 
*[[Gale Agbossoumonde]], Togo by way of Benin, soccer
*[[Kevin Anderson (tennis)|Kevin Anderson]], South Africa, tennis
*[[Nnamdi Asomugha]], Nigerian, NFL football (born to Nigerian parents)
*[[Joshua Clottey]], Ghanaian, professional boxer
*[[Luol Deng]], South Sudanese, NBA basketball
*[[Charlie Davies]], half Gambian, soccer (born in New Hampshire) 
*[[Maurice Edu]], Nigerian parents, soccer (born in the Inland Empire of California) 
*[[Ebenezer Ekuban]], Ghanaian, NFL football
*[[Joel Embiid]], Cameroonian, NBA basketball
*[[Festus Ezeli]], Nigerian, NBA basketball
*[[Serge Ibaka]], Republic of the Congo, NBA basketball
*[[Andre Iguodala]], half Nigerian, basketball (born in Springfield, Illinois) 
*[[Meb Keflezighi]], Eritrean, runner
*[[Kofi Kingston]], Ghanaian, professional wrestling
*[[Mathias Kiwanuka]], Ugandan, NFL Football
*[[Nana Kuffour]], Ghanaian, soccer
*[[Bernard Lagat]], Kenyan, runner
*[[Nazr Mohammed]], Ghanaian parents, NBA basketball player (born in Chicago) 
*[[Luc Mbah a Moute]], Cameroonian, NBA basketball
*[[Dikembe Mutombo]], D.R. Congo, NBA basketball
*[[Danny Mwanga]], D.R. Congo, soccer player
*[[Prince Nana]], Ghanaian, professional wrestler (born in the US to Ghanaian parents)                                              
*[[Emeka Okafor]], Nigerian, NBA basketball player (born in Houston to Nigerian parents) 
*[[Betty Okino]], Ugandan, gymnastics
*[[Amobi Okoye]], Nigerian, football player
*[[Hakeem Olajuwon]], Nigerian, NBA basketball player
<!--*[[Oguchi Onyewu]], Nigerian parents, soccer (born in Washington, D.C.)--> 
<!--*[[Charlie Peprah]], Ghanaian parents, NFL football (born in Fort Worth, Texas)--> 
*[[Henry Rono]], Kenyan, professional runner
*[[Robbie Russell (soccer)|Robbie Russell]], Ghanaian, soccer player
*[[Pascal Siakam]], Cameroonian, NBA basketball player
<!--*[[Ndamukong Suh]], Cameroonian, NFL football player (born in Portland, Oregon to Cameroonian father and Jamaican mother)--> 
*[[Tony Tchani]], Cameroonian, soccer player
*[[Hasheem Thabeet]], Tanzanian, NBA basketball player
*[[Jean-Pierre Tokoto]], Cameroonian, soccer player<!--Not to be confused with his American-born grandson, basketball player J. P. Tokoto-->
*[[Masai Ujiri]], Nigerian, NBA basketball (general manager)
*[[Kamaru Usman]], Nigerian, mixed-martial artist, UFC Welterweight Champion
*[[Madieu Williams]], Sierra Leonean, NFL football player
*[[Gedion Zelalem]], Ethiopian, soccer player

===Business===
*[[Roelof Botha]], South African, former chief financial officer of PayPal
*[[Kase Lukman Lawal]], Nigerian, chairman and chief executive officer, CAMAC Holdings
*[[Elon Musk]], South African, co-founder of PayPal, SpaceX and Tesla Motors; CEO and CTO of SpaceX; CEO and product architect of Tesla Motors; chairman of SolarCity

