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{{Infobox textile
| name          = Alençon lace
| image         = Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg
| caption       = Alençon needle lace (1760-1775), MoMu-collection, Antwerp
| type          = [[Lace]]
| material      =
| method        = [[Needle lace]]
| process       = [[Craft production]]
| location      = [[Alençon]], France
| introduced    = 16th century
}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| Name    = Craftsmanship of Alençon needle lace-making
| ID      = 00438
| Country = France
| Region  = ENA
| Year    = 2010
| Session = 5th
| List    = Representative
}}
[[File:Alençon - Dentelle au musée de la dentelle - 1.jpg|thumb|Alençon - Dentelle au musée de la dentelle - 1]]
[[File:Alençon - Étapes de fabrication de la dentelle au musée de la dentelle - 1.jpg|thumb|Alençon - Étapes de fabrication de la dentelle au musée de la dentelle - 1]]
[[Image:Marie Antoinette and her Children by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun.jpg|thumb|right|<div align="center">[[Marie Antoinette|''Marie Antoinette de Lorraine-Hasbourg'']] ''and Her Children'' by [[Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun]] (1787)<BR/>Versailles, [[Palace of Versailles|Musée national du Château et des Trianons]]</div>The Queen is shown wearing a dress trimmed with Alençon lace.]]

'''Alençon lace''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|æ|l|ən|s|ɒ|n|,_|æ|ˈ|l|ɒ̃|s|ɒ̃}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Alen%C3%A7on |title=Alençon |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|n|s|ɒ|n|,_|-|s|ən}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/alencon|title=Alençon|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|alençon|accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref> or '''point d'Alençon''' ({{IPA|fr|pwɛ̃ dalɑ̃sɔ̃|lang}}) is a [[needle lace]] that originated in [[Alençon]], [[France]]. It is sometimes called the "Queen of lace." Lace making began in Alençon during the 16th century and the local industry was rapidly expanded during the reign of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] by [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]], who established a Royal Workshop in the town to produce lace in the [[Venetian lace|Venetian style]] in 1665.  The purpose of establishing this workshop was to reduce the French court's dependence on expensive foreign imports. [[Marthe La Perrière]] had modified the [[Venice|Venetian]] technique and Alençon emerged as a unique style around 1675 after Colbert's monopoly ended. The lace employs a mesh ground and incorporates pattern motifs with a raised outline of closely packed buttonhole stitches, an outer edge decorated with picots, and open areas with decorative fillings.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Edging of Alençon Lace|url=https://www.jeanleader.net/collection/alencon.html |accessdate=27 July 2022|author=Leader, Jean E.}}</ref>

==History==

Though the demand for lace went into sharp decline following the [[French Revolution]], it recovered some of its popularity during the [[Second French Empire]]. <blockquote>The manufacture of Alençon lace had greatly declined even before the Revolution, and was almost extinct when the patronage of Napoleon restored its prosperity. On his marriage with the Empress Marie Louise, among other orders executed for him was a bed furniture—tester, curtains, coverlet, and pillow-cases, of great beauty and richness. The pattern represented the arms of the empire surrounded by bees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular Science Monthly/Volume 8/March 1876/Lace and Lace-Making - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_8/March_1876/Lace_and_Lace-Making |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>St. [[Marie-Azélie Guérin Martin]],<ref>[http://www.louiszeliemartin-alencon.com/eng/the-message/z%C3%A9lie-s-life/ Shrine Louis and Zelie Martin (Alençon-France) - Zelie Martin's life] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315142650/http://www.louiszeliemartin-alencon.com/eng/the-message/z%C3%A9lie-s-life/ |date=2014-03-15 }}</ref> the mother of [[St. Thérèse of Lisieux]]<ref>[http://www.louiszeliemartin-alencon.com/eng/the-message/the-life-of-st-th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se/ Shrine Louis and Zelie Martin (Alençon-France) - St. Therese's life] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315143024/http://www.louiszeliemartin-alencon.com/eng/the-message/the-life-of-st-th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se/ |date=2014-03-15 }}</ref> was a famous lace-maker at Alençon. [[Bamba Müller]], the wife of the Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]], wore an Alençon trimmed gown on the occasion of her wedding in [[Alexandria|Alexandria, Egypt]] in 1864.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=Maharaja Duleep Singh Correspondence, Vol. 3 |publisher=Punjabi University |year=1977 |location=Patiala |pages=94}}</ref>  The manufacture of Alençon lace entered terminal decline at the end of the 19th century with changes in fashion and the development of cheaper, machine-made lace.