===Fashion===
*[[Amsale Aberra]], Ethiopian, fashion designer
*[[Iman (model)|Iman]], Somali, fashion and cosmetics entrepreneur; former supermodel
*[[Kiara Kabukuru]], Ugandan, supermodel
*[[Maria Borges]], Angolan, Supermodel
*[[Liya Kebede]], Ethiopian, supermodel, actress and philanthropist
*[[Miss Maryland USA|Nana Meriwether]], South African-born,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2012/06/04/more-on-miss-usa-maryland-nana-meriwether/|title=More on Miss USA Maryland Nana Meriwether|work=tribunedigital-baltimoresun|date=4 June 2012 |access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=2012-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223090523/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-06-04/features/bs-ae-miss-usa-meriwether-20120604_1_beauty-pageant-miss-maryland-usa-pageant-experience|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/reliable-source/post/nana-meriwether-sidwell-friends-grad-is-first-runner-up-at-miss-usa/2012/06/04/gJQAaLPSDV_blog.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=Nana Meriwether, Sidwell Friends grad, is first runner-up at Miss USA (updated) | date=4 June 2012}}</ref> half South African and half African American, [[Miss Maryland USA|Miss Maryland USA 2012]], [[Miss USA 2012]] first runner-up
*[[Oluchi Onweagba]], Nigerian, model  
*[[Alek Wek]], South Sudanese, supermodel and designer
*[[Herieth Paul]], Tanzanian, model
*[[Virgil Abloh]], Ghanaian American, fashion designer

===Journalism and literature===
*[[Chimamanda Adichie]], Nigerian, author; winner of 2008 [[MacArthur Fellowship]] "Genius Grant", 2007 [[Orange Prize]] and 2005 [[Commonwealth Writer's Prize]]
*[[Selamawi Asgedom]], Ethiopian and Eritrean, author
*[[Sade Baderinwa|Folasade Olayinka Baderinwa]], known professionally as Sade Baderinwa
*[[Teju Cole]], Nigerian-American, novelist, writer, photographer and art historian
*[[Hoda Kotb]], Egyptian, broadcast journalist and TV host on Dateline NBC and the Today Show
*[[Dinaw Mengestu]], Ethiopian, author
*[[Charles Mudede]], Zimbabwean, filmmaker and film critic
*[[Micere Mugo]], Kenyan, poet and writer
*[[Toluse Olorunnipa]], Nigerian-American 
*[[Laila Lalami]], [[Pulitzer Prize]]-nominated Moroccan novelist, journalist, essayist, and professor journalist
*[[Stephen Adly Guirgis]], [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning Egyptian American playwright
*[[Catherine Filloux]], French-Algerian-American playwright
*[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], Kenyan poet and writer
*[[Mona Eltahawy]], Egyptian American Feminist and independent journalist
*[[Wole Soyinka]], Nigerian writer
*[[Maaza Mengiste]], Ethiopian American writer

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Africa}}
* [[African immigration to Canada]]
* [[African immigration to Europe]]
* [[African immigration to Latin America]]
* [[Emigration from Africa]]
* [[History of Africans in Baltimore]]
* [[Migrants' African routes]]
* [[North Africans in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/travel/04weekend.html?fta=y ''New York Times'': Tastes of Nigeria, Sounds of Sierra Leone]
* [http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/travel/01weekend.html ''New York Times'': Bronx: Beyond the Yankees and the Zoo]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/nyregion/thecity/18mali.html?ex=1331870400&en=6267a0c820415bb3&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss ''New York Times'': Solace From a Multiethnic Tapestry]
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20070318/ai_n18741604 ''Oakland Tribune'': Black immigrants: The invisible model minority]
* [https://isdsnet.com/ijds-v2n3-13.pdf Remittances and in-kind products as agency for community development and anti-poverty sustainability: Making a case for Diasporic Nigerians]. Ogbuagu, B.C. (2013). 
* [https://www.isdsnet.com/ijds-v2n3.html International Journal of Development and Sustainability] 2(3), 1828–1857. Online {{ISSN|2186-8662}} – www.isdsnet.com/ijds ISDS Article ID: IJDS13052905

{{African American topics}}
{{Immigration from Africa}}
{{World topic|African immigration to|noredlinks=yes}}
{{North America in topic|African immigration to}}
{{Americas topic|African immigration to}}
{{Africans in the United States}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}

[[Category:African diaspora in the United States|Immigration]]
[[Category:Immigration to the United States]]