Hand-made lace-making survived on a small scale and the technique was preserved by Carmelite nuns in Alençon.  In 1976 a National Lace Workshop was established in the town to ensure that this lace-making technique survives.  There is a permanent exhibition of lace and a display showing how it is made in the Musée des Beaux Arts et de la Dentelle, located in the town centre and adjoining the Workshop.  The workshops themselves are open to the public only on certain days of the year.

UNESCO recognised the unusual craftsmanship of this lace and added it to its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/forty_six_new_elements_added_to_representative_list_of_the_intangible_cultural_heritage/|title= Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage |access-date=21 November 2010}}</ref> in November 2010.

==Techniques and Tools==
Historically, a series of steps to create a lace design and translate it to the needlework was performed by different specialists in the process. <blockquote>"Point d'Alençon is made entirely by hand with a fine needle, upon a parchment pattern, in small pieces, afterward united by invisible seams. Each part is executed by a special workman."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Popular Science Monthly/Volume 8/March 1876/Lace and Lace-Making - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_8/March_1876/Lace_and_Lace-Making |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>A design was created or selected, and the design was reproduced on paper for the lacemaker to work on directly. The working design sheet is placed on two layers of fabric for support. A pricking step to outline the design was done to provide a place for tacking threads. A trace or outline of the pattern was created by a specialist called the "traceuse". Once the outline is prepared, the ground and filling and mode motif steps could follow. Joining motifs with brides, as well as topstitching, complete the main needlework stages. Separating the work from the support layers and trimming extraneous threads finishes the series of steps, and a final smoothing step using a lobster claw to gently rub the work would ensue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Peter |first=Jacqueline |title=A Practical Guide to Needle Lace |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-7643-5869-2 |location=Atglen PA |language=English}}</ref>

In modern Alençon lacemaking, all of the steps are accomplished by one lacemaker. 

The work is created on the "right" side, contrary to bobbin lace which is typically worked on the "back" side. The work is folded over a finger of the stitcher, with the working area in focus at the top. In the Alençon style, the stitching is completed with the needle pointing upwards and the working hand moving away from the lacemaker.<ref name=":0" />
 


== See also ==
* [[Alençon]]
* [[Lace]]
** [[Brussels lace]]
** [[Flanders lace]]
* [[List of fabric names]]
* [[Normandy]]
* [[Wedding dress of Grace Kelly]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|first1=Gérasime Bonnaire|last1=Despierres|author-link1=Éléonore-Aglaé-Marie Despierres|title=Alençon lace|publisher=Aberdeen University Press|location=Aberdeen|year=1987|pages=207|isbn=978-0-08-034512-3}}
* {{cite book|language=fr|first1=Louis|last1=Duval|title=Documents pour servir à l'histoire de la fabrication du point d'Alençon|publisher=E. Renaut-de Broise|location=Alençon|year=1883|pages= 108}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Point d'Alençon}}
* [http://visitnormandy.wordpress.com/2010/11/16/alencon-lace/ Alençon Lace - History]
* [http://www.normandie-chambres.co.uk/alencon.html#lace Alençon Lace - Illustrated Description of Technique]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101119104955/http://www.paysdalencontourisme.com/musee-beaux-arts-dentelle-alencon_784_fr.html Alençon Museum of Fine Arts and Lace]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100815014457/http://www.paysdalencontourisme.com/welcome_857_fr.html Alençon Tourist Office]
* [http://www.louiszeliemartin-alencon.com/ Shrine of Alençon - Zelie Martin, a famous lace-maker]
* {{cite web |title=L'art des dentellières d'Alençon |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_DrC9NGiJA |website=youtube.com |publisher=Communauté Urbaine d'Alençon |language=fr |format=video |date=April 17, 2020}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8tNgeG3FPA Le savoir-faire de la dentelle au point d'Alençon | UNESCO (video, French) ]

{{Lace types|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alencon lace}}
[[Category:Needle lace]]
[[Category:Textile arts of France]]
[[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]